Albert Kingman - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Albert Kingman

The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 1970

Mmwr Surveillance Summaries Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries Cdc, Sep 1, 2005

Dental caries is a common chronic disease that causes pain and disability across all age groups. ... more Dental caries is a common chronic disease that causes pain and disability across all age groups. If left untreated, dental caries can lead to pain and infection, tooth loss, and edentulism (total tooth loss). Dental sealants are effective in preventing dental caries in the occlusal (chewing) and other pitted and fissured surfaces of the teeth. Enamel fluorosis is a hypomineralization of enamel related to fluoride exposure during tooth formation (first 6 years for most permanent teeth). Exposure to fluoride throughout life is effective in preventing dental caries. This is the first CDC Surveillance Summary that addresses these conditions and practices. 1988-1994 and 1999-2002. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is an ongoing survey of representative samples of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population aged >/=2 months in NHANES 1988-1994 and all ages during 1999-2002. The dental component gathered information on persons aged >/=2 years. During 1999-2002, among children aged 2-11 years, 41% had dental caries in their primary teeth. Forty-two percent of children and adolescents aged 6-19 years and approximately 90% of adults had dental caries in their permanent teeth. Among children aged 6-19 years, 32% had received dental sealants. Adults aged >/=20 years retained a mean of 24 of 28 natural teeth and 8% were edentulous. Among persons aged 6-39 years, 23% had very mild or greater enamel fluorosis. Disparities were noticed across all age groups, among racial/ethnic groups, persons with lower education and income, and by smoking status. From 1988-1994 to 1999-2002, four trends were observed: 1) no change in the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth among children aged 2-11 years, 2) a reduction in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth of up to 10 percentage points among persons aged 6-19 years and up to six percentage points among dentate adults aged >/=20 years, 3) an increase of 13 percentage points in dental sealants among persons aged 6-19 years, and 4) a six percentage point reduction in total tooth loss (edentulism) among persons aged >/=60 years. The findings of this report indicate that the dental caries status of permanent teeth has improved since the 1988-1994 survey. Despite the decrease in caries prevalence and severity in the permanent dentition and the increase in the proportion of children and adolescents who benefit from dental sealants, disparities remain. These data provide information for public health professionals in designing interventions to improve oral health and to reduce disparities in oral health, for researchers in assessing factors associated with disparities and dental caries in primary teeth, and in designing timely surveillance tools to monitor total fluoride exposure.

Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology, Mar 1, 2001

Background. The protein c-erbB-2, also known as Her2/neu, is a prognostic breast cancer marker as... more Background. The protein c-erbB-2, also known as Her2/neu, is a prognostic breast cancer marker assayed in tissue biopsy specimens from women diagnosed with malignant tumors. Current studies suggest that soluble fragments of the c-erbB-2 oncogene may be released from the cell surface and become detectable in patients with a carcinoma of the breast. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to assay soluble c-erbB-2 protein in the saliva of healthy men and women to determine the reliability of the assay.

The Journal of the American Dental Association, Jul 1, 1984

The currently popular scoring systems used to diagnosis fluorosis use different measurement units... more The currently popular scoring systems used to diagnosis fluorosis use different measurement units, evaluate variable numbers of sites per person, and involve non-comparable groupings of clinical symptoms. Although none of these factors is related to the level of fluoride exposure in the examined population, their combined effect produces fluorosis prevalence values for a population which vary considerably among and within these scoring systems. Intrinsic factors for a scoring system include the inclusion of a questionable category, the minimal level of fluorotic involvement, and the number of affected sites within a subject required for case definition. Thus, a case definition of fluorosis for each scoring system, although not mandatory, would certainly be desirable so that dental epidemiologists and clinical investigators can interpret fluorosis scores relative to risk assessment. On the other hand, ratios of fluorosis prevalence magnitudes, as evidenced by odds ratios, can be more stable between scoring systems when groups with different fluoride exposure levels are compared. There is a strong correlation between extent and specific measures of fluorosis severity for Dean's Index (DI) and the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF) scoring system, as well as within each scoring system separately. Parallel patterns in fluorosis severity were found among groups with different fluoride exposure on severity levels of fluorosis may be better understood by using relative measures rather than by using differences in severity levels.

Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, Feb 1, 1997

Recent changes in the epidemiology of dental caries and advances in the development of new diagno... more Recent changes in the epidemiology of dental caries and advances in the development of new diagnostic measurement techniques have stimulated interest in improved methods of assessing changes in dental caries status. Traditional methods for assessing change focus primarily on the development of new lesions at the cavitation level and incorporate incomplete information on the progression of existing cavitated lesions. A methodology to expand the clinical recording of dental caries in clinical studies to include 1) both non-cavitated and cavitated lesions and 2) the surface area affected for restorations is suggested. New indices are proposed to estimate changes in the number of new lesions, the progression of existing carious lesions, and the total change in caries status for a subject. It is anticipated that the new indices will produce more efficient methods of assessing change in caries status in longitudinal clinical studies. The degree of improvement can be estimated directly. Improvements in efficiency may reduce the duration or number of subjects required in caries clinical trials.

Journal of Dental Research, 1992

Experimental Hematology, Feb 1, 2007

Objective-Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is frequently complicated... more Objective-Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is frequently complicated by severe infections and graft versus host disease (GVHD). Saliva contains many components of adaptive and innate immune response crucial for local host defenses. Changes in salivary constituents could reflect systemic processes such as immune reconstitution and development of GVHD that occur post-transplant. This study was an initial evaluation of salivary protein changes that occur after allo-HCT.

Journal of Public Health Dentistry, Feb 1, 1995

Objectives: The objective of the study was to describe and compare the prevalence and severity of... more Objectives: The objective of the study was to describe and compare the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in children who participated in an eight-year clinical trial of the effectiveness of school-based fluoride procedures according to three treatment regimens and age of regimen initiation. Methods: At baseline in 1981, 1,640 kindergarten and first grade children residing in a fluoride-deficient community (Springfield, OH) were assigned randomly to a group that (1) rinsed once a week with a 0.2 percent neutral NaF solution; (2) chewed, rinsed, and swallowed daily a neutral 2.2 mg NaF tablet; or (3) carried out both procedures. DMFS examinations were conducted at baseline and after two, five, and eightyears of treatment. As a follow-up in 1992, fluorosis examinations using Dean's index were conducted on 448 remaining subjects. Results: Overall, the prevalence of fluorosis was 4.4 percent with 20 children classifiedas having some definitive level of the condition. No statistically significant differences existed in the prevalence or severity of fluorosis: (1) among the preventive regimens; (2) among children who began the regimens at ages 5, 6, or 7; or (3) by eruptive status of teeth. Conclusion: These results reiterate the safety of school-based fluoride mouthrinse, fluoride tablet, or combined regimens in communities with fluoride-deficient water supplies. [J Public Health Dent 1995;55(3): 165-701

The Journal of the American Dental Association, Jul 31, 1986

The Journal of the American Dental Association, Jul 31, 1983

In 1980, the prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis was assessed among lifetime residen... more In 1980, the prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis was assessed among lifetime resident children in four areas of Illinois with water fluoride concentrations of 1x, 2x, 3x, and 4x above the optimal level. In 1985, the same areas were resurveyed to determine if changes occurred in dental caries and fluorosis.

Community dental health

To estimate the proportion of dental visits and to explore determinants of oral health care servi... more To estimate the proportion of dental visits and to explore determinants of oral health care service (OHCS) utilisation among US civilian non-institutionalised adults. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the 2006 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) were used to analyse adults' self-reported dental visits across potential risk factors (n=22,721). MEPS uses a complex sample design including stratification, clustering, multiple stages of selection, and disproportionate sampling. These survey design complexities were taken into account for analysis in this study. The analysis was performed in SAS 9.2 and used chi-square tests and binary logistic regression. Results: MEPS (2006) represented approximately 222 million non-institutionalised US adults. 42% (weighted) of this population reported a dental visit in the past 12 months. Dental visit numbers were observed to increase with age, with the 55-64-year-olds approximately 44% more likely than the 18-24-year olds to have visited the dentist in the past year. Hispanics were 48% less likely to report a dental visit compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. Respondents with public-or no-dental insurance were less likely to report a dental visit than persons with private dental coverage. Conclusions: Under half the US adult civilian non-institutionalised population reported a dental visit during 2006. To help address utilisation disparities, creative initiatives and systemic approaches aimed at groups currently utilising OHCS less often could be an important step towards oral health equity.

Community dentistry and oral epidemiology, Jan 3, 2015

The goal of this analysis was to describe income-related inequality in untreated caries among chi... more The goal of this analysis was to describe income-related inequality in untreated caries among children in the United States over time. The analysis focuses on children ages 2-12 years in three nationally representative U.S. surveys: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1971-1974, NHANES 1988-1994, and NHANES 1999-2004. The outcome of interest is untreated dental caries. Various methods are employed to measure absolute and relative inequality within each survey such as pair-wise comparisons, measures of association (odds ratios), and three summary measures of overall inequality: the slope index of inequality, the relative index of inequality, and the concentration index. Inequality trends are then assessed by comparing these estimates across the three surveys. Inequality was present in each of the three surveys analyzed. Whether measured on an absolute or relative scale, untreated caries disproportionately affected those with lower income. Trend analysis show...

Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists, 1990

Periodontology 2000, 2012

Dentistry is rapidly entering a new era of evidence-based practice, and society is demanding prev... more Dentistry is rapidly entering a new era of evidence-based practice, and society is demanding prevention and treatment that has been proven to be effective in terms of meaningful health outcomes. Practitioners, individual patients and the public need randomized controlled trials because they provide the highest level of scientific evidence to change clinical practice and inform public health policy. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are conceptually simple but deceptively complex to design, implement and translate into clinical practice. Randomized controlled trials are fundamentally different from observational clinical research because they randomly assign volunteers to receive test or control interventions, they are prospective and the success of the test intervention is based on a meaningful clinical outcome that is specified before the trial begins. To be successful, randomized controlled trials must be carefully designed and powered to answer a specific question that w...

Genetic epidemiology, 2001

An extension of the traditional regression of offspring on midparent (ROMP) method was used to es... more An extension of the traditional regression of offspring on midparent (ROMP) method was used to estimate the heritability of the trait, test for marker association, and estimate the heritability attributable to a marker locus. The fifty replicates of the Genetic Analysis Workshop (GAW) 12 simulated general population data were used to compare the ROMP method with the variance components method as implemented in SOLAR as a test for marker association, and to a standard analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. Large sample statistical properties of the ROMP and ANOVA methods were compared using 2,000 replicates resampled from the families of the original 50 replicates. Overall, the power to detect a completely associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker was high, and the type I error rates were similar to nominal significance levels for all three methods. The standard deviations of the estimates of the heritability of the trait were large for both SOLAR and ROMP, but the estimat...

The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 1970

Mmwr Surveillance Summaries Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries Cdc, Sep 1, 2005

Dental caries is a common chronic disease that causes pain and disability across all age groups. ... more Dental caries is a common chronic disease that causes pain and disability across all age groups. If left untreated, dental caries can lead to pain and infection, tooth loss, and edentulism (total tooth loss). Dental sealants are effective in preventing dental caries in the occlusal (chewing) and other pitted and fissured surfaces of the teeth. Enamel fluorosis is a hypomineralization of enamel related to fluoride exposure during tooth formation (first 6 years for most permanent teeth). Exposure to fluoride throughout life is effective in preventing dental caries. This is the first CDC Surveillance Summary that addresses these conditions and practices. 1988-1994 and 1999-2002. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is an ongoing survey of representative samples of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population aged >/=2 months in NHANES 1988-1994 and all ages during 1999-2002. The dental component gathered information on persons aged >/=2 years. During 1999-2002, among children aged 2-11 years, 41% had dental caries in their primary teeth. Forty-two percent of children and adolescents aged 6-19 years and approximately 90% of adults had dental caries in their permanent teeth. Among children aged 6-19 years, 32% had received dental sealants. Adults aged >/=20 years retained a mean of 24 of 28 natural teeth and 8% were edentulous. Among persons aged 6-39 years, 23% had very mild or greater enamel fluorosis. Disparities were noticed across all age groups, among racial/ethnic groups, persons with lower education and income, and by smoking status. From 1988-1994 to 1999-2002, four trends were observed: 1) no change in the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth among children aged 2-11 years, 2) a reduction in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth of up to 10 percentage points among persons aged 6-19 years and up to six percentage points among dentate adults aged >/=20 years, 3) an increase of 13 percentage points in dental sealants among persons aged 6-19 years, and 4) a six percentage point reduction in total tooth loss (edentulism) among persons aged >/=60 years. The findings of this report indicate that the dental caries status of permanent teeth has improved since the 1988-1994 survey. Despite the decrease in caries prevalence and severity in the permanent dentition and the increase in the proportion of children and adolescents who benefit from dental sealants, disparities remain. These data provide information for public health professionals in designing interventions to improve oral health and to reduce disparities in oral health, for researchers in assessing factors associated with disparities and dental caries in primary teeth, and in designing timely surveillance tools to monitor total fluoride exposure.

Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology, Mar 1, 2001

Background. The protein c-erbB-2, also known as Her2/neu, is a prognostic breast cancer marker as... more Background. The protein c-erbB-2, also known as Her2/neu, is a prognostic breast cancer marker assayed in tissue biopsy specimens from women diagnosed with malignant tumors. Current studies suggest that soluble fragments of the c-erbB-2 oncogene may be released from the cell surface and become detectable in patients with a carcinoma of the breast. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to assay soluble c-erbB-2 protein in the saliva of healthy men and women to determine the reliability of the assay.

The Journal of the American Dental Association, Jul 1, 1984

The currently popular scoring systems used to diagnosis fluorosis use different measurement units... more The currently popular scoring systems used to diagnosis fluorosis use different measurement units, evaluate variable numbers of sites per person, and involve non-comparable groupings of clinical symptoms. Although none of these factors is related to the level of fluoride exposure in the examined population, their combined effect produces fluorosis prevalence values for a population which vary considerably among and within these scoring systems. Intrinsic factors for a scoring system include the inclusion of a questionable category, the minimal level of fluorotic involvement, and the number of affected sites within a subject required for case definition. Thus, a case definition of fluorosis for each scoring system, although not mandatory, would certainly be desirable so that dental epidemiologists and clinical investigators can interpret fluorosis scores relative to risk assessment. On the other hand, ratios of fluorosis prevalence magnitudes, as evidenced by odds ratios, can be more stable between scoring systems when groups with different fluoride exposure levels are compared. There is a strong correlation between extent and specific measures of fluorosis severity for Dean's Index (DI) and the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF) scoring system, as well as within each scoring system separately. Parallel patterns in fluorosis severity were found among groups with different fluoride exposure on severity levels of fluorosis may be better understood by using relative measures rather than by using differences in severity levels.

Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, Feb 1, 1997

Recent changes in the epidemiology of dental caries and advances in the development of new diagno... more Recent changes in the epidemiology of dental caries and advances in the development of new diagnostic measurement techniques have stimulated interest in improved methods of assessing changes in dental caries status. Traditional methods for assessing change focus primarily on the development of new lesions at the cavitation level and incorporate incomplete information on the progression of existing cavitated lesions. A methodology to expand the clinical recording of dental caries in clinical studies to include 1) both non-cavitated and cavitated lesions and 2) the surface area affected for restorations is suggested. New indices are proposed to estimate changes in the number of new lesions, the progression of existing carious lesions, and the total change in caries status for a subject. It is anticipated that the new indices will produce more efficient methods of assessing change in caries status in longitudinal clinical studies. The degree of improvement can be estimated directly. Improvements in efficiency may reduce the duration or number of subjects required in caries clinical trials.

Journal of Dental Research, 1992

Experimental Hematology, Feb 1, 2007

Objective-Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is frequently complicated... more Objective-Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is frequently complicated by severe infections and graft versus host disease (GVHD). Saliva contains many components of adaptive and innate immune response crucial for local host defenses. Changes in salivary constituents could reflect systemic processes such as immune reconstitution and development of GVHD that occur post-transplant. This study was an initial evaluation of salivary protein changes that occur after allo-HCT.

Journal of Public Health Dentistry, Feb 1, 1995

Objectives: The objective of the study was to describe and compare the prevalence and severity of... more Objectives: The objective of the study was to describe and compare the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in children who participated in an eight-year clinical trial of the effectiveness of school-based fluoride procedures according to three treatment regimens and age of regimen initiation. Methods: At baseline in 1981, 1,640 kindergarten and first grade children residing in a fluoride-deficient community (Springfield, OH) were assigned randomly to a group that (1) rinsed once a week with a 0.2 percent neutral NaF solution; (2) chewed, rinsed, and swallowed daily a neutral 2.2 mg NaF tablet; or (3) carried out both procedures. DMFS examinations were conducted at baseline and after two, five, and eightyears of treatment. As a follow-up in 1992, fluorosis examinations using Dean's index were conducted on 448 remaining subjects. Results: Overall, the prevalence of fluorosis was 4.4 percent with 20 children classifiedas having some definitive level of the condition. No statistically significant differences existed in the prevalence or severity of fluorosis: (1) among the preventive regimens; (2) among children who began the regimens at ages 5, 6, or 7; or (3) by eruptive status of teeth. Conclusion: These results reiterate the safety of school-based fluoride mouthrinse, fluoride tablet, or combined regimens in communities with fluoride-deficient water supplies. [J Public Health Dent 1995;55(3): 165-701

The Journal of the American Dental Association, Jul 31, 1986

The Journal of the American Dental Association, Jul 31, 1983

In 1980, the prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis was assessed among lifetime residen... more In 1980, the prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis was assessed among lifetime resident children in four areas of Illinois with water fluoride concentrations of 1x, 2x, 3x, and 4x above the optimal level. In 1985, the same areas were resurveyed to determine if changes occurred in dental caries and fluorosis.

Community dental health

To estimate the proportion of dental visits and to explore determinants of oral health care servi... more To estimate the proportion of dental visits and to explore determinants of oral health care service (OHCS) utilisation among US civilian non-institutionalised adults. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the 2006 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) were used to analyse adults' self-reported dental visits across potential risk factors (n=22,721). MEPS uses a complex sample design including stratification, clustering, multiple stages of selection, and disproportionate sampling. These survey design complexities were taken into account for analysis in this study. The analysis was performed in SAS 9.2 and used chi-square tests and binary logistic regression. Results: MEPS (2006) represented approximately 222 million non-institutionalised US adults. 42% (weighted) of this population reported a dental visit in the past 12 months. Dental visit numbers were observed to increase with age, with the 55-64-year-olds approximately 44% more likely than the 18-24-year olds to have visited the dentist in the past year. Hispanics were 48% less likely to report a dental visit compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. Respondents with public-or no-dental insurance were less likely to report a dental visit than persons with private dental coverage. Conclusions: Under half the US adult civilian non-institutionalised population reported a dental visit during 2006. To help address utilisation disparities, creative initiatives and systemic approaches aimed at groups currently utilising OHCS less often could be an important step towards oral health equity.

Community dentistry and oral epidemiology, Jan 3, 2015

The goal of this analysis was to describe income-related inequality in untreated caries among chi... more The goal of this analysis was to describe income-related inequality in untreated caries among children in the United States over time. The analysis focuses on children ages 2-12 years in three nationally representative U.S. surveys: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1971-1974, NHANES 1988-1994, and NHANES 1999-2004. The outcome of interest is untreated dental caries. Various methods are employed to measure absolute and relative inequality within each survey such as pair-wise comparisons, measures of association (odds ratios), and three summary measures of overall inequality: the slope index of inequality, the relative index of inequality, and the concentration index. Inequality trends are then assessed by comparing these estimates across the three surveys. Inequality was present in each of the three surveys analyzed. Whether measured on an absolute or relative scale, untreated caries disproportionately affected those with lower income. Trend analysis show...

Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists, 1990

Periodontology 2000, 2012

Dentistry is rapidly entering a new era of evidence-based practice, and society is demanding prev... more Dentistry is rapidly entering a new era of evidence-based practice, and society is demanding prevention and treatment that has been proven to be effective in terms of meaningful health outcomes. Practitioners, individual patients and the public need randomized controlled trials because they provide the highest level of scientific evidence to change clinical practice and inform public health policy. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are conceptually simple but deceptively complex to design, implement and translate into clinical practice. Randomized controlled trials are fundamentally different from observational clinical research because they randomly assign volunteers to receive test or control interventions, they are prospective and the success of the test intervention is based on a meaningful clinical outcome that is specified before the trial begins. To be successful, randomized controlled trials must be carefully designed and powered to answer a specific question that w...

Genetic epidemiology, 2001

An extension of the traditional regression of offspring on midparent (ROMP) method was used to es... more An extension of the traditional regression of offspring on midparent (ROMP) method was used to estimate the heritability of the trait, test for marker association, and estimate the heritability attributable to a marker locus. The fifty replicates of the Genetic Analysis Workshop (GAW) 12 simulated general population data were used to compare the ROMP method with the variance components method as implemented in SOLAR as a test for marker association, and to a standard analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. Large sample statistical properties of the ROMP and ANOVA methods were compared using 2,000 replicates resampled from the families of the original 50 replicates. Overall, the power to detect a completely associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker was high, and the type I error rates were similar to nominal significance levels for all three methods. The standard deviations of the estimates of the heritability of the trait were large for both SOLAR and ROMP, but the estimat...