Ajay Kapoor - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ajay Kapoor

Falls are a significant problem for older adults which affect their ability to maintain their ind... more Falls are a significant problem for older adults which affect their ability to maintain their independence and remain living at home. Home modifications are a common method to prevent falls. Fall prevention service providers follow the Australian Standard 1428.1 Design for access and mobility as a design guideline in the retrofitting of residential dwellings. However, there are issues linked to the application of this standard within the context of person-centred fall prevention. Within this paper, the barriers and problems linked to the application of AS 1428.1 are investigated amongst fall prevention industry professionals.

In recent years, biometrics eye detection methods have become popular tools of significance. The ... more In recent years, biometrics eye detection methods have become popular tools of significance. The exact eye localization technique is important for analysis, and has direct effect in the subsequent steps of normalization, feature extraction and matching. In this paper, after considering merits and demerits of many advanced reported techniques, while keeping in mind, the required fast processing response time of detection to prevent Posterior Capsular Rupture, amalgamates technique has been proposed to obtain a precise, fast and robust method in localizing different segments of the eye, in particular separation of the pupil, iris and sclera. On the contrary to the majority of the current available procedures which make assumptions about circularity or elliptically shape of the iris and pupil, this proposed method aims to capture exact boundaries of these segments while considering minimal detection time. The technique has been intended to be used as part of a complication prevention p...

This research constructs older adult user personas as design and communication tools to assist in... more This research constructs older adult user personas as design and communication tools to assist in the co-design of person-centered interventions for community-based fall prevention. Designers require innovative approaches to represent the user goals of older adults. Compliance rates associated with fall prevention recommendations are low. In order to create accepted fall prevention interventions, new ethnographic tools are required. If personcentered fall prevention is to be successful, the co-creational design methods underpinning it must embody the goal-driven ideologies of person-centered thinking. A qualitative content analysis of 20 community aged care documents was conducted. The results informed the production of a series of user personas; two of these are presented. The personas were created using a coding and persona design process that embodies the co-creative values of person-centeredness with a focus on the individual goals of older users. The personas represent the voic...

Group projects based learning arrangements are common in higher education. Different practices ar... more Group projects based learning arrangements are common in higher education. Different practices are followed for assessment of individual contributions in group projects. Moreover, several such practices incorporate diverse arrangements for including peer and self assessments along with teacher assessments. An ongoing research by the authors aims at: (a) conducting a benchmarking study on such group project assessment frameworks and (b) thereby recommending rational arrangements for assessment of individual contributions in engineering higher education group projects. The research methods include knowledge-mining from literature reviews and lessons from case-studies in engineering higher education. The discussions in this paper include: (a) a basic overview of some assessment strategies; (b) a key summary from specific case-studies; and (c) a set of recommendations for rational assessment of group projects in engineering higher education.

Sketching is often described as the first language of designers and it is a critical skill for en... more Sketching is often described as the first language of designers and it is a critical skill for engineers and designers as it enables the multiple social and cognitive functions represented by drawing within product design and development. Drawing acumen is considered by industry as a core and indispensible skill in product design, highly efficient and free of the constraints imposed by sequential and logic based digital processes. It enables abstraction, embraces ambiguity, facilitates exploration and unexpected outcomes and provokes creativity through reflection and reinterpretation. It is apparent that any lack of ability to use drawing for creative exploration, reflection or communication can limit creativity, and constrain innovation and the efficiency of the design process. However digital design processes (i.e. CAD) have significantly impacted on the sketching skills of design and engineering students. The persuasiveness of screen-based outcomes has led a decline in drawing sk...

Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2013

Energy production and storage are critical research domains where the demands for improved energy... more Energy production and storage are critical research domains where the demands for improved energy devices and the requirement for greener energy resources are increasing. There is particularly intense interest in Lithium (Li)-ion batteries for all kinds of electrochemical energy storage. Li-ion batteries are currently the primary energy storage devices in the communications, transportation and renewable-energy sectors. However, scaling up the Liion battery technology to meet current increasing demands is still problematic and issues such as safety, costs, and electrode materials with higher performance are under intense investigation. The Li-sulphur (S) battery is a promising electrochemical system as a highenergy secondary battery, particularly for large-scale applications, due to its low cost, theoretically large specific capacity, theoretically high specific energy, and its ecofriendly footprint. The Li-S battery exhibits excellent potential and has attracted the attention of battery developers in large scale production in recent years. This review aims to highlight recent advances in the Li-S battery, providing an overview of the Li-ion battery applications in energy storage, then detailing the challenges facing Li-S battery and current applied strategies for improvement in its efficiency.

European Journal of Engineering Education, 2009

Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED11), Vol. 8, 2011

abstract: Engineering must provide the global community with socially responsible, ethical and su... more abstract: Engineering must provide the global community with socially responsible, ethical and sustainable design solutions. The potential for engineering designers to contribute positively to the betterment of society, through product service systems that provide opportunities for sustainable development, enhance societal well-being and empower communities to be self determining, must be realised. This will require the engineering community to take leadership roles in product design and development and to engage ...

Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED11), Vol. 8, 2011

abstract: Sketching is integral to the design process, as it allows reflection in action, enables... more abstract: Sketching is integral to the design process, as it allows reflection in action, enables ambiguity and abstraction, encourages the unexpected, externalises mental imagery, and provokes creativity though analogical reasoning and reinterpretation. The articulation of the concept facilitates a discussion not only with peers and clients, but more importantly with oneself in a reflective practicum. In the context of engineering practice, sketching serves multiple social and cognitive functions throughout all stages of the product design and ...

Rhamdhani et al., Improved culturally-mixed group-project to promote intercultural skills and eng... more Rhamdhani et al., Improved culturally-mixed group-project to promote intercultural skills and engagement

Recently electric vehicles are becoming popular as an alternative of conventional fossil fuel veh... more Recently electric vehicles are becoming popular as an alternative of conventional fossil fuel vehicles. Conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicle uses fossil fuel which contributing a major part of overall carbon emission in the environment. Carbon and other green house gas emission are responsible for global warming and resulting climate change. It becomes vital to evaluate performance of vehicle based on emission. In this paper an effort has been made to depict the picture of emission caused by vehicle and scenario of Australia has taken into account. Effort has been made to compare the fossil based vehicle with electric vehicle in phases. The study also evaluates advancement in electric vehicle technology, required infrastructure for sustainability and future scope of developments. This paper also includes the evaluation of electric vehicle concept for pollution control and sustainable transport systems in future. This study can be a benchmark for development of elect...

Light Metals 2011, 2011

Process improvements of 5 MW per plant (50,000 t CO 2 e pa for coal based electricity) are possib... more Process improvements of 5 MW per plant (50,000 t CO 2 e pa for coal based electricity) are possible through optimisation of the complex cast iron to carbon contacts within aluminium smelter anode and cathode assemblies. Finite element analysis is considered the tool of choice within industry for assessing potential improvements; however there are limitations with existing models regarding handling of contact resistance and carbon stress state. A study has been undertaken using thermoelectrical-mechanical finite element analysis of the cast iron to carbon contact for an anode assembly. The contact pressure and electrical resistance and its dependence on temperature have been derived from data available in the public domain. This paper presents development of the benchmark model including results. The benchmark model will be used as the reference point for the development of more advanced models in ongoing studies to assist primary aluminium smelters achieve these substantial savings in energy efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

Piantadosi, J., Anderssen, R.S. and Boland J. (eds) MODSIM2013, 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, 2013

Global demands for sustainability and compelling requirements to reduce environmental impacts hav... more Global demands for sustainability and compelling requirements to reduce environmental impacts have greatly influenced the transportation industry to look into ways to reduce carbon emissions. In recent years, electric vehicle (EV) development has taken a new paradigm due to environmental pollution, global warming and depletion of fossil fuels. Unlike automobiles with internal combustion engines (ICEs), EVs have intrinsic advantage of zero emission during operation, when used with renewable energy source for charging batteries. To date most of the commercial EVs use permanent magnet motors (PMMs) due to specific low weight, and compact size (as it relies on use of permanent magnets for magnetic path). The key disadvantage of PMM is the need for rare earth elements, which also influence costs. To overcome the cost and availability issues associated with PMM, a new material or motor type is required to sustain EV growth. In this research alternative in-wheel (series mounting arrangement) switch reluctance motor (SRM) is designed which is fitted to a small car. The in-wheel SRM is selected due to specific advantages, i) use of non-rare earth element for magnetic path (stators and rotors), ii) low transmission losses (increased energy efficiency as it is direct drivetrain), iii) simplifies the design due to redundancy of mechanical systems (packaging of gearboxes, differentials, drive shafts and axles are not required, thus reducing the weight, cost and space requirements), and iv) increased ground clearance (due to redundancy of gear boxes and drive shafts). Small car provided substantial advantages with light vehicle weight, low power requirements, and enough mud guard clearances to implement in-wheel SRM. In a wheel, the rim has typically been designed as a cylindrical metallic component, functioning as holder between car chassis and tyres. Tyres were added onto the rim perimeter, as a link between roads and rims, providing required cushioning effect. Consequently, in-wheel SRM EV had the intrinsic advantage of direct drive. However, this design increased the overall mass, as the wheel required an appropriate rim-tyre construction. Moreover, the in-wheel design with an SRM added further weight at the rear of the vehicle, changing its dynamics and performance. In this research, different rim-tyre models were analysed in context of an in-wheel SRM for developing the customised rim design and tyre selection. The suitability of the rimtyre based on an in-wheel drivetrain required performance simulation pertaining to loads and dynamics at tyre-road interface. The rim selection was based on finite element (FE) simulation of five different sets. The standards and regulations for producing passenger car wheels in Victoria, Australia, were studied and successfully implemented in the development phase of this study. This paper describes the rim-tyre study conducted for in-wheel SRM. Starting with the rim optimisation, an appropriate tyre based on low rolling resistance was selected. The development of the rim-tyre configuration of the in-wheel SRM featured: • Designing a rim for an in-wheel SRM design based on low unsprung mass and appropriate space that can accommodate motor, focusing on the rim size, shape and materials. • Optimising rim topology by comparing different types of rims based on low weight characteristics for thermal and deflection simulations, as well as following recommendations for "Rim & Tyre Standards-Australia". • Tyre selection that meets two main objectives-low road resistance and clearance with mudguards-as well as detailed character mapping simulations to determine the appropriate tyre for the in-wheel design. • Designing motor-to-wheel attachments, whereby making the wheel an integral part does not affect maintenance.

International Journal of Materials Engineering, 2016

The main objective of this paper is to generate the combination of two metal monolayer likes; Al/... more The main objective of this paper is to generate the combination of two metal monolayer likes; Al/Au (aluminium/Gold), Nb/w (Niobium/Tungsten) and Ni/Gd (Nickel/Gadolinium) with the help of magnetron sputtering method. The monolayers were generated with the variation of metal layers. The 30 bilayers of each material were deposited for all monolayers composite. The wear and friction coefficient behaviour of monolayers specimens were obtained from reciprocating wear test instrument. The results show that the wear of Nb/w specimens was lower in comparison of Ni/Gd and Al/Au specimens. The adhesion was more in case of Al/Au specimens than Ni/Gd and Nb/w specimens. Thus the wear rate of Al/Au specimens was more than the Ni/Gd and Nb/w specimen. These indicates that the friction force, coefficient of friction, sliding temperature, wear loss severally affected with the change of different materials of mono layers.

Batteries, 2019

High manufacturing cost and thermal stability of Li-ion battery cells are currently the two main ... more High manufacturing cost and thermal stability of Li-ion battery cells are currently the two main deterrents to prolific demand for electric vehicles. A plausible solution to this issue is a modular/scalable battery thermal management system (TMS). A modular TMS can ensure thermal reliability for battery cells of different capacities and size without needing major structural revision besides facilitating mass-production. However, understanding the relationship of heat generation rates with cell capacity and thickness is essential for developing a scalable TMS. The present paper discusses results derived from an experimental investigation undertaken with this purpose. Heat generation rates for LiFePO4 pouch cells of different nominal capacities are measured at discharge rates of 0.33C, 1C and 3C in ambient temperatures ranging between −10 and 50 °C using a custom-designed calorimeter. It is observed that heat generation rates of the LiFePO4 pouch cells become independent of their nomi...

Batteries, 2018

Modularity-in-design of battery packs for electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial to offset their high... more Modularity-in-design of battery packs for electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial to offset their high manufacturing cost. However, inconsistencies in performance of EV battery packs can be introduced by various sources. Sources of variation affect their robustness. In this paper, parameter diagram, a value-based conceptual analysis approach, is applied to analyze these variations. Their interaction with customer requirements, i.e., ideal system output, are examined and critical engineering features for designing modular battery packs for EV applications are determined. Consequently, sources of variability, which have a detrimental effect on mass-producibility of EV battery packs, are identified and differentiated from the set of control factors. Theoretically, appropriate control level settings can minimize sensitivity of EV battery packs to the sources of variability. In view of this, strength of the relationship between ideal system response and various control factors is studied using a "house of quality" diagram. It is found that battery thermal management system and packaging architecture are the two most influential parameters having the largest effect on reliability of EV battery packs. More importantly, it is noted that heat transfer between adjacent battery modules cannot be eliminated. For successful implementation of modular architecture, it is, therefore, essential that mechanical modularity must be enabled via thermal modularity of EV battery packs.

A new approach which leads to tool-surface structures with improved tribological properties in me... more A new approach which leads to tool-surface structures with improved tribological properties in metal forming processes is presented. This approach is based on the one hand on an increase of wear resistance and, on the other hand on the general idea to use the remaining wear mechanisms itself for the production of a defined geometrical surface structure during forming (self-forming phenomenon). This effect is initiated by a predefined three-dimensional material structure; i.e. a 3D-surface structure is created out of a 3D-material structure "in situ". In practice, the creation of a defined three-dimensional material structure can be realised by local application of thermal or thermo-chemical surface-treatment techniques (thermal implantation).

Falls are a significant problem for older adults which affect their ability to maintain their ind... more Falls are a significant problem for older adults which affect their ability to maintain their independence and remain living at home. Home modifications are a common method to prevent falls. Fall prevention service providers follow the Australian Standard 1428.1 Design for access and mobility as a design guideline in the retrofitting of residential dwellings. However, there are issues linked to the application of this standard within the context of person-centred fall prevention. Within this paper, the barriers and problems linked to the application of AS 1428.1 are investigated amongst fall prevention industry professionals.

In recent years, biometrics eye detection methods have become popular tools of significance. The ... more In recent years, biometrics eye detection methods have become popular tools of significance. The exact eye localization technique is important for analysis, and has direct effect in the subsequent steps of normalization, feature extraction and matching. In this paper, after considering merits and demerits of many advanced reported techniques, while keeping in mind, the required fast processing response time of detection to prevent Posterior Capsular Rupture, amalgamates technique has been proposed to obtain a precise, fast and robust method in localizing different segments of the eye, in particular separation of the pupil, iris and sclera. On the contrary to the majority of the current available procedures which make assumptions about circularity or elliptically shape of the iris and pupil, this proposed method aims to capture exact boundaries of these segments while considering minimal detection time. The technique has been intended to be used as part of a complication prevention p...

This research constructs older adult user personas as design and communication tools to assist in... more This research constructs older adult user personas as design and communication tools to assist in the co-design of person-centered interventions for community-based fall prevention. Designers require innovative approaches to represent the user goals of older adults. Compliance rates associated with fall prevention recommendations are low. In order to create accepted fall prevention interventions, new ethnographic tools are required. If personcentered fall prevention is to be successful, the co-creational design methods underpinning it must embody the goal-driven ideologies of person-centered thinking. A qualitative content analysis of 20 community aged care documents was conducted. The results informed the production of a series of user personas; two of these are presented. The personas were created using a coding and persona design process that embodies the co-creative values of person-centeredness with a focus on the individual goals of older users. The personas represent the voic...

Group projects based learning arrangements are common in higher education. Different practices ar... more Group projects based learning arrangements are common in higher education. Different practices are followed for assessment of individual contributions in group projects. Moreover, several such practices incorporate diverse arrangements for including peer and self assessments along with teacher assessments. An ongoing research by the authors aims at: (a) conducting a benchmarking study on such group project assessment frameworks and (b) thereby recommending rational arrangements for assessment of individual contributions in engineering higher education group projects. The research methods include knowledge-mining from literature reviews and lessons from case-studies in engineering higher education. The discussions in this paper include: (a) a basic overview of some assessment strategies; (b) a key summary from specific case-studies; and (c) a set of recommendations for rational assessment of group projects in engineering higher education.

Sketching is often described as the first language of designers and it is a critical skill for en... more Sketching is often described as the first language of designers and it is a critical skill for engineers and designers as it enables the multiple social and cognitive functions represented by drawing within product design and development. Drawing acumen is considered by industry as a core and indispensible skill in product design, highly efficient and free of the constraints imposed by sequential and logic based digital processes. It enables abstraction, embraces ambiguity, facilitates exploration and unexpected outcomes and provokes creativity through reflection and reinterpretation. It is apparent that any lack of ability to use drawing for creative exploration, reflection or communication can limit creativity, and constrain innovation and the efficiency of the design process. However digital design processes (i.e. CAD) have significantly impacted on the sketching skills of design and engineering students. The persuasiveness of screen-based outcomes has led a decline in drawing sk...

Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2013

Energy production and storage are critical research domains where the demands for improved energy... more Energy production and storage are critical research domains where the demands for improved energy devices and the requirement for greener energy resources are increasing. There is particularly intense interest in Lithium (Li)-ion batteries for all kinds of electrochemical energy storage. Li-ion batteries are currently the primary energy storage devices in the communications, transportation and renewable-energy sectors. However, scaling up the Liion battery technology to meet current increasing demands is still problematic and issues such as safety, costs, and electrode materials with higher performance are under intense investigation. The Li-sulphur (S) battery is a promising electrochemical system as a highenergy secondary battery, particularly for large-scale applications, due to its low cost, theoretically large specific capacity, theoretically high specific energy, and its ecofriendly footprint. The Li-S battery exhibits excellent potential and has attracted the attention of battery developers in large scale production in recent years. This review aims to highlight recent advances in the Li-S battery, providing an overview of the Li-ion battery applications in energy storage, then detailing the challenges facing Li-S battery and current applied strategies for improvement in its efficiency.

European Journal of Engineering Education, 2009

Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED11), Vol. 8, 2011

abstract: Engineering must provide the global community with socially responsible, ethical and su... more abstract: Engineering must provide the global community with socially responsible, ethical and sustainable design solutions. The potential for engineering designers to contribute positively to the betterment of society, through product service systems that provide opportunities for sustainable development, enhance societal well-being and empower communities to be self determining, must be realised. This will require the engineering community to take leadership roles in product design and development and to engage ...

Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED11), Vol. 8, 2011

abstract: Sketching is integral to the design process, as it allows reflection in action, enables... more abstract: Sketching is integral to the design process, as it allows reflection in action, enables ambiguity and abstraction, encourages the unexpected, externalises mental imagery, and provokes creativity though analogical reasoning and reinterpretation. The articulation of the concept facilitates a discussion not only with peers and clients, but more importantly with oneself in a reflective practicum. In the context of engineering practice, sketching serves multiple social and cognitive functions throughout all stages of the product design and ...

Rhamdhani et al., Improved culturally-mixed group-project to promote intercultural skills and eng... more Rhamdhani et al., Improved culturally-mixed group-project to promote intercultural skills and engagement

Recently electric vehicles are becoming popular as an alternative of conventional fossil fuel veh... more Recently electric vehicles are becoming popular as an alternative of conventional fossil fuel vehicles. Conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicle uses fossil fuel which contributing a major part of overall carbon emission in the environment. Carbon and other green house gas emission are responsible for global warming and resulting climate change. It becomes vital to evaluate performance of vehicle based on emission. In this paper an effort has been made to depict the picture of emission caused by vehicle and scenario of Australia has taken into account. Effort has been made to compare the fossil based vehicle with electric vehicle in phases. The study also evaluates advancement in electric vehicle technology, required infrastructure for sustainability and future scope of developments. This paper also includes the evaluation of electric vehicle concept for pollution control and sustainable transport systems in future. This study can be a benchmark for development of elect...

Light Metals 2011, 2011

Process improvements of 5 MW per plant (50,000 t CO 2 e pa for coal based electricity) are possib... more Process improvements of 5 MW per plant (50,000 t CO 2 e pa for coal based electricity) are possible through optimisation of the complex cast iron to carbon contacts within aluminium smelter anode and cathode assemblies. Finite element analysis is considered the tool of choice within industry for assessing potential improvements; however there are limitations with existing models regarding handling of contact resistance and carbon stress state. A study has been undertaken using thermoelectrical-mechanical finite element analysis of the cast iron to carbon contact for an anode assembly. The contact pressure and electrical resistance and its dependence on temperature have been derived from data available in the public domain. This paper presents development of the benchmark model including results. The benchmark model will be used as the reference point for the development of more advanced models in ongoing studies to assist primary aluminium smelters achieve these substantial savings in energy efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

Piantadosi, J., Anderssen, R.S. and Boland J. (eds) MODSIM2013, 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, 2013

Global demands for sustainability and compelling requirements to reduce environmental impacts hav... more Global demands for sustainability and compelling requirements to reduce environmental impacts have greatly influenced the transportation industry to look into ways to reduce carbon emissions. In recent years, electric vehicle (EV) development has taken a new paradigm due to environmental pollution, global warming and depletion of fossil fuels. Unlike automobiles with internal combustion engines (ICEs), EVs have intrinsic advantage of zero emission during operation, when used with renewable energy source for charging batteries. To date most of the commercial EVs use permanent magnet motors (PMMs) due to specific low weight, and compact size (as it relies on use of permanent magnets for magnetic path). The key disadvantage of PMM is the need for rare earth elements, which also influence costs. To overcome the cost and availability issues associated with PMM, a new material or motor type is required to sustain EV growth. In this research alternative in-wheel (series mounting arrangement) switch reluctance motor (SRM) is designed which is fitted to a small car. The in-wheel SRM is selected due to specific advantages, i) use of non-rare earth element for magnetic path (stators and rotors), ii) low transmission losses (increased energy efficiency as it is direct drivetrain), iii) simplifies the design due to redundancy of mechanical systems (packaging of gearboxes, differentials, drive shafts and axles are not required, thus reducing the weight, cost and space requirements), and iv) increased ground clearance (due to redundancy of gear boxes and drive shafts). Small car provided substantial advantages with light vehicle weight, low power requirements, and enough mud guard clearances to implement in-wheel SRM. In a wheel, the rim has typically been designed as a cylindrical metallic component, functioning as holder between car chassis and tyres. Tyres were added onto the rim perimeter, as a link between roads and rims, providing required cushioning effect. Consequently, in-wheel SRM EV had the intrinsic advantage of direct drive. However, this design increased the overall mass, as the wheel required an appropriate rim-tyre construction. Moreover, the in-wheel design with an SRM added further weight at the rear of the vehicle, changing its dynamics and performance. In this research, different rim-tyre models were analysed in context of an in-wheel SRM for developing the customised rim design and tyre selection. The suitability of the rimtyre based on an in-wheel drivetrain required performance simulation pertaining to loads and dynamics at tyre-road interface. The rim selection was based on finite element (FE) simulation of five different sets. The standards and regulations for producing passenger car wheels in Victoria, Australia, were studied and successfully implemented in the development phase of this study. This paper describes the rim-tyre study conducted for in-wheel SRM. Starting with the rim optimisation, an appropriate tyre based on low rolling resistance was selected. The development of the rim-tyre configuration of the in-wheel SRM featured: • Designing a rim for an in-wheel SRM design based on low unsprung mass and appropriate space that can accommodate motor, focusing on the rim size, shape and materials. • Optimising rim topology by comparing different types of rims based on low weight characteristics for thermal and deflection simulations, as well as following recommendations for "Rim & Tyre Standards-Australia". • Tyre selection that meets two main objectives-low road resistance and clearance with mudguards-as well as detailed character mapping simulations to determine the appropriate tyre for the in-wheel design. • Designing motor-to-wheel attachments, whereby making the wheel an integral part does not affect maintenance.

International Journal of Materials Engineering, 2016

The main objective of this paper is to generate the combination of two metal monolayer likes; Al/... more The main objective of this paper is to generate the combination of two metal monolayer likes; Al/Au (aluminium/Gold), Nb/w (Niobium/Tungsten) and Ni/Gd (Nickel/Gadolinium) with the help of magnetron sputtering method. The monolayers were generated with the variation of metal layers. The 30 bilayers of each material were deposited for all monolayers composite. The wear and friction coefficient behaviour of monolayers specimens were obtained from reciprocating wear test instrument. The results show that the wear of Nb/w specimens was lower in comparison of Ni/Gd and Al/Au specimens. The adhesion was more in case of Al/Au specimens than Ni/Gd and Nb/w specimens. Thus the wear rate of Al/Au specimens was more than the Ni/Gd and Nb/w specimen. These indicates that the friction force, coefficient of friction, sliding temperature, wear loss severally affected with the change of different materials of mono layers.

Batteries, 2019

High manufacturing cost and thermal stability of Li-ion battery cells are currently the two main ... more High manufacturing cost and thermal stability of Li-ion battery cells are currently the two main deterrents to prolific demand for electric vehicles. A plausible solution to this issue is a modular/scalable battery thermal management system (TMS). A modular TMS can ensure thermal reliability for battery cells of different capacities and size without needing major structural revision besides facilitating mass-production. However, understanding the relationship of heat generation rates with cell capacity and thickness is essential for developing a scalable TMS. The present paper discusses results derived from an experimental investigation undertaken with this purpose. Heat generation rates for LiFePO4 pouch cells of different nominal capacities are measured at discharge rates of 0.33C, 1C and 3C in ambient temperatures ranging between −10 and 50 °C using a custom-designed calorimeter. It is observed that heat generation rates of the LiFePO4 pouch cells become independent of their nomi...

Batteries, 2018

Modularity-in-design of battery packs for electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial to offset their high... more Modularity-in-design of battery packs for electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial to offset their high manufacturing cost. However, inconsistencies in performance of EV battery packs can be introduced by various sources. Sources of variation affect their robustness. In this paper, parameter diagram, a value-based conceptual analysis approach, is applied to analyze these variations. Their interaction with customer requirements, i.e., ideal system output, are examined and critical engineering features for designing modular battery packs for EV applications are determined. Consequently, sources of variability, which have a detrimental effect on mass-producibility of EV battery packs, are identified and differentiated from the set of control factors. Theoretically, appropriate control level settings can minimize sensitivity of EV battery packs to the sources of variability. In view of this, strength of the relationship between ideal system response and various control factors is studied using a "house of quality" diagram. It is found that battery thermal management system and packaging architecture are the two most influential parameters having the largest effect on reliability of EV battery packs. More importantly, it is noted that heat transfer between adjacent battery modules cannot be eliminated. For successful implementation of modular architecture, it is, therefore, essential that mechanical modularity must be enabled via thermal modularity of EV battery packs.

A new approach which leads to tool-surface structures with improved tribological properties in me... more A new approach which leads to tool-surface structures with improved tribological properties in metal forming processes is presented. This approach is based on the one hand on an increase of wear resistance and, on the other hand on the general idea to use the remaining wear mechanisms itself for the production of a defined geometrical surface structure during forming (self-forming phenomenon). This effect is initiated by a predefined three-dimensional material structure; i.e. a 3D-surface structure is created out of a 3D-material structure "in situ". In practice, the creation of a defined three-dimensional material structure can be realised by local application of thermal or thermo-chemical surface-treatment techniques (thermal implantation).