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Papers by Akbar Nikkhah

Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Engineering, Nov 18, 2015

EC Veterinary Science, Oct 12, 2020

Urea has long been used in dairy rations as a hypothetically reasonable and potential protein sou... more Urea has long been used in dairy rations as a hypothetically reasonable and potential protein source. Urea's advantages over other true protein sources, however, have not been obvious. It seems that urea might be helpful mostly when highly fermentable energy sources and poor protein choices are fed to dairy cows. Principally, feeding more than 100-130 g/d/cow urea is not recommended. Nonetheless, some farmers have been feeding much more than that. Because of urea's possible long-term unfavourable effects on reproductive performance and environmental pollution, feeding urea fuels concerns and remains to be under scrutiny. Because evidence exists that above certain dietary crude protein and rumen ammonia levels, urea would not be advantageous, feeding urea may have not been a concrete action but rather a blind addiction.

Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research, Sep 7, 2022

In this article, we report a series of theileriosis cases in Holstein calves and heifers without ... more In this article, we report a series of theileriosis cases in Holstein calves and heifers without any ticks on body surface in a commercial dairy farm in Tehran, Iran. Depressed feed intake and poor growth are common consequences of heat stress during summer. Increased insects and flies' populations in calf barns induce further stresses and can spread infectious diseases among calves. Theileriosis is a well-known parasitic disease infecting dairy cows and heifers during hot seasons. Several calves with high body temperature (>40˚C) and hyperpnea were diagnosed initially for pneumonia. However, they did not respond to treatment effectively, as calves died after 2 or 3 days after disease identification. On-farm necropsy findings revealed yellowish or pale peripheral tissues that led us to make a diagnosis for theileriosis. Notably, no tick was found on body surface of the calves. The laboratory examinations confirmed existence of theileria in blood samples of the infected calves. It seems that theileriosis could occur in young calves in a different way than a routine transmission via ticks. Since the incidence of theileriosis coincided with increased farm flies' population, it may be assumed that flies could be an intermediary host for transmitting theileria among calves.

Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Engineering, Nov 10, 2015

This article discusses nutritional and physiological dynamics of beta-hydroxy butyrate, urea and ... more This article discusses nutritional and physiological dynamics of beta-hydroxy butyrate, urea and non-esterified fatty acids in ruminant animals models. In light of the major significance of these substrates in energy and protein assimilation and metabolism, the interdisciplinary discussion deepens the field knowledge and enlightens the nutritional importance of these intermediary metabolites.

Advances in Obesity, Weight Management & Control, Jan 13, 2016

This article describes an innovative circadian methodology to optimize timing of nutrient assimil... more This article describes an innovative circadian methodology to optimize timing of nutrient assimilation to prevent obesity and minimize risks from diabetes and cardiovascular complexities. The approach is based on distributing frequent small meals during day and taking no major starchy and fatty meal overnight. Creating a circadian rhythm of food intake that does not overload splanchnic cells with torrents of substrates at wrong times of the 24-period, when insulin and the interconnected endocrinology do not work properly, is the rising public science in preventing obesity.

International journal of dairy science & processing, May 5, 2015

IRANIAN JOURNAL OF …, 2010

Concepts of animal equivalent have been developed to express different kind and classes of grazin... more Concepts of animal equivalent have been developed to express different kind and classes of grazing animal in common form. This concept is not fixed and usually determine on the basis of live weight and metabolic weight. More than 27 sheep breeds with different body size ...

Journal of Dairy Science, 2004

Ten Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a 5 × 5 replicated Latin square design with 21-d p... more Ten Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a 5 × 5 replicated Latin square design with 21-d periods to determine the effects of feeding ground or steam-flaked broom sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and ground barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on lactation performance and nutrient digestibility. Diets were fed as total mixed ration and consisted of 46% forage and 54% concentrate (DM basis). Treatment diets included ground barley, ground barley plus ground broom sorghum, ground broom sorghum, ground barley plus steam-flaked broom sorghum, and steam-flaked broom sorghum. Yield of fatcorrected milk was 2.3 kg greater for cows fed diets containing steam-flaked broom sorghum than for cows fed its ground form (24.4 vs 22.1 kg) and was 2.8 kg greater for cows fed diets containing a blend of steamflaked broom sorghum plus ground barley than for cows fed ground sorghum (24.9 vs 22.1 kg). Yields and percentages of milk fat, protein, SNF, total solids, and apparent digestibility of crude protein were greater for cows fed steam-flaked broom sorghum and ground barley vs. ground broom sorghum. Including steam-flaked rather than ground broom sorghum in diets significantly increased fecal pH (7.10 vs 6.87) and improved efficiency of feed conversion (1.26 vs 1.15). Feeding steam-flaked broom sorghum alone or with ground barley compared with ground sorghum or the blend of ground barley and ground broom sorghum decreased plasma urea nitrogen increased glucose in plasma. Results of this study showed that feeding steam-flaked broom sorghum compared with ground broom sorghum could supply a more efficient source of energy for lactating cows.

Journal of Probiotics & Health, 2014

Journal of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology

Introduction: Pyelonephritis and cystitis in cattle are urinary tract bacterial infections that c... more Introduction: Pyelonephritis and cystitis in cattle are urinary tract bacterial infections that can ascend to the kidneys and cause inflammation. This study presented a rarely-seen clinical kidney complication in a male Holstein calf. This problem was accompanied by respiratory tract infections. Bacterial infection caused bovine pyelonephritis and cystitis and consequently, there was an inflammation in the kidneys. A wide range of bacteria were responsible for such infections. Case report: A 5-day-old male Holstein calf was initially diagnosed with high body temperature (> 40˚C), followed by respiratory signs. Treatment with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone and gentamicin) began immediately after diagnosis of the high body temperature, but the clinical signs, such as appetite loss and cough did not fully disappear. The calf’s growth was hindered and finally, died at the age of 90 days. Post-mortem necropsy findings included inflamed and cystic kidneys that...

Journal of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology

Introduction: Salmonellosis is a well-known infectious disease invading both adult and young catt... more Introduction: Salmonellosis is a well-known infectious disease invading both adult and young cattle, commonly characterized by severe diarrhea and septicemia in calves as well as fever, dysentery, abortion, increased salivation, and decreased milk production in adults. Rapid outbreaks and heavy mortality rates have turned Salmonella spp. into a violent organism from farmers’ and experts’ perspectives. The objective of this article was to pragmatically underline different aspects of Salmonellosis infections in young calves with emphasis on novel clinical and post-mortem signs. Case report: Two calves aged 70–80-day old were primarily diagnosed with respiratory disease, high body temperature (> 40°C), and hyperpnea in the Behroozi Dairy Farm, Tehran, Iran. Calves were treated with anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics (amikacin and penicillin) immediately, but they died the next day. After that, the number of ill calves increased dramatically and 120 calves were discovered with...

MedPress Nutrition & Food Sciences, Aug 3, 2022

This perspective article aimed to develop a question if night eating interferes with normal circa... more This perspective article aimed to develop a question if night eating interferes with normal circadian nutrient metabolism in humans. The modern man has tremendously changed his circadian eating time, sequence, and frequency. The modern human prefers to eat fast foods at later times of the circadian phase. Bad time or night eating and lack of adequate physical activity may interfere with optimal physiological rhythms of nutrients and hormones metabolism. This can cause diabetes and obesity, two foremost metabolic disorders worldwide. Eating less available energy overnight may help optimize human chrono-physiology. Optimal chrononutrition through optimizing meal timing offers modern humans a practical lifestyle to help prevent or at the very least reduce risks of disability in today's stressful life.

Diabetes and Islet Biology, 2022

This editorial aimed to put forward a question if chrono-nutrition can help prevent diabetes thro... more This editorial aimed to put forward a question if chrono-nutrition can help prevent diabetes through optimizing circadian rhythms of glucose metabolism. With the advancing mechanization, eating behavior (timing, sequence, and frequency) has changed. People are now more willing to eat fast foods at suboptimal times of the circadian period. Growing evidence suggests that untimely eating and lack of exercise can interfere with optimal physiological rhythms of glucose and insulin metabolism that can lead to diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a foremost metabolic disorder worldwide occurring largely due to suboptimal eating timing and lifestyle. Consuming less sugars and carbohydrates during evening and overnight may help optimize human chrono-physiology. Chrono-nutrition via optimizing the timing of meals is a growing science that needs to be well practiced to help prevent or possibly reduce risks of T2D in today’s complicated life.

Journal of Buffalo Science, 2019

Innovative Energy Policies, 2014

Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2008

Flavonoids are products of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway with putative therapeutic eff... more Flavonoids are products of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway with putative therapeutic effects (Coronado et al., 1995; Havsteen, 2002). Higher plants synthesize flavonoids during growth and development, which accumulate in the green cells (Havsteen, 2002). Flavonoids are involved in plant sensitivity to photons, energy transfer, endocrine regulation of growth, control of respiration and morphogenesis (Middleton and Kandaswami, 1992; Harborne and Baxter, 1999). Also, flavonoids have recently received much medical research interest (Harborne and Williams, 2000; Middleton et al., 2000). This is because flavonoids may possess antiinflammatory, estrogenic, enzyme-inhibitory, antimicrobial, immunostimulatory, antiallergic, antioxidant and antitumour activities (Havsteen,

Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2010

Safflower seed (SS), Carthamus tinctorius L., has the highest concentration of linoleic acid amon... more Safflower seed (SS), Carthamus tinctorius L., has the highest concentration of linoleic acid among 80 oilseeds. It was hypothesized that an Iranian variety of SS can be effectively fed with cottonseeds (CS) to maintain feed intake, energy metabolism and productivity of early lactation cows under negative energy balance. Our objective was to determine effects of feeding diets containing 100g whole

Endocrinology and Disorders

The objective of this article was to describe obesity mechanisms and why obesity and meal propert... more The objective of this article was to describe obesity mechanisms and why obesity and meal properties during a circadian phase are interrelated. Obesity remains a major challenge globally. The increasing rates of obesity and diabetes indicate that current perspectives on obesity etiology are not adequately explanatory. The common view on obesity is energy balance model (EBM), suggesting that energy is stored as fat when overconsumed. However, since EBM is driven by physics, biochemical pathways of fat storage are overlooked. Insulin is secreted by increased blood glucose which drives positive energy balance and thus fat deposition. Such pathways present an innovative concept known as carbohydrate insulin model (CIM). This model might offer a more mechanistic perception into obesity development. Considering that glucose metabolism possesses circadian rhythmicity, CIM and chrono-nutrition may be interconnected. Preventing glycemic load through limiting carbohydrate-rich diets intake an...

World's Veterinary Journal

The transition phase is thought to be the most critical period in high-producing dairy cows’ prod... more The transition phase is thought to be the most critical period in high-producing dairy cows’ productive cycle. Maternal stresses during the peripartum period affect both dam and newborn calf health. The objective of this review article was to describe the role of prepartal metabolic and environmental stressors on postpartum-related disorders in both cows and newborn calves. The transition phase (21 d before to 21 d after calving) is considered the most critical period in dairy cattle life. Decreased dry matter intake coincides with increased nutrient demands due to the onset of lactation. It can lead to negative energy balance and tremendous metabolic challenges for high-producing dairy cows. During this time, insulin concentrations and peripheral tissue sensitivity decrease, leading to fat mobilization from adipose tissue. Such incidences would increase levels of non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid in plasma. The success in the transition from the dry to lactati...

Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Engineering, Nov 18, 2015

EC Veterinary Science, Oct 12, 2020

Urea has long been used in dairy rations as a hypothetically reasonable and potential protein sou... more Urea has long been used in dairy rations as a hypothetically reasonable and potential protein source. Urea's advantages over other true protein sources, however, have not been obvious. It seems that urea might be helpful mostly when highly fermentable energy sources and poor protein choices are fed to dairy cows. Principally, feeding more than 100-130 g/d/cow urea is not recommended. Nonetheless, some farmers have been feeding much more than that. Because of urea's possible long-term unfavourable effects on reproductive performance and environmental pollution, feeding urea fuels concerns and remains to be under scrutiny. Because evidence exists that above certain dietary crude protein and rumen ammonia levels, urea would not be advantageous, feeding urea may have not been a concrete action but rather a blind addiction.

Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research, Sep 7, 2022

In this article, we report a series of theileriosis cases in Holstein calves and heifers without ... more In this article, we report a series of theileriosis cases in Holstein calves and heifers without any ticks on body surface in a commercial dairy farm in Tehran, Iran. Depressed feed intake and poor growth are common consequences of heat stress during summer. Increased insects and flies' populations in calf barns induce further stresses and can spread infectious diseases among calves. Theileriosis is a well-known parasitic disease infecting dairy cows and heifers during hot seasons. Several calves with high body temperature (>40˚C) and hyperpnea were diagnosed initially for pneumonia. However, they did not respond to treatment effectively, as calves died after 2 or 3 days after disease identification. On-farm necropsy findings revealed yellowish or pale peripheral tissues that led us to make a diagnosis for theileriosis. Notably, no tick was found on body surface of the calves. The laboratory examinations confirmed existence of theileria in blood samples of the infected calves. It seems that theileriosis could occur in young calves in a different way than a routine transmission via ticks. Since the incidence of theileriosis coincided with increased farm flies' population, it may be assumed that flies could be an intermediary host for transmitting theileria among calves.

Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Engineering, Nov 10, 2015

This article discusses nutritional and physiological dynamics of beta-hydroxy butyrate, urea and ... more This article discusses nutritional and physiological dynamics of beta-hydroxy butyrate, urea and non-esterified fatty acids in ruminant animals models. In light of the major significance of these substrates in energy and protein assimilation and metabolism, the interdisciplinary discussion deepens the field knowledge and enlightens the nutritional importance of these intermediary metabolites.

Advances in Obesity, Weight Management & Control, Jan 13, 2016

This article describes an innovative circadian methodology to optimize timing of nutrient assimil... more This article describes an innovative circadian methodology to optimize timing of nutrient assimilation to prevent obesity and minimize risks from diabetes and cardiovascular complexities. The approach is based on distributing frequent small meals during day and taking no major starchy and fatty meal overnight. Creating a circadian rhythm of food intake that does not overload splanchnic cells with torrents of substrates at wrong times of the 24-period, when insulin and the interconnected endocrinology do not work properly, is the rising public science in preventing obesity.

International journal of dairy science & processing, May 5, 2015

IRANIAN JOURNAL OF …, 2010

Concepts of animal equivalent have been developed to express different kind and classes of grazin... more Concepts of animal equivalent have been developed to express different kind and classes of grazing animal in common form. This concept is not fixed and usually determine on the basis of live weight and metabolic weight. More than 27 sheep breeds with different body size ...

Journal of Dairy Science, 2004

Ten Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a 5 × 5 replicated Latin square design with 21-d p... more Ten Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a 5 × 5 replicated Latin square design with 21-d periods to determine the effects of feeding ground or steam-flaked broom sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and ground barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on lactation performance and nutrient digestibility. Diets were fed as total mixed ration and consisted of 46% forage and 54% concentrate (DM basis). Treatment diets included ground barley, ground barley plus ground broom sorghum, ground broom sorghum, ground barley plus steam-flaked broom sorghum, and steam-flaked broom sorghum. Yield of fatcorrected milk was 2.3 kg greater for cows fed diets containing steam-flaked broom sorghum than for cows fed its ground form (24.4 vs 22.1 kg) and was 2.8 kg greater for cows fed diets containing a blend of steamflaked broom sorghum plus ground barley than for cows fed ground sorghum (24.9 vs 22.1 kg). Yields and percentages of milk fat, protein, SNF, total solids, and apparent digestibility of crude protein were greater for cows fed steam-flaked broom sorghum and ground barley vs. ground broom sorghum. Including steam-flaked rather than ground broom sorghum in diets significantly increased fecal pH (7.10 vs 6.87) and improved efficiency of feed conversion (1.26 vs 1.15). Feeding steam-flaked broom sorghum alone or with ground barley compared with ground sorghum or the blend of ground barley and ground broom sorghum decreased plasma urea nitrogen increased glucose in plasma. Results of this study showed that feeding steam-flaked broom sorghum compared with ground broom sorghum could supply a more efficient source of energy for lactating cows.

Journal of Probiotics & Health, 2014

Journal of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology

Introduction: Pyelonephritis and cystitis in cattle are urinary tract bacterial infections that c... more Introduction: Pyelonephritis and cystitis in cattle are urinary tract bacterial infections that can ascend to the kidneys and cause inflammation. This study presented a rarely-seen clinical kidney complication in a male Holstein calf. This problem was accompanied by respiratory tract infections. Bacterial infection caused bovine pyelonephritis and cystitis and consequently, there was an inflammation in the kidneys. A wide range of bacteria were responsible for such infections. Case report: A 5-day-old male Holstein calf was initially diagnosed with high body temperature (> 40˚C), followed by respiratory signs. Treatment with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone and gentamicin) began immediately after diagnosis of the high body temperature, but the clinical signs, such as appetite loss and cough did not fully disappear. The calf’s growth was hindered and finally, died at the age of 90 days. Post-mortem necropsy findings included inflamed and cystic kidneys that...

Journal of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology

Introduction: Salmonellosis is a well-known infectious disease invading both adult and young catt... more Introduction: Salmonellosis is a well-known infectious disease invading both adult and young cattle, commonly characterized by severe diarrhea and septicemia in calves as well as fever, dysentery, abortion, increased salivation, and decreased milk production in adults. Rapid outbreaks and heavy mortality rates have turned Salmonella spp. into a violent organism from farmers’ and experts’ perspectives. The objective of this article was to pragmatically underline different aspects of Salmonellosis infections in young calves with emphasis on novel clinical and post-mortem signs. Case report: Two calves aged 70–80-day old were primarily diagnosed with respiratory disease, high body temperature (> 40°C), and hyperpnea in the Behroozi Dairy Farm, Tehran, Iran. Calves were treated with anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics (amikacin and penicillin) immediately, but they died the next day. After that, the number of ill calves increased dramatically and 120 calves were discovered with...

MedPress Nutrition & Food Sciences, Aug 3, 2022

This perspective article aimed to develop a question if night eating interferes with normal circa... more This perspective article aimed to develop a question if night eating interferes with normal circadian nutrient metabolism in humans. The modern man has tremendously changed his circadian eating time, sequence, and frequency. The modern human prefers to eat fast foods at later times of the circadian phase. Bad time or night eating and lack of adequate physical activity may interfere with optimal physiological rhythms of nutrients and hormones metabolism. This can cause diabetes and obesity, two foremost metabolic disorders worldwide. Eating less available energy overnight may help optimize human chrono-physiology. Optimal chrononutrition through optimizing meal timing offers modern humans a practical lifestyle to help prevent or at the very least reduce risks of disability in today's stressful life.

Diabetes and Islet Biology, 2022

This editorial aimed to put forward a question if chrono-nutrition can help prevent diabetes thro... more This editorial aimed to put forward a question if chrono-nutrition can help prevent diabetes through optimizing circadian rhythms of glucose metabolism. With the advancing mechanization, eating behavior (timing, sequence, and frequency) has changed. People are now more willing to eat fast foods at suboptimal times of the circadian period. Growing evidence suggests that untimely eating and lack of exercise can interfere with optimal physiological rhythms of glucose and insulin metabolism that can lead to diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a foremost metabolic disorder worldwide occurring largely due to suboptimal eating timing and lifestyle. Consuming less sugars and carbohydrates during evening and overnight may help optimize human chrono-physiology. Chrono-nutrition via optimizing the timing of meals is a growing science that needs to be well practiced to help prevent or possibly reduce risks of T2D in today’s complicated life.

Journal of Buffalo Science, 2019

Innovative Energy Policies, 2014

Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2008

Flavonoids are products of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway with putative therapeutic eff... more Flavonoids are products of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway with putative therapeutic effects (Coronado et al., 1995; Havsteen, 2002). Higher plants synthesize flavonoids during growth and development, which accumulate in the green cells (Havsteen, 2002). Flavonoids are involved in plant sensitivity to photons, energy transfer, endocrine regulation of growth, control of respiration and morphogenesis (Middleton and Kandaswami, 1992; Harborne and Baxter, 1999). Also, flavonoids have recently received much medical research interest (Harborne and Williams, 2000; Middleton et al., 2000). This is because flavonoids may possess antiinflammatory, estrogenic, enzyme-inhibitory, antimicrobial, immunostimulatory, antiallergic, antioxidant and antitumour activities (Havsteen,

Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2010

Safflower seed (SS), Carthamus tinctorius L., has the highest concentration of linoleic acid amon... more Safflower seed (SS), Carthamus tinctorius L., has the highest concentration of linoleic acid among 80 oilseeds. It was hypothesized that an Iranian variety of SS can be effectively fed with cottonseeds (CS) to maintain feed intake, energy metabolism and productivity of early lactation cows under negative energy balance. Our objective was to determine effects of feeding diets containing 100g whole

Endocrinology and Disorders

The objective of this article was to describe obesity mechanisms and why obesity and meal propert... more The objective of this article was to describe obesity mechanisms and why obesity and meal properties during a circadian phase are interrelated. Obesity remains a major challenge globally. The increasing rates of obesity and diabetes indicate that current perspectives on obesity etiology are not adequately explanatory. The common view on obesity is energy balance model (EBM), suggesting that energy is stored as fat when overconsumed. However, since EBM is driven by physics, biochemical pathways of fat storage are overlooked. Insulin is secreted by increased blood glucose which drives positive energy balance and thus fat deposition. Such pathways present an innovative concept known as carbohydrate insulin model (CIM). This model might offer a more mechanistic perception into obesity development. Considering that glucose metabolism possesses circadian rhythmicity, CIM and chrono-nutrition may be interconnected. Preventing glycemic load through limiting carbohydrate-rich diets intake an...

World's Veterinary Journal

The transition phase is thought to be the most critical period in high-producing dairy cows’ prod... more The transition phase is thought to be the most critical period in high-producing dairy cows’ productive cycle. Maternal stresses during the peripartum period affect both dam and newborn calf health. The objective of this review article was to describe the role of prepartal metabolic and environmental stressors on postpartum-related disorders in both cows and newborn calves. The transition phase (21 d before to 21 d after calving) is considered the most critical period in dairy cattle life. Decreased dry matter intake coincides with increased nutrient demands due to the onset of lactation. It can lead to negative energy balance and tremendous metabolic challenges for high-producing dairy cows. During this time, insulin concentrations and peripheral tissue sensitivity decrease, leading to fat mobilization from adipose tissue. Such incidences would increase levels of non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid in plasma. The success in the transition from the dry to lactati...

World Vet. J., 2022

Despite many efforts to control and treat neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), it remains the primary ca... more Despite many efforts to control and treat neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), it remains the primary cause of calf mortality in dairy herds worldwide. The objective of this article was to develop and discuss an empirical therapeutic protocol to save newborn calves with severe diarrhea. The pathophysiology of diarrhea has been well described previously. However, there is a significant gap between scientific findings and practical implementations. Reducing the number of calves with failure of passive transfer, regular sanitation of the calf environment, and optimal dry cow nutrition and management are fundamental measures in controlling diarrhea in commercial settings. As such, optimizing colostrum feeding management and improving ambiance hygiene are among the most important management practices to prevent calf diarrhea. Nonetheless, the occurrence of NCD would be unavoidable due to its multifactorial nature and pathophysiology. According to the degree of dehydration and general appearance of ill calves (e.g., degree of sunken eye and loss of suck reflex), NCD can be classified into mild to severe cases. Early diagnosis and treatment of both mild and severe cases could reduce pathogens shedding into the calf environment. Notably, diarrhea treatment needs profound scientific farm education and mentoring regarding the physiology of NCD. Since a variety of organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, may be responsible for NCD, it is evident that reliable diagnosis requires optimal sampling and laboratory analysis. However, waiting for laboratory results may waste the golden time of treatment. Therefore, rapid and decisive treatment would be mandatory, especially in severely infected calves or sepsis cases. Accordingly, an effective aggressive treatment protocol was developed and discussed in this article as the last chance to keep diarrheic calves alive.

World’s Veterinary Journal, 2022

Diarrhea is the most perturbing disease in dairy and beef industries worldwide, leading to signif... more Diarrhea is the most perturbing disease in dairy and beef industries worldwide, leading to significant rates of morbidity and mortality as well as economic losses. The objective of this review article was to delineate the pathophysiology and practical biology of colisepticemia in neonatal calves. Preventive and therapeutic protocols were also presented and discussed from a new integrative perspective. Notably, the situation can be the most deleterious in case diarrhea turns into septicemia. Under such circumstances, the mortality rate may be remarkably high and hard to control. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an invasive and opportunistic bacteria causing severe diarrhea (colibacillosis) and colisepticemia in newborn calves. Colisepticemia is commonly prevalent in 2-5 days old calves, and colostral immunity is considered the first defensive line against E. coli infection. In addition to colostrum feeding quality and management, other management factors, such as dry cow nutrition and welfare, newborn calf welfare and nutrition, housing system, sanitation protocols, as well as early identification and treatment of sick calves, are important in preventing colisepticemia. In conclusion, understanding the mechanism of action and transmission routes of pathogenic E. coli will provide scientific and practical insight to plan preventive and therapeutic protocols decisively and successfully.