Albie Hochhauser - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Albie Hochhauser

SAE Technical Paper Series (Society of Automotive Engineers), 1991

SAE Technical Paper Series, Oct 1, 1993

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2004

The impact of the sulfur (S) content in lubricating oil was evaluated for four ultra-low-emission... more The impact of the sulfur (S) content in lubricating oil was evaluated for four ultra-low-emission vehicles and two super-ultra-low-emission vehicles, all with low mileage. The S content in the lube oils ranged from 0.01 to 0.76%, while the S content of the gasoline was fixed at 0.2 ppmw. Vehicles were configured with aged catalysts and tested over the Federal Test Procedure, at idle and at 50-mph cruise conditions. In all testing modes, variations in the S level of the lubricant did not significantly affect the regulated gas-phase tailpipe emissions. In addition to the regulated gas-phase emissions, a key element of the research was measuring the engine-out sulfur dioxide (SO 2) in near-real-time. This research used a new methodology based on a differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS) to measure SO 2 from the lubricants used in this study. With the DOAS, the contribution of SO 2 emissions for the highest-S lubricant was found to range from less than 1 to 6 ppm on a gasoline S equivalent basis over the range of vehicles and test cycles used. The development and operation of the DOAS is discussed in this paper. IMPLICATIONS As S levels in gasoline continue to be reduced, it is becoming more important to understand how the properties of engine lubricants can affect emission control systems. In this study, the effect of engine lubricant S content on emissions was investigated for six late-model, low-emission gasoline vehicles. In addition to the regulated emissions, a new methodology for this application, DOAS, was used to determine the engine-out SO 2 emissions. The results of this study will provide important information that can be used in the development of specifications for future engine lubricants.

Energy & Fuels, 2014

The paper summarizes research on the use of intermediate ethanol blends in the U. S. vehicle flee... more The paper summarizes research on the use of intermediate ethanol blends in the U. S. vehicle fleet. Intermediate ethanol blends, fuels with ethanol content above 10%, are just being introduced in the U. S. for use in conventional vehicles. Thirty published studies are covered including the extensive program conducted by the Coordinating Research Council. The individual studies are grouped by vehicle performance aspect: driveability, exhaust emissions, evaporative emissions, flexible-fuel vehicles, onboard diagnostics, and durability of engine, fuel, and emissions control systems. Within each performance aspect, data are examined for common trends and potential fuel impacts. In some cases, results from similar programs are combined and analyzed. A variety of ethanol impacts on vehicle performance and emissions are identified and described. Emphasis is placed on impact areas or potential failure modes that have been identified and tested. Differences in vehicle responses to increasing ethanol content are identified. Some of the studies concluded that intermediate ethanol blends have similar performance to gasoline or low level ethanol blends in a number of areas including short-term driveability and emissions and exhaust catalyst and evaporative control system durability in the post-2001 vehicles tested. However, there are areas where research has identified potential adverse impacts from intermediate ethanol blends including false illumination of Malfunction Indicator Lights and reduced engine and fuel system durability.

Automotive engineering, 1996

SAE Technical Paper Series, 2006

Recent years have seen dramatic reductions in gasoline and diesel sulfur concentrations in the Un... more Recent years have seen dramatic reductions in gasoline and diesel sulfur concentrations in the United States, Europe, Japan and other countries. Many developing countries are evaluating the appropriate sulfur levels to choose for the future. This paper examines the current ...

SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 2009

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2004

The fraction of total crude oil produced domestically shrunk from 75% in 1970 to 39% in 2002 (2) ... more The fraction of total crude oil produced domestically shrunk from 75% in 1970 to 39% in 2002 (2) and is predicted to continue to drop (see NOMENCLATURE IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY). Imported products also continue to grow. In 2002, the United States imported 130 10 6 L/day of gasoline and gasoline components. In the 1970s, two Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) embargoes resulted in rapid increases in the price of crude oil and therefore motor fuels. These increases triggered programs designed to develop alternative sources of fuels such as coal (qv), oil shale (qv), and natural gas (see FUELS, SYNTHETIC, GASEOUS FUELS; GAS NATURAL). In 2001, as a result of lower price volatility and improved energy efficiencies, the inflation adjusted cost of driving an average passenger car is about 40% lower than it was in 1960 (3). Today, alternative transportation fuels are being considered as replacements for traditional petroleum based fuels based on their perceived potential to improve the security of energy supply and to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Among alternative fuels under consideration are hydrogen, natural gas and biofuels such as ethanol and esterified edible oils. (see also AIR POLLUTION; EXHAUST CONTROL, AUTOMOTIVE).

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1976

When automobiles are refueled, hydrocarbon vapors are displaced from the vehicle tank and emitted... more When automobiles are refueled, hydrocarbon vapors are displaced from the vehicle tank and emitted to the atmosphere. An experimental program was carried out to measure both the mass and the volume of these emissions as a function of three variables: vehicle tank temperature, dispensed fuel temperature, and fuel volatility measured as Reid vapor pressure. Based on the experimental results, regression equations were developed which can be used to accurately predict refueling emissions under a wide range of conditions. An analysis of the experimental results shows that the vapor balance system, the simpler, less expensive of the two systems being considered for control of refueling emissions, has the potential to meet strict standards under temperature conditions where ozone is likely to form in the atmosphere.

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1993

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1991

Prior studies of the effect of gasoline composition and physical properties on automotive exhaust... more Prior studies of the effect of gasoline composition and physical properties on automotive exhaust and evaporative emissions have been reviewed. The prior work shows that the parameters selected for investigation in the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program (AQIRP) - ...

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1991

An overview of Phase 1 of the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program is presented. Spe... more An overview of Phase 1 of the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program is presented. Specific information is provided on each of the individual test fuel matrices that were conducted to investigate vehiclelfuel “system” effects on emissions. Procedures for ...

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1995

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1995

Engine-out and tailpipe exhaust, and hot soak evaporative emissions of two reformulated test gaso... more Engine-out and tailpipe exhaust, and hot soak evaporative emissions of two reformulated test gasolines and an Industry Average reference gasoline were compared in four vehicle fleets designed for progressively lower emission standards. The two reformulated gasolines included: 1) ...

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1995

Exhaust and evaporative emissions from three flexible/variable fuel vehicles (FFV/VFV) were measu... more Exhaust and evaporative emissions from three flexible/variable fuel vehicles (FFV/VFV) were measured as the vehicles operated on E85 fuel (a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) or on gasoline. One vehicle was a production vehicle designed for ethanol fuels ...

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1995

Nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and toxic air pollutant emissions of the CNG vehicles were about on... more Nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and toxic air pollutant emissions of the CNG vehicles were about one-tenth those of their counterpart gasoline vehicles, while methane emissions were about ten times those of the gasoline vehicles. Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen ...

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1995

Species analyses have been performed on engine-out and tailpipe hydrocarbon mass emissions to hel... more Species analyses have been performed on engine-out and tailpipe hydrocarbon mass emissions to help understand why fuels with higher T 50 and/or T 90 distillation temperatures produce higher engine-out and tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions and why fuels with higher T 90 distillation ...

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1991

Exhaust emissions were measured as a function of gasoline composition in two fleets of vehicles -... more Exhaust emissions were measured as a function of gasoline composition in two fleets of vehicles - 20 1989 vehicles and 14 1983-1985 vehicles. Eighteen different gasolines were tested which varied in aromatic, olefin, and MTBE content and in the 90 percent distillation temperature ...

SAE Technical Paper Series (Society of Automotive Engineers), 1991

SAE Technical Paper Series, Oct 1, 1993

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2004

The impact of the sulfur (S) content in lubricating oil was evaluated for four ultra-low-emission... more The impact of the sulfur (S) content in lubricating oil was evaluated for four ultra-low-emission vehicles and two super-ultra-low-emission vehicles, all with low mileage. The S content in the lube oils ranged from 0.01 to 0.76%, while the S content of the gasoline was fixed at 0.2 ppmw. Vehicles were configured with aged catalysts and tested over the Federal Test Procedure, at idle and at 50-mph cruise conditions. In all testing modes, variations in the S level of the lubricant did not significantly affect the regulated gas-phase tailpipe emissions. In addition to the regulated gas-phase emissions, a key element of the research was measuring the engine-out sulfur dioxide (SO 2) in near-real-time. This research used a new methodology based on a differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS) to measure SO 2 from the lubricants used in this study. With the DOAS, the contribution of SO 2 emissions for the highest-S lubricant was found to range from less than 1 to 6 ppm on a gasoline S equivalent basis over the range of vehicles and test cycles used. The development and operation of the DOAS is discussed in this paper. IMPLICATIONS As S levels in gasoline continue to be reduced, it is becoming more important to understand how the properties of engine lubricants can affect emission control systems. In this study, the effect of engine lubricant S content on emissions was investigated for six late-model, low-emission gasoline vehicles. In addition to the regulated emissions, a new methodology for this application, DOAS, was used to determine the engine-out SO 2 emissions. The results of this study will provide important information that can be used in the development of specifications for future engine lubricants.

Energy & Fuels, 2014

The paper summarizes research on the use of intermediate ethanol blends in the U. S. vehicle flee... more The paper summarizes research on the use of intermediate ethanol blends in the U. S. vehicle fleet. Intermediate ethanol blends, fuels with ethanol content above 10%, are just being introduced in the U. S. for use in conventional vehicles. Thirty published studies are covered including the extensive program conducted by the Coordinating Research Council. The individual studies are grouped by vehicle performance aspect: driveability, exhaust emissions, evaporative emissions, flexible-fuel vehicles, onboard diagnostics, and durability of engine, fuel, and emissions control systems. Within each performance aspect, data are examined for common trends and potential fuel impacts. In some cases, results from similar programs are combined and analyzed. A variety of ethanol impacts on vehicle performance and emissions are identified and described. Emphasis is placed on impact areas or potential failure modes that have been identified and tested. Differences in vehicle responses to increasing ethanol content are identified. Some of the studies concluded that intermediate ethanol blends have similar performance to gasoline or low level ethanol blends in a number of areas including short-term driveability and emissions and exhaust catalyst and evaporative control system durability in the post-2001 vehicles tested. However, there are areas where research has identified potential adverse impacts from intermediate ethanol blends including false illumination of Malfunction Indicator Lights and reduced engine and fuel system durability.

Automotive engineering, 1996

SAE Technical Paper Series, 2006

Recent years have seen dramatic reductions in gasoline and diesel sulfur concentrations in the Un... more Recent years have seen dramatic reductions in gasoline and diesel sulfur concentrations in the United States, Europe, Japan and other countries. Many developing countries are evaluating the appropriate sulfur levels to choose for the future. This paper examines the current ...

SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 2009

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2004

The fraction of total crude oil produced domestically shrunk from 75% in 1970 to 39% in 2002 (2) ... more The fraction of total crude oil produced domestically shrunk from 75% in 1970 to 39% in 2002 (2) and is predicted to continue to drop (see NOMENCLATURE IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY). Imported products also continue to grow. In 2002, the United States imported 130 10 6 L/day of gasoline and gasoline components. In the 1970s, two Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) embargoes resulted in rapid increases in the price of crude oil and therefore motor fuels. These increases triggered programs designed to develop alternative sources of fuels such as coal (qv), oil shale (qv), and natural gas (see FUELS, SYNTHETIC, GASEOUS FUELS; GAS NATURAL). In 2001, as a result of lower price volatility and improved energy efficiencies, the inflation adjusted cost of driving an average passenger car is about 40% lower than it was in 1960 (3). Today, alternative transportation fuels are being considered as replacements for traditional petroleum based fuels based on their perceived potential to improve the security of energy supply and to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Among alternative fuels under consideration are hydrogen, natural gas and biofuels such as ethanol and esterified edible oils. (see also AIR POLLUTION; EXHAUST CONTROL, AUTOMOTIVE).

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1976

When automobiles are refueled, hydrocarbon vapors are displaced from the vehicle tank and emitted... more When automobiles are refueled, hydrocarbon vapors are displaced from the vehicle tank and emitted to the atmosphere. An experimental program was carried out to measure both the mass and the volume of these emissions as a function of three variables: vehicle tank temperature, dispensed fuel temperature, and fuel volatility measured as Reid vapor pressure. Based on the experimental results, regression equations were developed which can be used to accurately predict refueling emissions under a wide range of conditions. An analysis of the experimental results shows that the vapor balance system, the simpler, less expensive of the two systems being considered for control of refueling emissions, has the potential to meet strict standards under temperature conditions where ozone is likely to form in the atmosphere.

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1993

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1991

Prior studies of the effect of gasoline composition and physical properties on automotive exhaust... more Prior studies of the effect of gasoline composition and physical properties on automotive exhaust and evaporative emissions have been reviewed. The prior work shows that the parameters selected for investigation in the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program (AQIRP) - ...

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1991

An overview of Phase 1 of the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program is presented. Spe... more An overview of Phase 1 of the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program is presented. Specific information is provided on each of the individual test fuel matrices that were conducted to investigate vehiclelfuel “system” effects on emissions. Procedures for ...

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1995

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1995

Engine-out and tailpipe exhaust, and hot soak evaporative emissions of two reformulated test gaso... more Engine-out and tailpipe exhaust, and hot soak evaporative emissions of two reformulated test gasolines and an Industry Average reference gasoline were compared in four vehicle fleets designed for progressively lower emission standards. The two reformulated gasolines included: 1) ...

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1995

Exhaust and evaporative emissions from three flexible/variable fuel vehicles (FFV/VFV) were measu... more Exhaust and evaporative emissions from three flexible/variable fuel vehicles (FFV/VFV) were measured as the vehicles operated on E85 fuel (a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) or on gasoline. One vehicle was a production vehicle designed for ethanol fuels ...

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1995

Nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and toxic air pollutant emissions of the CNG vehicles were about on... more Nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and toxic air pollutant emissions of the CNG vehicles were about one-tenth those of their counterpart gasoline vehicles, while methane emissions were about ten times those of the gasoline vehicles. Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen ...

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1995

Species analyses have been performed on engine-out and tailpipe hydrocarbon mass emissions to hel... more Species analyses have been performed on engine-out and tailpipe hydrocarbon mass emissions to help understand why fuels with higher T 50 and/or T 90 distillation temperatures produce higher engine-out and tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions and why fuels with higher T 90 distillation ...

SAE Technical Paper Series, 1991

Exhaust emissions were measured as a function of gasoline composition in two fleets of vehicles -... more Exhaust emissions were measured as a function of gasoline composition in two fleets of vehicles - 20 1989 vehicles and 14 1983-1985 vehicles. Eighteen different gasolines were tested which varied in aromatic, olefin, and MTBE content and in the 90 percent distillation temperature ...