Akanksha Gupta - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Akanksha Gupta

The occurrence of PPCPs in the environment has emerged as a serious health concern worldwide. Pha... more The occurrence of PPCPs in the environment has emerged as a serious health concern worldwide. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are the groups of compounds that are frequently termed emerging contaminants. Pharmaceuticals are defined as prescription, over the counter, human and veterinary curative drugs cast off to treat human and animal diseases. In contrast, personal care products (PCPs) are generally used to improve the quality of daily life (Boxall et al., 2012). Currently, about 4000À5000 pharmaceutical compounds are in use, which may be released into the environment, and under the present scenario, there is no legally permissible concentration of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment (Hernandez Leal et al., 2010). The consumption of pharmaceuticals is rising rapidly, and about 8À9 million kg of antibiotics were used in the year 2013 (Pennington et al., 2017). Pharmaceutical contaminants are continuously released into the aquatic environments through multiple pathways, including wastewater treatment plants, domestic wastewater, hospital discharge, improper disposal, and runoff of veterinary medicine (Daughton, 2003; Leung et al., 2012; Liu and Wong, 2013); therefore these compounds may be increased continuously into the environment. Since the last few decades, there have been increasing reports of the presence of PPCPs in the water bodies (water, sediments, and biota) at concentrations capable of causing harmful effects to the aquatic organisms. This becomes a foremost concern because PPCPs are widely used in human and veterinary medicine, resulting in their continuous release to the environment (Nikolaou et al., 2007). The existence of emerging pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals and PCPs, demands more attention toward this matter (Daughton and Ternes, 1999; Diaz-Cruz et al., 2003). Pharmaceutical contaminants and PCPs entering water and soils may either remain in their original form or may be metabolized into different forms (Kepp et al., 1997). These compounds were found to be in the range of ng/L to moderately high concentrations of μg/L (Ternes, 2007; Schwarzenbach et al., 2006). The higher levels of these compounds are reported in wastewater and hospital waste, from where they can reach the surrounding aquatic ecosystems. Pharmaceutical compounds from the industrial and domestic sectors are expelled out in their original form into sewage treatment plants (STPs) (Yadav et al., 2019), from these STPs they might reach into the aquatic environment. The various studies identified its impact on ecology, and the qualitative function of water even at a very low concentration. The toxicity of these pharmaceutical compounds may affect the ecological functionality of any ecosystems and ultimately some serious impacts on human life might be resulted (Hernandez Leal et al., 2010). The different PPCPs (Fig. 29.1) reported from the water and wastewater in different concentrations are discussed (Table 29.1). Most of the pharmaceutical compounds have a molecular mass less than 500 Da (Lipinski et al., 1997) and are composed of multifaceted chemical, which differs in structure, function, molecular weight, and form. These are

The occurrence of PPCPs in the environment has emerged as a serious health concern worldwide. Pha... more The occurrence of PPCPs in the environment has emerged as a serious health concern worldwide. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are the groups of compounds that are frequently termed emerging contaminants. Pharmaceuticals are defined as prescription, over the counter, human and veterinary curative drugs cast off to treat human and animal diseases. In contrast, personal care products (PCPs) are generally used to improve the quality of daily life (Boxall et al., 2012). Currently, about 4000À5000 pharmaceutical compounds are in use, which may be released into the environment, and under the present scenario, there is no legally permissible concentration of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment (Hernandez Leal et al., 2010). The consumption of pharmaceuticals is rising rapidly, and about 8À9 million kg of antibiotics were used in the year 2013 (Pennington et al., 2017). Pharmaceutical contaminants are continuously released into the aquatic environments through multiple pathways, including wastewater treatment plants, domestic wastewater, hospital discharge, improper disposal, and runoff of veterinary medicine (Daughton, 2003; Leung et al., 2012; Liu and Wong, 2013); therefore these compounds may be increased continuously into the environment. Since the last few decades, there have been increasing reports of the presence of PPCPs in the water bodies (water, sediments, and biota) at concentrations capable of causing harmful effects to the aquatic organisms. This becomes a foremost concern because PPCPs are widely used in human and veterinary medicine, resulting in their continuous release to the environment (Nikolaou et al., 2007). The existence of emerging pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals and PCPs, demands more attention toward this matter (Daughton and Ternes, 1999; Diaz-Cruz et al., 2003). Pharmaceutical contaminants and PCPs entering water and soils may either remain in their original form or may be metabolized into different forms (Kepp et al., 1997). These compounds were found to be in the range of ng/L to moderately high concentrations of μg/L (Ternes, 2007; Schwarzenbach et al., 2006). The higher levels of these compounds are reported in wastewater and hospital waste, from where they can reach the surrounding aquatic ecosystems. Pharmaceutical compounds from the industrial and domestic sectors are expelled out in their original form into sewage treatment plants (STPs) (Yadav et al., 2019), from these STPs they might reach into the aquatic environment. The various studies identified its impact on ecology, and the qualitative function of water even at a very low concentration. The toxicity of these pharmaceutical compounds may affect the ecological functionality of any ecosystems and ultimately some serious impacts on human life might be resulted (Hernandez Leal et al., 2010). The different PPCPs (Fig. 29.1) reported from the water and wastewater in different concentrations are discussed (Table 29.1). Most of the pharmaceutical compounds have a molecular mass less than 500 Da (Lipinski et al., 1997) and are composed of multifaceted chemical, which differs in structure, function, molecular weight, and form. These are