Angelo Albini - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Angelo Albini

Applied Sciences, 2021

The photodegradation of the most prescribed glucocorticoids (GCs) was studied under relevant envi... more The photodegradation of the most prescribed glucocorticoids (GCs) was studied under relevant environmental conditions in the presence of suspended TiO2. The considered drugs included cortisone (CORT), hydrocortisone (HCORT), betamethasone (BETA), dexamethasone (DEXA), prednisone (PRED), prednisolone (PREDLO), and triamcinolone (TRIAM). The experiments were carried out at concentrations (50 µg L−1) close to the real ones in freshwater samples (tap and river) under simulated and natural sunlight, and their decomposition took place very efficiently under natural sunlight. The reactions were monitored by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). According to a pseudo-first-order decay, all drugs underwent degradation within 15 min, following different paths with respect to the direct photolysis. The observed kinetic constants, slightly lower in river than in tap water, varied from 0.29 to 0.61 min−1 with modest diff...

Photostability of drug substances and drug products: A validated reference method for implementing the ICH photstability study guidelines

Special publication, Aug 28, 1998

RSC Publishing Logo. ...

The unexpected photochemistry of marbofloxacin

Tetrahedron Letters, 2010

... References and notes. 1 A. Albini and S. Monti, Chem. Soc. Rev. 32 (2003), p. 238. ... Photob... more ... References and notes. 1 A. Albini and S. Monti, Chem. Soc. Rev. 32 (2003), p. 238. ... Photobiol. 85 (2009), p. 861. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (7) F.Lorenzo, S. Navaratnam, R. Edge and NS Allen, Photochem. Photobiol. 85 (2009), p. 886. ...

Inter- and Intramolecular Photochemical Reactions of Fleroxacin

Organic Letters, 2009

In the cation formed by photoinduced C-F bond cleavage in fleroxacin, intramolecular reaction wit... more In the cation formed by photoinduced C-F bond cleavage in fleroxacin, intramolecular reaction with the N-ethyl chain is prevented by the electron-withdrawing effect of fluorine and intermolecular attack by nucleophiles is facilitated.

Science, 2009

Objective: The purpose of this study was to design and to verify a new hearing-aid fitting strate... more Objective: The purpose of this study was to design and to verify a new hearing-aid fitting strategy (Aescu HRL-1) based on the acoustic features of Mandarin. The subjective and objective outcomes were compared to those fitted with NAL-NL1 (National Acoustic Laboratory Non-Linear, version1) in Mandarin-speaking hearing-aid users. Design: Fifteen subjects with sensorineural hearing loss participated in this preliminary study. Each subject wore a pair of four-channel hearing aids fitted with the Aescu HRL-1 and NAL-NL1 prescriptions alternatively for 1 month. Objective and subjective tests including the Mandarin Monosyllable Recognition Test (MMRT), Mandarin Hearing in Noise Test (MHINT), International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HA), and a sound-quality questionnaire were used to evaluate the performance of the two prescriptions. Results: The mean MMRT scores were 79.9% and 81.1% for NAL-NL1 and Aescu HRL-1 respectively. They are not statistically different. The corresponding MHINT signal-to-noise ratios were 0.87 and 0.85 dB, also, no significant difference was found between these two strategies. However, in subjective questionnaires, overall, the sound-quality and IOI-HA scores were higher for Aescu HRL-1. Conclusions: The speech recognition performance based on Aescu HRL-1 is as good as that of NAL-NL1 for Mandarin-speaking hearing-aid users. Moreover, the subjects generally responded that Aescu HRL-1 provides a more natural, richer, and better sound quality than does NAL-NL1.

Environmental Science & Technology, 2010

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2014

The photobehavior of ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin and ofloxacin fluoroquinolones was investigated ... more The photobehavior of ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin and ofloxacin fluoroquinolones was investigated using several in vitro methods to assess their cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and genotoxic potential against two human cancer cell lines. We focused our attention on the possible relationship between their chemical structure, O 2 partial pressure and photobiological activity on cancer cells. The three molecules share the main features of most fluoroquinolones, a fluorine in 6 and a piperazino group in 7, but differ at the key position 8, unsubstituted in ciprofloxacin, a fluorine in lomefloxacin and an alkoxy group in ofloxacin. Studies in solution show that ofloxacin has a low photoreactivity; lomefloxacin reacts via aryl cation, ciprofloxacin reacts but not via the cation. In our experiments, ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin showed a high and comparable potential for photodamaging cells and DNA. Lomefloxacin appeared the most efficient molecule in hypoxia, acting mainly against tumour cell proliferation and generating DNA plasmid photocleavage. Although our results do not directly provide evidence that a carbocation is involved in photodamage induced by lomefloxacin, our data strongly support this hypothesis. This may lead to new and more efficient anti-tumour drugs involving a cation in their mechanism of action. This latter acting independently of oxygen, can target hypoxic tumour tissue.

Activation of Chemical Substrates in Green Chemistry

SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science, 2015

The stability and low polarization of organic molecules forces to use an aggressive chemical or h... more The stability and low polarization of organic molecules forces to use an aggressive chemical or heat to activate (one of) the reagent(s). Addition of an activator worsens the atom economy since spent reagents add to the waste, drastic conditions increase the energetic expenditure. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, phase transfer catalysis, bio- and photocatalysis, microwave activation, the use of non conventional solvents (supercritical solvents, ionic liquids) or solventless reactions are the means for obtaining a much more environment-friendly process. The application of such methods to various chemical processes is briefly reviewed according to the chemical transformation involved (redox processes, carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond forming processes), with regards both to commodities and fine chemistry products.

The results of recent work on the dye-sensitized photooxygenation of sulfides is discussed. In th... more The results of recent work on the dye-sensitized photooxygenation of sulfides is discussed. In the case of dialkyl sulfides, the weakly bonded adduct initially formed with singlet oxygen (the persulfoxide) decays unproductively unless protonation by an acid (an alcohol or a carboxylic acid) facilitates its conversion to the sulfoxide. The effect is proportional to the strength of the acid ( eg., less than 0.1% chloroacetic acid in benzene is sufficient for maximal efficiency) and corresponds to general acid catalysis, suggesting that protonation of the persulfoxide occurs. On the other hand, with sulfides possessing an activated hydrogen in α position (eg., benzyl and allyl sulfides), hydrogen transfer becomes an efficient process in aprotic media and yields a S-hydroperoxysulfoniumm ylide, possibly arising from a conformation of the persulfoxide that is different from the one protonated in the presence of acids. Calculations on some substituted sulfides support this hypothesis. Thi...

Nota del m.e. ANGELO ALBINI (*) (Adunanza del 14 marzo 2019) SUNTO.-La completa separazione tra i... more Nota del m.e. ANGELO ALBINI (*) (Adunanza del 14 marzo 2019) SUNTO.-La completa separazione tra i linguaggi delle varie scienze rende impossibile comunicare tra specialisti di aree diverse. Il linguaggio della chimica si basa su nomi non ambigui, che mostrano come gli atomi sono disposti e fissati attraverso legami chimici (o covalenti) a formare molecole. Tali nomi suggeriscono in modo euristico le modalità di sintesi. Inoltre le equazioni chimiche indicano il meccanismo che porta da una situazione iniziale (reagenti) ad una finale (prodotti). In molecole molto grandi (etero ed omo polimeri) il legame chimico non è sufficiente a illustrarne la reale struttura, ma la conformazione nello spazio è in realtà già dettata dal modo in cui gli atomi sono legati. La risposta delle molecole a variazioni nell'ambiente sono adatte a un universo che si trasforma con passaggi dolci, non a scatti. *** ABSTRACT.-The language used within different disciplines has become fully separated. The language of chemistry is based on chemical names, where it is shown how atoms are disposed through chemical or covalent bonds to yield molecules, On the other hand, assigning a name contains as an added bonus the indication of which heuristic way/ways are suitable to prepare them that to transform an initial situation (reagents) to a final one (Products). In big molecules (homo and hetero polymers) chemical bonds are not sufficient per se to describe molecules, but the spatial conformations such molecules take are dictated by the bonds structure. The way molecules change answering a change in the environment are appropriate for a universe changing though smooth steps, not via shots.

Where to look for really 'green' synthetic methods, under conditions as mild as those nature uses... more Where to look for really 'green' synthetic methods, under conditions as mild as those nature uses? A hundred years ago, a great scientist, Giacomo Ciamician, confronted the problem. He had no doubt of the answer: it was solar light. The approach and the discoveries by Ciamician are illustrated in connection with present-day green chemistry.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2012

Chapter 2. The Contribution of Photochemistry to Green Chemistry

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Fine Chemicals, 2009

Catalysts

Photocatalysis by semiconductors is considered one of the most promising advanced oxidation proce... more Photocatalysis by semiconductors is considered one of the most promising advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and TiO2 is the most well-studied material for the removal of contaminants from the aquatic system. Over the last 20 years, pharmaceuticals have been the most investigated pollutants. They re-enter the environment almost unmodified or slightly metabolized, especially in the aquatic environment, since the traditional urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not able to abate them. Due to their continuous input, persistence in the environment, and unpleasant effects even at low concentrations, drugs are considered contaminants of emerging concern (ECs). Among these, we chose fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics as an environmental probe for assessing the role of TiO2 photocatalysis in the degradation of recalcitrant pollutants under environmental conditions and detoxification of surface waters and wastewaters. Due to their widespread diffusion, their presence in the list of th...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

The photodegradation process of seven glucocorticoids (GCs), cortisone (CORT), hydrocortisone (HC... more The photodegradation process of seven glucocorticoids (GCs), cortisone (CORT), hydrocortisone (HCORT), betamethasone (BETA), dexamethasone (DEXA), prednisone (PRED), prednisolone (PREDLO) and triamcinolone (TRIAM) was studied in tap and river water at a concentration close to the environmental ones. All drugs underwent sunlight degradation according to a pseudo-first-order decay. The kinetic constants ranged from 0.00082 min−1 for CORT to 0.024 min−1 for PRED and PREDLO. The photo-generated products were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The main steps of the degradation pathways were the oxidative cleavage of the chain 17 for CORT, HCORT and the rearrangement of the cyclohexadiene moiety for the other GCs. The acute and chronic toxicity of GCs and of their photoproducts was assessed by the V. fischeri and P.subcapitata inhibition assays. The bioassays revealed no significant differences in...

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences

The highly inspiring work by Professor Norrish has exerted a consistent influence on chemistry an... more The highly inspiring work by Professor Norrish has exerted a consistent influence on chemistry and, in particular, on photochemistry, where he was one of the first scientists, along with Gilbert N. Lewis, able to develop a viable concept of excited states and their rate of reaction. However, having him listed among the authors of two name reactions, known as Norrish Type I and Type II, plus a subcase of the latter that is the Yang cyclization, is not coherent. Indeed, Norrish had no interest in organic synthesis, while this is a required feature of name reactions. And, at any rate, Professors Ciamician and Paternò had arrived at the same conclusions with the same compounds much earlier, except for the measurement of quantum yields. Things are too long away now for introducing any change, but one should remember that using Norrish name here is a mistake, while it would be appropriate to add the name of Ciamician for a different name reaction, the 2 + 2 cycloaddition of alkenes and conjugated carbonyls. In 1968, such an attribution was proposed by Professor Schömberg, but this had no effect and the present assignment has become a habit. The most important thing, however, is that the 2 + 2 reaction has become one of the most popular reactions in synthetic photochemistry.

Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis for Radical Alkylation

Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies

The TiO

Molecules, 2015

Photocatalytic reactions have been defined as those processes that require both a (not consumed) ... more Photocatalytic reactions have been defined as those processes that require both a (not consumed) catalyst and light. A previous definition was whether such reactions brought a system towards or away from the (thermal) equilibrium. This consideration brings in the question whether a part of the photon energy is incorporated into the photochemical reaction products. Data are provided for representative organic reactions involving or not molecular catalysts and show that energy storage occurs only when a heavily strained structure is generated, and in that case only a minor part of photon energy is actually stored (ΔG up to 25 kcal• mol −1). The green role of photochemistry/photocatalysis is rather that of forming highly reactive intermediates under mild conditions.

The unexpected photochemistry of marbofloxacin

Tetrahedron Letters, 2010

... References and notes. 1 A. Albini and S. Monti, Chem. Soc. Rev. 32 (2003), p. 238. ... Photob... more ... References and notes. 1 A. Albini and S. Monti, Chem. Soc. Rev. 32 (2003), p. 238. ... Photobiol. 85 (2009), p. 861. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (7) F.Lorenzo, S. Navaratnam, R. Edge and NS Allen, Photochem. Photobiol. 85 (2009), p. 886. ...

The unexpected photochemistry of marbofloxacin

Tetrahedron Letters, 2010

... References and notes. 1 A. Albini and S. Monti, Chem. Soc. Rev. 32 (2003), p. 238. ... Photob... more ... References and notes. 1 A. Albini and S. Monti, Chem. Soc. Rev. 32 (2003), p. 238. ... Photobiol. 85 (2009), p. 861. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (7) F.Lorenzo, S. Navaratnam, R. Edge and NS Allen, Photochem. Photobiol. 85 (2009), p. 886. ...

Applied Sciences, 2021

The photodegradation of the most prescribed glucocorticoids (GCs) was studied under relevant envi... more The photodegradation of the most prescribed glucocorticoids (GCs) was studied under relevant environmental conditions in the presence of suspended TiO2. The considered drugs included cortisone (CORT), hydrocortisone (HCORT), betamethasone (BETA), dexamethasone (DEXA), prednisone (PRED), prednisolone (PREDLO), and triamcinolone (TRIAM). The experiments were carried out at concentrations (50 µg L−1) close to the real ones in freshwater samples (tap and river) under simulated and natural sunlight, and their decomposition took place very efficiently under natural sunlight. The reactions were monitored by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). According to a pseudo-first-order decay, all drugs underwent degradation within 15 min, following different paths with respect to the direct photolysis. The observed kinetic constants, slightly lower in river than in tap water, varied from 0.29 to 0.61 min−1 with modest diff...

Photostability of drug substances and drug products: A validated reference method for implementing the ICH photstability study guidelines

Special publication, Aug 28, 1998

RSC Publishing Logo. ...

The unexpected photochemistry of marbofloxacin

Tetrahedron Letters, 2010

... References and notes. 1 A. Albini and S. Monti, Chem. Soc. Rev. 32 (2003), p. 238. ... Photob... more ... References and notes. 1 A. Albini and S. Monti, Chem. Soc. Rev. 32 (2003), p. 238. ... Photobiol. 85 (2009), p. 861. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (7) F.Lorenzo, S. Navaratnam, R. Edge and NS Allen, Photochem. Photobiol. 85 (2009), p. 886. ...

Inter- and Intramolecular Photochemical Reactions of Fleroxacin

Organic Letters, 2009

In the cation formed by photoinduced C-F bond cleavage in fleroxacin, intramolecular reaction wit... more In the cation formed by photoinduced C-F bond cleavage in fleroxacin, intramolecular reaction with the N-ethyl chain is prevented by the electron-withdrawing effect of fluorine and intermolecular attack by nucleophiles is facilitated.

Science, 2009

Objective: The purpose of this study was to design and to verify a new hearing-aid fitting strate... more Objective: The purpose of this study was to design and to verify a new hearing-aid fitting strategy (Aescu HRL-1) based on the acoustic features of Mandarin. The subjective and objective outcomes were compared to those fitted with NAL-NL1 (National Acoustic Laboratory Non-Linear, version1) in Mandarin-speaking hearing-aid users. Design: Fifteen subjects with sensorineural hearing loss participated in this preliminary study. Each subject wore a pair of four-channel hearing aids fitted with the Aescu HRL-1 and NAL-NL1 prescriptions alternatively for 1 month. Objective and subjective tests including the Mandarin Monosyllable Recognition Test (MMRT), Mandarin Hearing in Noise Test (MHINT), International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HA), and a sound-quality questionnaire were used to evaluate the performance of the two prescriptions. Results: The mean MMRT scores were 79.9% and 81.1% for NAL-NL1 and Aescu HRL-1 respectively. They are not statistically different. The corresponding MHINT signal-to-noise ratios were 0.87 and 0.85 dB, also, no significant difference was found between these two strategies. However, in subjective questionnaires, overall, the sound-quality and IOI-HA scores were higher for Aescu HRL-1. Conclusions: The speech recognition performance based on Aescu HRL-1 is as good as that of NAL-NL1 for Mandarin-speaking hearing-aid users. Moreover, the subjects generally responded that Aescu HRL-1 provides a more natural, richer, and better sound quality than does NAL-NL1.

Environmental Science & Technology, 2010

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2014

The photobehavior of ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin and ofloxacin fluoroquinolones was investigated ... more The photobehavior of ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin and ofloxacin fluoroquinolones was investigated using several in vitro methods to assess their cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and genotoxic potential against two human cancer cell lines. We focused our attention on the possible relationship between their chemical structure, O 2 partial pressure and photobiological activity on cancer cells. The three molecules share the main features of most fluoroquinolones, a fluorine in 6 and a piperazino group in 7, but differ at the key position 8, unsubstituted in ciprofloxacin, a fluorine in lomefloxacin and an alkoxy group in ofloxacin. Studies in solution show that ofloxacin has a low photoreactivity; lomefloxacin reacts via aryl cation, ciprofloxacin reacts but not via the cation. In our experiments, ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin showed a high and comparable potential for photodamaging cells and DNA. Lomefloxacin appeared the most efficient molecule in hypoxia, acting mainly against tumour cell proliferation and generating DNA plasmid photocleavage. Although our results do not directly provide evidence that a carbocation is involved in photodamage induced by lomefloxacin, our data strongly support this hypothesis. This may lead to new and more efficient anti-tumour drugs involving a cation in their mechanism of action. This latter acting independently of oxygen, can target hypoxic tumour tissue.

Activation of Chemical Substrates in Green Chemistry

SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science, 2015

The stability and low polarization of organic molecules forces to use an aggressive chemical or h... more The stability and low polarization of organic molecules forces to use an aggressive chemical or heat to activate (one of) the reagent(s). Addition of an activator worsens the atom economy since spent reagents add to the waste, drastic conditions increase the energetic expenditure. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, phase transfer catalysis, bio- and photocatalysis, microwave activation, the use of non conventional solvents (supercritical solvents, ionic liquids) or solventless reactions are the means for obtaining a much more environment-friendly process. The application of such methods to various chemical processes is briefly reviewed according to the chemical transformation involved (redox processes, carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond forming processes), with regards both to commodities and fine chemistry products.

The results of recent work on the dye-sensitized photooxygenation of sulfides is discussed. In th... more The results of recent work on the dye-sensitized photooxygenation of sulfides is discussed. In the case of dialkyl sulfides, the weakly bonded adduct initially formed with singlet oxygen (the persulfoxide) decays unproductively unless protonation by an acid (an alcohol or a carboxylic acid) facilitates its conversion to the sulfoxide. The effect is proportional to the strength of the acid ( eg., less than 0.1% chloroacetic acid in benzene is sufficient for maximal efficiency) and corresponds to general acid catalysis, suggesting that protonation of the persulfoxide occurs. On the other hand, with sulfides possessing an activated hydrogen in α position (eg., benzyl and allyl sulfides), hydrogen transfer becomes an efficient process in aprotic media and yields a S-hydroperoxysulfoniumm ylide, possibly arising from a conformation of the persulfoxide that is different from the one protonated in the presence of acids. Calculations on some substituted sulfides support this hypothesis. Thi...

Nota del m.e. ANGELO ALBINI (*) (Adunanza del 14 marzo 2019) SUNTO.-La completa separazione tra i... more Nota del m.e. ANGELO ALBINI (*) (Adunanza del 14 marzo 2019) SUNTO.-La completa separazione tra i linguaggi delle varie scienze rende impossibile comunicare tra specialisti di aree diverse. Il linguaggio della chimica si basa su nomi non ambigui, che mostrano come gli atomi sono disposti e fissati attraverso legami chimici (o covalenti) a formare molecole. Tali nomi suggeriscono in modo euristico le modalità di sintesi. Inoltre le equazioni chimiche indicano il meccanismo che porta da una situazione iniziale (reagenti) ad una finale (prodotti). In molecole molto grandi (etero ed omo polimeri) il legame chimico non è sufficiente a illustrarne la reale struttura, ma la conformazione nello spazio è in realtà già dettata dal modo in cui gli atomi sono legati. La risposta delle molecole a variazioni nell'ambiente sono adatte a un universo che si trasforma con passaggi dolci, non a scatti. *** ABSTRACT.-The language used within different disciplines has become fully separated. The language of chemistry is based on chemical names, where it is shown how atoms are disposed through chemical or covalent bonds to yield molecules, On the other hand, assigning a name contains as an added bonus the indication of which heuristic way/ways are suitable to prepare them that to transform an initial situation (reagents) to a final one (Products). In big molecules (homo and hetero polymers) chemical bonds are not sufficient per se to describe molecules, but the spatial conformations such molecules take are dictated by the bonds structure. The way molecules change answering a change in the environment are appropriate for a universe changing though smooth steps, not via shots.

Where to look for really 'green' synthetic methods, under conditions as mild as those nature uses... more Where to look for really 'green' synthetic methods, under conditions as mild as those nature uses? A hundred years ago, a great scientist, Giacomo Ciamician, confronted the problem. He had no doubt of the answer: it was solar light. The approach and the discoveries by Ciamician are illustrated in connection with present-day green chemistry.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2012

Chapter 2. The Contribution of Photochemistry to Green Chemistry

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Fine Chemicals, 2009

Catalysts

Photocatalysis by semiconductors is considered one of the most promising advanced oxidation proce... more Photocatalysis by semiconductors is considered one of the most promising advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and TiO2 is the most well-studied material for the removal of contaminants from the aquatic system. Over the last 20 years, pharmaceuticals have been the most investigated pollutants. They re-enter the environment almost unmodified or slightly metabolized, especially in the aquatic environment, since the traditional urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not able to abate them. Due to their continuous input, persistence in the environment, and unpleasant effects even at low concentrations, drugs are considered contaminants of emerging concern (ECs). Among these, we chose fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics as an environmental probe for assessing the role of TiO2 photocatalysis in the degradation of recalcitrant pollutants under environmental conditions and detoxification of surface waters and wastewaters. Due to their widespread diffusion, their presence in the list of th...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

The photodegradation process of seven glucocorticoids (GCs), cortisone (CORT), hydrocortisone (HC... more The photodegradation process of seven glucocorticoids (GCs), cortisone (CORT), hydrocortisone (HCORT), betamethasone (BETA), dexamethasone (DEXA), prednisone (PRED), prednisolone (PREDLO) and triamcinolone (TRIAM) was studied in tap and river water at a concentration close to the environmental ones. All drugs underwent sunlight degradation according to a pseudo-first-order decay. The kinetic constants ranged from 0.00082 min−1 for CORT to 0.024 min−1 for PRED and PREDLO. The photo-generated products were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The main steps of the degradation pathways were the oxidative cleavage of the chain 17 for CORT, HCORT and the rearrangement of the cyclohexadiene moiety for the other GCs. The acute and chronic toxicity of GCs and of their photoproducts was assessed by the V. fischeri and P.subcapitata inhibition assays. The bioassays revealed no significant differences in...

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences

The highly inspiring work by Professor Norrish has exerted a consistent influence on chemistry an... more The highly inspiring work by Professor Norrish has exerted a consistent influence on chemistry and, in particular, on photochemistry, where he was one of the first scientists, along with Gilbert N. Lewis, able to develop a viable concept of excited states and their rate of reaction. However, having him listed among the authors of two name reactions, known as Norrish Type I and Type II, plus a subcase of the latter that is the Yang cyclization, is not coherent. Indeed, Norrish had no interest in organic synthesis, while this is a required feature of name reactions. And, at any rate, Professors Ciamician and Paternò had arrived at the same conclusions with the same compounds much earlier, except for the measurement of quantum yields. Things are too long away now for introducing any change, but one should remember that using Norrish name here is a mistake, while it would be appropriate to add the name of Ciamician for a different name reaction, the 2 + 2 cycloaddition of alkenes and conjugated carbonyls. In 1968, such an attribution was proposed by Professor Schömberg, but this had no effect and the present assignment has become a habit. The most important thing, however, is that the 2 + 2 reaction has become one of the most popular reactions in synthetic photochemistry.

Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis for Radical Alkylation

Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies

The TiO

Molecules, 2015

Photocatalytic reactions have been defined as those processes that require both a (not consumed) ... more Photocatalytic reactions have been defined as those processes that require both a (not consumed) catalyst and light. A previous definition was whether such reactions brought a system towards or away from the (thermal) equilibrium. This consideration brings in the question whether a part of the photon energy is incorporated into the photochemical reaction products. Data are provided for representative organic reactions involving or not molecular catalysts and show that energy storage occurs only when a heavily strained structure is generated, and in that case only a minor part of photon energy is actually stored (ΔG up to 25 kcal• mol −1). The green role of photochemistry/photocatalysis is rather that of forming highly reactive intermediates under mild conditions.

The unexpected photochemistry of marbofloxacin

Tetrahedron Letters, 2010

... References and notes. 1 A. Albini and S. Monti, Chem. Soc. Rev. 32 (2003), p. 238. ... Photob... more ... References and notes. 1 A. Albini and S. Monti, Chem. Soc. Rev. 32 (2003), p. 238. ... Photobiol. 85 (2009), p. 861. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (7) F.Lorenzo, S. Navaratnam, R. Edge and NS Allen, Photochem. Photobiol. 85 (2009), p. 886. ...

The unexpected photochemistry of marbofloxacin

Tetrahedron Letters, 2010

... References and notes. 1 A. Albini and S. Monti, Chem. Soc. Rev. 32 (2003), p. 238. ... Photob... more ... References and notes. 1 A. Albini and S. Monti, Chem. Soc. Rev. 32 (2003), p. 238. ... Photobiol. 85 (2009), p. 861. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (7) F.Lorenzo, S. Navaratnam, R. Edge and NS Allen, Photochem. Photobiol. 85 (2009), p. 886. ...