Alebachew Belay - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Alebachew Belay
PLOS ONE, 2022
Background Tetanus is a deadly bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani wound contaminati... more Background Tetanus is a deadly bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani wound contamination characterized muscular spasms and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Maternal and neonatal tetanus occurs under improper hygiene practices during childbirth. Globally, an estimated 3.3 million newborn deaths occur every year, and about 9,000 babies die every day in the first 28 days of life. This study sought to identify risk factors associated with the immunization of rural women against tetanus in rural areas in ten East African countries. Method The data used in this study were taken from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of ten East African countries (Ethiopia, Burundi, Comoros, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Malawi, Ruanda, Tanzania, Uganda and, Zambia). Multivariable binary logistic regression is used to determine the risk factors associated with tetanus-protected women in east Africa. Results The weighted total samples of 73735 rural women were included in the analysis. The combined...
Acta Tropica, 2013
The study was conducted on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses with the aim of selecting appropr... more The study was conducted on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses with the aim of selecting appropriate vaccinal strain to control of FMD in Ethiopia. The study was conducted in two-dimensional virus neutralization assay to determine the antigenic relationship 'r' value between the candidate vaccine strains and field isolates. A total of 21 serotype O, 7 serotype A, and 8 serotype SAT 2 FMD viruses, which were isolated from cattle and swine. A couple of isolates from each serotype were identified as vaccine candidates in the trial (O-ETH/38/2005, O-ETH/58/2008, A-ETH/7/2008, A-ETH/6/2000, SAT2-ETH/76/2009 and SAT2-ETH/64/2009). The finding revealed all the vaccine candidate depicted high antigenic similarity, above the mean "r" value, to their own serotypes in the studied serotype population except for one serotype A field isolate, A-ETH/13/1981, with "r" value=0.14 and 0.25) which is significantly lower than the minimum requirement. In general, the result indicated that these candidate vaccinal strains can be used for polyvalent vaccine production in the country.
Arega et al 2021Camel viral Disease Outbreak Vol. 3(1), pp. 015-021Investigation on Negele Borena Zones of Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia, 2021
Camel is an important domestic animal uniquely adapted to the hot and arid environment, but its v... more Camel is an important domestic animal uniquely adapted to the hot and arid environment, but its value to Ethiopian pastoralists is unbalanced to its resource potential due to the presence of various infectious diseases in the area. Therefore this study was conducted to isolate and characterize the emerging suspected case samples collected in camel rearing areas in Borena Zone of Ethiopia in 2007at national veterinary institute (NVI) from December 2010 to April 2011. A total of eleven Negele Borena camel postmortem tissue samples (four lungs, four liver, two heart, and one heart blood) were processed by using cell culture techniques,AGID test and molecular techniques. The suspected viral pathogen was isolated from all of the samples processed and inoculated on Vero cell cultures with a variable amount of detectable CPE and growth character within 5 to 8 days. The supernatant samples exhibiting CPE were taken and tested for presence of both DNA and RNA viruses, using universal degenerate oligonucleo prim-polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR) and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. All of the samples tested by DOP-PCR were positive for presence of RNA virus, but negative for DNA virus and Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV). Furthermore the immune diffusion test result on an isolated virus conducted by using known PPR antibodies was negative. Therefore, the actual virus in this study was ruled out that the etiological agent/s of sudden camel mortality occurred in 2007 in Borena Zone of Ethiopia were an RNA virus and also it was not a member of the genus PPR virus that are detectable by existing primers. On the bases of this remark, the viral causative agent of the disease was further molecularly characterized by using specific primed PCR, optimization of techniques and sequencing machines.
Advances in Public Health, 2021
Background. Heart failure is a progressive condition marked by worsening symptoms such as shortne... more Background. Heart failure is a progressive condition marked by worsening symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, exhaustion and lethargy, fluid retention with swelling of the legs and abdomen, and a reduced ability to exercise. As a result, this study aims to use a joint model application to determine the joint risk factors of longitudinal change in pulse rate and time to death of congestive heart failure patients and their association admitted to a hospital. Methods. A retrospective study was undertaken on congestive heart failure patients admitted to the Debre Tabor Referral Hospital from January 2016 to December 2019. A statistical joint modeling strategy was employed to match the repeated biomarker pulse rate and a survival outcome at the same time. A total of 271 patients with congestive heart failure were chosen. Data were analyzed with R statistical software via joineRML. Results. According to the findings, the association between longitudinal changes in pulse rate an...
The main purpose of my thesis is to present a desert-sensitive egalitarian theory of justice. In ... more The main purpose of my thesis is to present a desert-sensitive egalitarian theory of justice. In this thesis, egalitarianism comes in two principal forms: teleological (telic) egalitarianism and deontological (deontic) egalitarianism. Telic egalitarianism says that we should aim for simple equality, because it makes the outcome better. Deontic egalitarianism says that we should aim for simple equality not because it makes the outcome better, but for some other morally relevant reason. While the two forms of egalitarianism are often regarded as incompatible positions in egalitarian justice, this thesis combines the two in such a way that telic egalitarianism is a baseline position but which allows deviations from it for reasons that deontic egalitarianism specifies. In taking this approach, I show three things. The first is that telic egalitarianism as a base point can be fleshed out as the Principle of Baseline Equality. This principle holds that all people should be equally well of...
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2012
African horse sickness (AHS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality in equids, especiall... more African horse sickness (AHS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality in equids, especially horses. A retrospective analysis was carried out concerning 737 AHS outbreaks that occurred during 2007-2010 in Ethiopia. A total of ten outbreaks were investigated in the study period. All four forms of the disease (pulmonary, cardiac, horse sickness fever and the combined form) were observed, with the cardiac form being the most prevalent. Multiple African horse sickness virus serotypes (AHSV-2, AHSV-4, AHSV-6, AHSV-8 and AHSV-9) were detected by molecular methods (type-specific real-time RT-PCR assays), and fourteen isolates were derived from blood and tissue samples collected during 2009-2010. This is the first report of AHSV-4, AHSV-6 or AHSV-8 in Ethiopia.
Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 2017
Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases of poultry causing heavy economic l... more Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases of poultry causing heavy economic losses. Though it can be prevented through vaccination, regular monitoring of the protective efficacy of the vaccine against field outbreaks is essential since antigenically dissimilar serovars may evolve compromising the efficacy of the vaccine. This study was, therefore, carried out to evaluate the protective efficacy of the currently used attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum 9R strain vaccine against experimental challenge with field isolates of Salmonella strains obtained from disease outbreaks. Three Salmonella serovars viz Salmonella Gallinarum, Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Enteritidis isolated and identified (phenotypically and molecularly) from outbreaks suspected of salmonellosis were used for the challenge experiment. A total of 90 chickens randomly divided into 2 categories (vaccinated and non-vaccinated control) each comprising 45 birds were used for protective efficacy study. Each of these categories were further subdivided and randomly assigned into 3 groups each comprising 15 birds for challenge with each of the three field Salmonella serovars. Chickens were vaccinated subcutaneously with live attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum 9R vaccine containing 2x10 7 CFU per dose. Each group in both vaccinated and non vaccinated category were challenged with the three field serovars (one strain per group) through oral administration of 1 ml of bacterial suspension containing 5×10 7 organisms. Post challenge follow-up showed no mortality in all vaccinated groups challenged with each of the three serovars while a mortality of 53.3% (N=8), 13.3% (N=2) and 0% was observed in S. Gallinarum, S. Pullorum and S. Enteritidis challenged nonvaccinated groups, respectively. None of the challenge Salmonella strains were
Veterinary Medicine : Research and Reports, 2021
Introduction Sheep and goat pox virus (SGPV) is a systemic contagious disease causing extreme ill... more Introduction Sheep and goat pox virus (SGPV) is a systemic contagious disease causing extreme illness and death in small ruminants. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in West Gojjam and Awi zone of Amhara national regional state Northwest Ethiopia, from November 2018 to May 2019 with the objective of pox virus outbreak investigation and molecular detections in sheep and goats (shoats). The study included clinical examinations of lesions, laboratory analysis, and questionnaire survey. Study locations were selected randomly when an active outbreak was reported and observed. Results A total of 485 small ruminants (303 sheep and 182 goats) suspected of shoat pox were examined for the presence of specific skin lesions, 71 (14.64%) showed pox lesions, 35 (11.55%) sheep and 36 (19.78%) goats, and 24 (4.95%) had died. The study revealed highest morbidity rate in Jawie (31.25%) and Gunagua (14.89%) districts in goats and sheep, respectively. Lowest morbidity rate was recorded in D...
Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE, 2014
The study was a combination of two investigations into active outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LS... more The study was a combination of two investigations into active outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle in central Ethiopia and a retrospective analysis of outbreak reports between January 2007 and December 2011 covering the entire country. Active outbreaks were investigated in four districts of central Ethiopia: Adama, Wenji, Mojo and Welenchiti. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to acquire data at individual and herd levels, and tissue samples were collected for viral isolation and characterisation. The retrospective analyses showed that, during the five-year period, a total of 1,675 outbreaks were reported, with 62,176 cases and 4,372 deaths. The highest number of outbreaks was reported in Oromia (1,066), followed by Amhara (365) and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region (123). Outbreaks were more frequently observed between September and December and the highest number of outbreaks was reported in 2010. During the period studied, a total of 2,174 local zebu cattle were clinically examined and morbidity and mortality rates of 13.61% (296) and 4.97% (108) were recorded, respectively. Analysis of the active outbreaks revealed a relatively consistent morbidity rate, with the highest observed in Adama (15.38%), followed by Wenji (10.26%). The highest mortality rates were also observed in Adama (5.89%) and Wenji (3.42%). The LSD virus was isolated from 22 samples and all tested positive in polymerase chain reaction analysis. The disease was observed in the cattle regardless of previous vaccination with Kenyan sheep-and goatpox vaccine; thus, vaccine efficacy was assessed under field conditions and the authors' findings, together with a possible remedy, are presented in this paper.
Background: Pasteurella multocida is a heterogeneous species and opportunistic pathogen associate... more Background: Pasteurella multocida is a heterogeneous species and opportunistic pathogen associated with pneumonia in cattle. Losses due to pneumonia and associated expenses are estimated to be higher in Ethiopia with limited information about the distribution of capsular serotypes. Hence, this study was designed to determine the phenotypic and capsular serotypes of P. multocida from pneumonic cases of cattle. Methods: A cross sectional study with purposive sampling method was employed in 400 cattle from April 2018 to January 2019. Nasopharyngeal swabs and lung tissue samples were collected from clinically suspected pneumonic cases of calves (n = 170) and adult cattle (n = 230). Samples were analyzed using bacteriological and molecular assay.Results: Bacteriological analysis revealed isolation of 61 (15.25%) P. multocida subspecies multocida. Incidence was higher in calves 35 (57.38%) compared to adult cattle 26 (42.62%) at P < 0.5. PCR assay targeting KMT1 gene (~460 bp) confirme...
Background: Pasteurella multocida is a heterogeneous species and opportunistic pathogen that caus... more Background: Pasteurella multocida is a heterogeneous species and opportunistic pathogen that causes bovine respiratory disease. This disease is one of an economically important disease in Ethiopia. Losses due to mortality and associated expenses are estimated to be higher in the country. Studies revealed that limited information is available regarding the capsular types, genotypes, and antimicrobial sensitivity of P. multocida isolates circulating in the country. This suggests, further molecular advances to understand the etiological diversity of the pathogens representing severe threats to the cattle population. Results: Bacteriological analysis of nasopharyngeal swab and pneumonic lung tissue samples collected from a total of 400 samples revealed isolation of 61 (15.25%) P. multocida subspecies multocida. 35 (20.59%) were isolated from calves and 26 (11.30%) from adult cattle. Molecular analysis using PCR assay targeting KMT1 gene (~460 bp) amplification was shown in all presumpti...
Table S1. Questionnaire format for data collection during orf suspected outbreak investigations. ... more Table S1. Questionnaire format for data collection during orf suspected outbreak investigations. (PDF 66Â kb)
Archives of Virology
Sequencing of the VP2 region was carried out to identify amino acid mismatches between vaccine st... more Sequencing of the VP2 region was carried out to identify amino acid mismatches between vaccine strains and field isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Viruses were isolated in chicken embryo fibroblast (DF-1) cells using pooled samples of bursa collected from nine outbreaks, which affected 30,250 chickens in five localities, with an overall mortality of 47.87%. Virus strains were identified by comparing the deduced amino acid sequence between positions 232 and 446 of the immunodominant VP2 epitope. All of the pooled samples were positive for IBDV. RT-PCR yielded a 645-bp DNA fragment of the VP2 gene. Phylogenetic analysis of this fragment revealed clustering of these isolates with very virulent IBDV strains. The amino acid sequences of these isolates were identical to those of the European very virulent strains UK 661 and DV 86, except at position 222, but differed from the vaccine strains used in Ethiopia, suggesting the possible introduction of virulent virus strains...
Virology Journal, 2016
Background: Orf is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and wild ungulates caused by orf virus (O... more Background: Orf is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and wild ungulates caused by orf virus (ORFV) a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Although orf is endemic in Ethiopia, little attention has been given so far as it is not a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. In this work, we have investigated orf outbreaks representing five different geographical locations of Ethiopia, in Amba Giorgis, Gondar zuria, Adet, Debre zeit and Adami Tulu, between 2008 and 2013. Results: The viral isolation and the sequence analysis of the A32L and the B2L genes of eighteen representative isolates confirmed that sampled animals were infected by ORFVs. The phylogenetic study and the comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid profile suggests that there were two main clusters of ORFV isolates which were responsible for the investigated outbreaks. Additionally the analysis of these two genes showed limited variability to ORFVs encountered elsewhere. This is the first report on the genetic characterization of the ORFV isolates from sheep and goats in Ethiopia. Conclusion: The molecular characterization of Ethiopian ORFV isolates highlighted the circulation of two main clusters causing orf disease in sheep and goats. The use of laboratory based methods and a constant monitoring of Ethiopian ORFV isolates is needed to better understand the dynamic of ORFV circulating in the country and facilitate the implementation of control measures.
Virology Journal, 2016
Background: Orf is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and wild ungulates caused by orf virus (O... more Background: Orf is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and wild ungulates caused by orf virus (ORFV) a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Although orf is endemic in Ethiopia, little attention has been given so far as it is not a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. In this work, we have investigated orf outbreaks representing five different geographical locations of Ethiopia, in Amba Giorgis, Gondar zuria, Adet, Debre zeit and Adami Tulu, between 2008 and 2013. Results: The viral isolation and the sequence analysis of the A32L and the B2L genes of eighteen representative isolates confirmed that sampled animals were infected by ORFVs. The phylogenetic study and the comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid profile suggests that there were two main clusters of ORFV isolates which were responsible for the investigated outbreaks. Additionally the analysis of these two genes showed limited variability to ORFVs encountered elsewhere. This is the first report on the genetic characterization of the ORFV isolates from sheep and goats in Ethiopia. Conclusion: The molecular characterization of Ethiopian ORFV isolates highlighted the circulation of two main clusters causing orf disease in sheep and goats. The use of laboratory based methods and a constant monitoring of Ethiopian ORFV isolates is needed to better understand the dynamic of ORFV circulating in the country and facilitate the implementation of control measures.
Veterinary …, 2005
Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans in Brazil. Among the food animals, pigs... more Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans in Brazil. Among the food animals, pigs are considered the most important meat source of T. gondii for infection in humans. In the present study, we report the first isolation of viable T. gondii from finishing ...
Veterinary …, 2005
Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans in Brazil. Among the food animals, pigs... more Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans in Brazil. Among the food animals, pigs are considered the most important meat source of T. gondii for infection in humans. In the present study, we report the first isolation of viable T. gondii from finishing ...
Antiviral research, Jan 20, 2015
Sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of the genus Capr... more Sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) cause capripox disease in sheep, goats and cattle, respectively. These viruses are not strictly host-specific and their geographical distribution is complex. In Ethiopia, where sheep, goats and cattle are all affected, a live attenuated vaccine strain (KS1-O180) is used for immunization of both small ruminants and cattle. Although occurrences of the disease in vaccinated cattle are frequently reported, information on the circulating isolates and their relation to the vaccine strain in use are still missing. The present study addressed the parameters associated with vaccination failure in Ethiopia. Retrospective outbreak data were compiled and isolates collected from thirteen outbreaks in small ruminants and cattle at various geographical locations and years were analyzed and compared to the vaccine strain. Isolates of GTPV and LSDV genotypes were responsible for the capr...
PLOS ONE, 2022
Background Tetanus is a deadly bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani wound contaminati... more Background Tetanus is a deadly bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani wound contamination characterized muscular spasms and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Maternal and neonatal tetanus occurs under improper hygiene practices during childbirth. Globally, an estimated 3.3 million newborn deaths occur every year, and about 9,000 babies die every day in the first 28 days of life. This study sought to identify risk factors associated with the immunization of rural women against tetanus in rural areas in ten East African countries. Method The data used in this study were taken from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of ten East African countries (Ethiopia, Burundi, Comoros, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Malawi, Ruanda, Tanzania, Uganda and, Zambia). Multivariable binary logistic regression is used to determine the risk factors associated with tetanus-protected women in east Africa. Results The weighted total samples of 73735 rural women were included in the analysis. The combined...
Acta Tropica, 2013
The study was conducted on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses with the aim of selecting appropr... more The study was conducted on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses with the aim of selecting appropriate vaccinal strain to control of FMD in Ethiopia. The study was conducted in two-dimensional virus neutralization assay to determine the antigenic relationship 'r' value between the candidate vaccine strains and field isolates. A total of 21 serotype O, 7 serotype A, and 8 serotype SAT 2 FMD viruses, which were isolated from cattle and swine. A couple of isolates from each serotype were identified as vaccine candidates in the trial (O-ETH/38/2005, O-ETH/58/2008, A-ETH/7/2008, A-ETH/6/2000, SAT2-ETH/76/2009 and SAT2-ETH/64/2009). The finding revealed all the vaccine candidate depicted high antigenic similarity, above the mean "r" value, to their own serotypes in the studied serotype population except for one serotype A field isolate, A-ETH/13/1981, with "r" value=0.14 and 0.25) which is significantly lower than the minimum requirement. In general, the result indicated that these candidate vaccinal strains can be used for polyvalent vaccine production in the country.
Arega et al 2021Camel viral Disease Outbreak Vol. 3(1), pp. 015-021Investigation on Negele Borena Zones of Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia, 2021
Camel is an important domestic animal uniquely adapted to the hot and arid environment, but its v... more Camel is an important domestic animal uniquely adapted to the hot and arid environment, but its value to Ethiopian pastoralists is unbalanced to its resource potential due to the presence of various infectious diseases in the area. Therefore this study was conducted to isolate and characterize the emerging suspected case samples collected in camel rearing areas in Borena Zone of Ethiopia in 2007at national veterinary institute (NVI) from December 2010 to April 2011. A total of eleven Negele Borena camel postmortem tissue samples (four lungs, four liver, two heart, and one heart blood) were processed by using cell culture techniques,AGID test and molecular techniques. The suspected viral pathogen was isolated from all of the samples processed and inoculated on Vero cell cultures with a variable amount of detectable CPE and growth character within 5 to 8 days. The supernatant samples exhibiting CPE were taken and tested for presence of both DNA and RNA viruses, using universal degenerate oligonucleo prim-polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR) and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. All of the samples tested by DOP-PCR were positive for presence of RNA virus, but negative for DNA virus and Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV). Furthermore the immune diffusion test result on an isolated virus conducted by using known PPR antibodies was negative. Therefore, the actual virus in this study was ruled out that the etiological agent/s of sudden camel mortality occurred in 2007 in Borena Zone of Ethiopia were an RNA virus and also it was not a member of the genus PPR virus that are detectable by existing primers. On the bases of this remark, the viral causative agent of the disease was further molecularly characterized by using specific primed PCR, optimization of techniques and sequencing machines.
Advances in Public Health, 2021
Background. Heart failure is a progressive condition marked by worsening symptoms such as shortne... more Background. Heart failure is a progressive condition marked by worsening symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, exhaustion and lethargy, fluid retention with swelling of the legs and abdomen, and a reduced ability to exercise. As a result, this study aims to use a joint model application to determine the joint risk factors of longitudinal change in pulse rate and time to death of congestive heart failure patients and their association admitted to a hospital. Methods. A retrospective study was undertaken on congestive heart failure patients admitted to the Debre Tabor Referral Hospital from January 2016 to December 2019. A statistical joint modeling strategy was employed to match the repeated biomarker pulse rate and a survival outcome at the same time. A total of 271 patients with congestive heart failure were chosen. Data were analyzed with R statistical software via joineRML. Results. According to the findings, the association between longitudinal changes in pulse rate an...
The main purpose of my thesis is to present a desert-sensitive egalitarian theory of justice. In ... more The main purpose of my thesis is to present a desert-sensitive egalitarian theory of justice. In this thesis, egalitarianism comes in two principal forms: teleological (telic) egalitarianism and deontological (deontic) egalitarianism. Telic egalitarianism says that we should aim for simple equality, because it makes the outcome better. Deontic egalitarianism says that we should aim for simple equality not because it makes the outcome better, but for some other morally relevant reason. While the two forms of egalitarianism are often regarded as incompatible positions in egalitarian justice, this thesis combines the two in such a way that telic egalitarianism is a baseline position but which allows deviations from it for reasons that deontic egalitarianism specifies. In taking this approach, I show three things. The first is that telic egalitarianism as a base point can be fleshed out as the Principle of Baseline Equality. This principle holds that all people should be equally well of...
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2012
African horse sickness (AHS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality in equids, especiall... more African horse sickness (AHS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality in equids, especially horses. A retrospective analysis was carried out concerning 737 AHS outbreaks that occurred during 2007-2010 in Ethiopia. A total of ten outbreaks were investigated in the study period. All four forms of the disease (pulmonary, cardiac, horse sickness fever and the combined form) were observed, with the cardiac form being the most prevalent. Multiple African horse sickness virus serotypes (AHSV-2, AHSV-4, AHSV-6, AHSV-8 and AHSV-9) were detected by molecular methods (type-specific real-time RT-PCR assays), and fourteen isolates were derived from blood and tissue samples collected during 2009-2010. This is the first report of AHSV-4, AHSV-6 or AHSV-8 in Ethiopia.
Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 2017
Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases of poultry causing heavy economic l... more Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases of poultry causing heavy economic losses. Though it can be prevented through vaccination, regular monitoring of the protective efficacy of the vaccine against field outbreaks is essential since antigenically dissimilar serovars may evolve compromising the efficacy of the vaccine. This study was, therefore, carried out to evaluate the protective efficacy of the currently used attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum 9R strain vaccine against experimental challenge with field isolates of Salmonella strains obtained from disease outbreaks. Three Salmonella serovars viz Salmonella Gallinarum, Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Enteritidis isolated and identified (phenotypically and molecularly) from outbreaks suspected of salmonellosis were used for the challenge experiment. A total of 90 chickens randomly divided into 2 categories (vaccinated and non-vaccinated control) each comprising 45 birds were used for protective efficacy study. Each of these categories were further subdivided and randomly assigned into 3 groups each comprising 15 birds for challenge with each of the three field Salmonella serovars. Chickens were vaccinated subcutaneously with live attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum 9R vaccine containing 2x10 7 CFU per dose. Each group in both vaccinated and non vaccinated category were challenged with the three field serovars (one strain per group) through oral administration of 1 ml of bacterial suspension containing 5×10 7 organisms. Post challenge follow-up showed no mortality in all vaccinated groups challenged with each of the three serovars while a mortality of 53.3% (N=8), 13.3% (N=2) and 0% was observed in S. Gallinarum, S. Pullorum and S. Enteritidis challenged nonvaccinated groups, respectively. None of the challenge Salmonella strains were
Veterinary Medicine : Research and Reports, 2021
Introduction Sheep and goat pox virus (SGPV) is a systemic contagious disease causing extreme ill... more Introduction Sheep and goat pox virus (SGPV) is a systemic contagious disease causing extreme illness and death in small ruminants. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in West Gojjam and Awi zone of Amhara national regional state Northwest Ethiopia, from November 2018 to May 2019 with the objective of pox virus outbreak investigation and molecular detections in sheep and goats (shoats). The study included clinical examinations of lesions, laboratory analysis, and questionnaire survey. Study locations were selected randomly when an active outbreak was reported and observed. Results A total of 485 small ruminants (303 sheep and 182 goats) suspected of shoat pox were examined for the presence of specific skin lesions, 71 (14.64%) showed pox lesions, 35 (11.55%) sheep and 36 (19.78%) goats, and 24 (4.95%) had died. The study revealed highest morbidity rate in Jawie (31.25%) and Gunagua (14.89%) districts in goats and sheep, respectively. Lowest morbidity rate was recorded in D...
Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE, 2014
The study was a combination of two investigations into active outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LS... more The study was a combination of two investigations into active outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle in central Ethiopia and a retrospective analysis of outbreak reports between January 2007 and December 2011 covering the entire country. Active outbreaks were investigated in four districts of central Ethiopia: Adama, Wenji, Mojo and Welenchiti. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to acquire data at individual and herd levels, and tissue samples were collected for viral isolation and characterisation. The retrospective analyses showed that, during the five-year period, a total of 1,675 outbreaks were reported, with 62,176 cases and 4,372 deaths. The highest number of outbreaks was reported in Oromia (1,066), followed by Amhara (365) and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region (123). Outbreaks were more frequently observed between September and December and the highest number of outbreaks was reported in 2010. During the period studied, a total of 2,174 local zebu cattle were clinically examined and morbidity and mortality rates of 13.61% (296) and 4.97% (108) were recorded, respectively. Analysis of the active outbreaks revealed a relatively consistent morbidity rate, with the highest observed in Adama (15.38%), followed by Wenji (10.26%). The highest mortality rates were also observed in Adama (5.89%) and Wenji (3.42%). The LSD virus was isolated from 22 samples and all tested positive in polymerase chain reaction analysis. The disease was observed in the cattle regardless of previous vaccination with Kenyan sheep-and goatpox vaccine; thus, vaccine efficacy was assessed under field conditions and the authors' findings, together with a possible remedy, are presented in this paper.
Background: Pasteurella multocida is a heterogeneous species and opportunistic pathogen associate... more Background: Pasteurella multocida is a heterogeneous species and opportunistic pathogen associated with pneumonia in cattle. Losses due to pneumonia and associated expenses are estimated to be higher in Ethiopia with limited information about the distribution of capsular serotypes. Hence, this study was designed to determine the phenotypic and capsular serotypes of P. multocida from pneumonic cases of cattle. Methods: A cross sectional study with purposive sampling method was employed in 400 cattle from April 2018 to January 2019. Nasopharyngeal swabs and lung tissue samples were collected from clinically suspected pneumonic cases of calves (n = 170) and adult cattle (n = 230). Samples were analyzed using bacteriological and molecular assay.Results: Bacteriological analysis revealed isolation of 61 (15.25%) P. multocida subspecies multocida. Incidence was higher in calves 35 (57.38%) compared to adult cattle 26 (42.62%) at P < 0.5. PCR assay targeting KMT1 gene (~460 bp) confirme...
Background: Pasteurella multocida is a heterogeneous species and opportunistic pathogen that caus... more Background: Pasteurella multocida is a heterogeneous species and opportunistic pathogen that causes bovine respiratory disease. This disease is one of an economically important disease in Ethiopia. Losses due to mortality and associated expenses are estimated to be higher in the country. Studies revealed that limited information is available regarding the capsular types, genotypes, and antimicrobial sensitivity of P. multocida isolates circulating in the country. This suggests, further molecular advances to understand the etiological diversity of the pathogens representing severe threats to the cattle population. Results: Bacteriological analysis of nasopharyngeal swab and pneumonic lung tissue samples collected from a total of 400 samples revealed isolation of 61 (15.25%) P. multocida subspecies multocida. 35 (20.59%) were isolated from calves and 26 (11.30%) from adult cattle. Molecular analysis using PCR assay targeting KMT1 gene (~460 bp) amplification was shown in all presumpti...
Table S1. Questionnaire format for data collection during orf suspected outbreak investigations. ... more Table S1. Questionnaire format for data collection during orf suspected outbreak investigations. (PDF 66Â kb)
Archives of Virology
Sequencing of the VP2 region was carried out to identify amino acid mismatches between vaccine st... more Sequencing of the VP2 region was carried out to identify amino acid mismatches between vaccine strains and field isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Viruses were isolated in chicken embryo fibroblast (DF-1) cells using pooled samples of bursa collected from nine outbreaks, which affected 30,250 chickens in five localities, with an overall mortality of 47.87%. Virus strains were identified by comparing the deduced amino acid sequence between positions 232 and 446 of the immunodominant VP2 epitope. All of the pooled samples were positive for IBDV. RT-PCR yielded a 645-bp DNA fragment of the VP2 gene. Phylogenetic analysis of this fragment revealed clustering of these isolates with very virulent IBDV strains. The amino acid sequences of these isolates were identical to those of the European very virulent strains UK 661 and DV 86, except at position 222, but differed from the vaccine strains used in Ethiopia, suggesting the possible introduction of virulent virus strains...
Virology Journal, 2016
Background: Orf is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and wild ungulates caused by orf virus (O... more Background: Orf is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and wild ungulates caused by orf virus (ORFV) a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Although orf is endemic in Ethiopia, little attention has been given so far as it is not a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. In this work, we have investigated orf outbreaks representing five different geographical locations of Ethiopia, in Amba Giorgis, Gondar zuria, Adet, Debre zeit and Adami Tulu, between 2008 and 2013. Results: The viral isolation and the sequence analysis of the A32L and the B2L genes of eighteen representative isolates confirmed that sampled animals were infected by ORFVs. The phylogenetic study and the comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid profile suggests that there were two main clusters of ORFV isolates which were responsible for the investigated outbreaks. Additionally the analysis of these two genes showed limited variability to ORFVs encountered elsewhere. This is the first report on the genetic characterization of the ORFV isolates from sheep and goats in Ethiopia. Conclusion: The molecular characterization of Ethiopian ORFV isolates highlighted the circulation of two main clusters causing orf disease in sheep and goats. The use of laboratory based methods and a constant monitoring of Ethiopian ORFV isolates is needed to better understand the dynamic of ORFV circulating in the country and facilitate the implementation of control measures.
Virology Journal, 2016
Background: Orf is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and wild ungulates caused by orf virus (O... more Background: Orf is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and wild ungulates caused by orf virus (ORFV) a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Although orf is endemic in Ethiopia, little attention has been given so far as it is not a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. In this work, we have investigated orf outbreaks representing five different geographical locations of Ethiopia, in Amba Giorgis, Gondar zuria, Adet, Debre zeit and Adami Tulu, between 2008 and 2013. Results: The viral isolation and the sequence analysis of the A32L and the B2L genes of eighteen representative isolates confirmed that sampled animals were infected by ORFVs. The phylogenetic study and the comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid profile suggests that there were two main clusters of ORFV isolates which were responsible for the investigated outbreaks. Additionally the analysis of these two genes showed limited variability to ORFVs encountered elsewhere. This is the first report on the genetic characterization of the ORFV isolates from sheep and goats in Ethiopia. Conclusion: The molecular characterization of Ethiopian ORFV isolates highlighted the circulation of two main clusters causing orf disease in sheep and goats. The use of laboratory based methods and a constant monitoring of Ethiopian ORFV isolates is needed to better understand the dynamic of ORFV circulating in the country and facilitate the implementation of control measures.
Veterinary …, 2005
Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans in Brazil. Among the food animals, pigs... more Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans in Brazil. Among the food animals, pigs are considered the most important meat source of T. gondii for infection in humans. In the present study, we report the first isolation of viable T. gondii from finishing ...
Veterinary …, 2005
Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans in Brazil. Among the food animals, pigs... more Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans in Brazil. Among the food animals, pigs are considered the most important meat source of T. gondii for infection in humans. In the present study, we report the first isolation of viable T. gondii from finishing ...
Antiviral research, Jan 20, 2015
Sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of the genus Capr... more Sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) cause capripox disease in sheep, goats and cattle, respectively. These viruses are not strictly host-specific and their geographical distribution is complex. In Ethiopia, where sheep, goats and cattle are all affected, a live attenuated vaccine strain (KS1-O180) is used for immunization of both small ruminants and cattle. Although occurrences of the disease in vaccinated cattle are frequently reported, information on the circulating isolates and their relation to the vaccine strain in use are still missing. The present study addressed the parameters associated with vaccination failure in Ethiopia. Retrospective outbreak data were compiled and isolates collected from thirteen outbreaks in small ruminants and cattle at various geographical locations and years were analyzed and compared to the vaccine strain. Isolates of GTPV and LSDV genotypes were responsible for the capr...