Alexandru Gheorghiu - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Drafts by Alexandru Gheorghiu
And as well, my final answer on this question is that Zalmoxis meant "Golden Spear" as well: Zulm... more And as well, my final answer on this question is that Zalmoxis meant "Golden Spear" as well: Zulm- and Zalm- are both from PIE *ǵʰelh₃- via Thracian sibilization of the onset, and Oxis/Oxes (cf. variant Zalmoxes) is cognate with Ancient Greek Oxua, which meant "a spear made of beech wood" and also meant 'beech tree'. The evidence is contained in this paper. Knocks out all other theories, including my previous theories.
Artemis meant "The Huntress" from Pre-PIE/PIE *h₂er="a vehemently strong and violent force that p... more Artemis meant "The Huntress" from Pre-PIE/PIE *h₂er="a vehemently strong and violent force that pushes, drives", cognate with Celtic Artio (a Celtic version of Artemis); and Artemis and Artio are cognate with (but not necessarily deriving from) PIE *h₂ŕ̥ * tḱos "bear", but *h₂ŕ̥ * tḱos did not mean "Hunter", but instead derives from "a vehemently strong and violent force that pushes, drives" because *h₂ŕ̥ * tḱos originally referred to the constellation Ursa Major/the Celestial Chariot, which was imagined to be the driver of the turning of the World-Axis; plus a new etymology of Kottyto/Kotys, and more; and how all these goddesses of the Hunt relate to the Great Bear, Christmas trees, Christmas, the world tree, the North Pole, the Axis Mundi, Rebirth, and Resurrection Alexandru Gheorghiu New 3rd edition, published July 14 th , 2024 2 nd edition was pub. January 26 th , 2024 My updated theory regarding the etymology of Ancient Greek Ἄρτεμις and the Ancient Doric Greek variant Ἄρταμις 1 (and Lydian Artimus, whether native to Lydian or not) has some important differences and additions as compared to my previous theory (my previous theory was published January 26 h , 2024; see that draft for more about my previous theory) where I posited that the Art-of Artemis comes from a root that meant "pointed; to prick, to stab, to strike; to cut" 2 , and I had stated in that January 2024 draft that from "to prick" developed the meaning "to prick as in to set something moving, germinating, sprouting" referring to her association with childbirth as well as referring to the Great Bear constellation being viewed as the propeller of the rotation of the axis mundi, of the revolving of the sky (actually the revolving earth, but to ancient peoples it seemed like the sky was revolving) and the changing of the seasons.
In this paper I propose that the Rolli-in the Thracian/Paeonian toponym Rolligeras quite certainl... more In this paper I propose that the Rolli-in the Thracian/Paeonian toponym Rolligeras quite certainly means "hot", from a root that meant "hot, burning, pungent", with additional semantics possible in the root and likely present in the root. In the putative anthroponym Rolisteneas (a Thracian/Paeonian or Greco-Thracian/Greco-Paeonian anthroponym), Roli-likely meant "blood", which would have developed from "red" and from "hot" (blood is red and warm, and full of a warm active energy), with "red" developing from "burning". For this Rolli-and Roli-, I propose a root *h₁rew-, "burning, hot", further back possibly/very likely meaning something like "virile energy (the yang force, as the Chinese call it: the yang force is colored red and identified with the sun)". The extended form of *h₁rew-is the well-known PIE *h₁rewdʰ-"red".
A few weeks ago I was reading a new paper by the linguist Douglas G. Kilday, wherein he proposes ... more A few weeks ago I was reading a new paper by the linguist Douglas G. Kilday, wherein he proposes that the-inque-and-inqu(i)e-portions found in the Latin words co(n)inquere and coinqu(i)endi are cognate to Latin aqua, via a nasal infix (translation of "nasal infix": the "N" sound was added to the root: so picture "anqua" instead of "aqua"; then shift the vowel from A to I: and we get "inqua") a good idea, in my opinion, as we shall see; but I disagree with his theory that aqua comes from the semantic origin that he posits in his paper. In his theory, aqua is from an old collective noun with a retracted accent, a noun which had the meaning "depths", in turn from a hypothetical resultive-terminative *h₁eh₁kʷ-"send to the depths, send to the bottom", in turn from a hypothetical *h₁ekʷ-"send down, place down". Here, by "hypothetical", I mean that Kilday himself originated those hypotheses. My conclusion on the other hand is that Latin aqua comes from an older meaning of "engirdle", referring to the sea that engirdles the land, the great sea which among most ancient peoples was believed to completely * Alexandru Gheorghiu first edition published
All the previous etymologies of Decebalus and Decaeneus do not convince me, therefore I propose t... more All the previous etymologies of Decebalus and Decaeneus do not convince me, therefore I propose these new etymologies. Decebalus="Righteous King" or "Rightful King" while Decaeneus="Righteous Priest".
It may not have been until February 3 rd 2024 that I realized (or once again realized) that Ancie... more It may not have been until February 3 rd 2024 that I realized (or once again realized) that Ancient Greek πᾶς "all, every, each; whole" (Aeolic form παῖς; Cretan, Thessalian and Arcadocypriot form πάνσα) and its combining/prefix forms παν-, παμ-, παγ-(and derivative forms such as παντοῖος) derive from "nourished, protected>safe>whole" (I think this has been posited before by certain previous linguists, since I have seen πᾶς "all, every, each; whole" and its variants and derivatives stated as deriving from PIE *peh₂-; in an upcoming edition, I will find such references for that). For such a semantic shift, I compare examples such as PIE *h₂el-"to grow, nourish", which I posit is the root of Proto-Germanic *allaz="all, whole, entire", even though I have seen sources deriving Proto-Germanic *allaz="all, whole, entire" from an identical-sounding root that had different meanings: PIE *h₂el-"beyond; other"; but that derivation has not become consensus. PIE *h₂el-"beyond, other" in my estimation probably comes from "to grow far out" leading to "to extend far out" which led to "beyond"; and "beyond, far out" could easily have led to "stranger" and to "other". See also PIE *h₂el-"to wander, roam" which is probably from "(travelling) far out, extending far out". I also compare Old Armenian ողջ (ołǰ) which has the meanings "alive, living, sound, safe; complete, entire, whole, integral" and which linguistic works deive from either PIE *h₂el-(see above) or from PIE *solh₂-"whole". And it may not have been until February 3 rd 2024 that I realized (or once again realized) that Ancient Greek παιάν ("a chant or song, especially a thanksgiving or victory hymn, to Apollo under the name Παιάν), Παιάν (a name of Apollo, especially of Apollo as a healing-god); Παιών (the physician of the gods); παιών (a physician); παιωνίᾱ / παιονίη (=the peony flowering plant whose root was highly prized as healing many ills) ; Παιώνιος (=an adjective meaning "medicinal, healing"); Παιονῐᾱ (the land of the Paiones/Paionians); and Παιονίς derive from "to nourish, to protect" leading to "to heal, to make whole, to make healthy; medicinal, healing". I have seen no linguist positing this before. The name of the Ancient Greek god Πᾱν meant "Fattener, Nourisher, Feeder" in the older days, later likely understood more as "Protector, Guardian, Shepherd". In my next edition I will detail some variant forms of Πᾱν. The PIE form of Pan and its Sanskrit cognate Pūṣán was reconstructed as
I have come to the conclusion that *Heh₃s the PIE root of "ash (tree)" meant primarily "pointed; ... more I have come to the conclusion that *Heh₃s the PIE root of "ash (tree)" meant primarily "pointed; to prick, to goad, to drive/to set in motion" and was an old Pre-PIE variant of PIE *h₂eḱs-"axis, axle" from "to drive, to set in motion" in turn from "to goad, to prick" from "pointed, sharp" (and PIE *h₂eǵ-"to drive" is another variant, and also originally derives from "to prick" from "pointed, sharp"). This is why the World-Tree/Axis Mundi in Norse myth was an ash tree named Yggdrasil. The Axis Mundi rotated the apparent cyclical movement of the constellations in the night-sky, and the Axis Mundi was located in the far north: it is the North Pole. And the Axis Mundi was believed to be set in motion/driven by a higher power, by a deity or a set of deities.
These are the etymologies that I was working on in my notebook before Dak, "big ram": now I reali... more These are the etymologies that I was working on in my notebook before Dak, "big ram": now I realized that Orel's etymology of Dak="big ram" is wrong, and the actual etymology of that word fits wonderfully what I was working on before July 2023.
My new etymology shows that if Dacian Dava meant "fortress" (as it most likely did, because Hesyc... more My new etymology shows that if Dacian Dava meant "fortress" (as it most likely did, because Hesychius wrote that Leba/Deba=“polis” which meant both “fortification” and “city” in Ancient Greek, from PIE *tpelH- which itself meant “fortification, city”; and because only Buteridava can be cited as a located Dava which may not have been fortified) and if that was the original meaning of Dacian Dava, then it cannot derive from PIE *dheh1 "to do, to make; to put, to place, to set", since a shift from "settlement" to "fortress" in Dacian is very unlikely, even though a similar shift happened with Latin civitatis becoming Romanian cetate, the Romanian word meaning "a fortified citadel".
It’s possible that the first part of Thegwa (the Mycenaean form of Thebes in Greece) is from PIE *dheh1, as has been already proposed: so possibly the first part of Deva/Dava is from *dheh1, but not the entire word.
see Title for abstract/summary.
A very likely translation of Old Phrygian "tekiseton dagoy", and if it's correct it proves (in co... more A very likely translation of Old Phrygian "tekiseton dagoy", and if it's correct it proves (in combination with what so many specialists have found before) that Phrygian was close to Greek, not to Burushaski nor to Celtic. The stele/boundary-stone was found 630 meters from a lake as well as near another water-source, and some kilometers away from an ancient sanctuary of Zeus Limnenos, meaning Zeus of the Lake. Boundary-stones were often used to demarcate access to water-sources.
My interpretation fits all the evidence that Alexander Lubotsky cited: Dagoy="water-springs" from "to flow<to run", Dages="spindle-whorl" from "to run” (spindle-whorls spin/run fast and make the spindle go faster); the Phrygian name Daguvas="fast, swift, powerful". Ancient Greek Takhus ("fast, swift") is indeed a cognate to Dagoy as Lubotsky was wondering, but he wasn't sure because he didn't know what Dagoy meant, but I think we now know: Dagoy="water-springs". Lubotsky does not venture a meaning for "Dagoy", that originates from this paper and I present the evidence here. He does say that he thinks it is a nominative plural and he is also the one who correctly demarcated the word as [dagoy] which was far from obvious in the inscription.
And my interpretation of Thagi- in Thagimasadas actually does seem to fit at least one of the two cognates Schmitt (2003) posited.
The only difficulty that remains is proving that my interpretation fits the form of the Phrygian verb “Tekiseton”. We don’t yet know enough about Phrygian verb inflections/declensions.
The resemblance to Hittite sak=“water-spring; eye” is indeed a coincidence as I suspected it was and as I said in the first version, and I was clear in the first version that the Hittite sak- is totally unnecessary for my theory and I had said that it’s not expected to derive from a *Dh- root.
This is the augmented third edition. the title is the abstract/summary
After considering various scenarios, I have come to the conclusion that the name of the Ancient G... more After considering various scenarios, I have come to the conclusion that the name of the Ancient Greek island of Σαλαμίς (Salamis) referred/refers to the curved shape of the island, which is similar to that of a lizard in a doubled over position, a curled position (e.g. a lizard that is in a fetal position) or to a short snake in such a position. Σαλαμίς was also the name of a nymph in Greek mythology 1 : she was the daughter of the river-god Asopus and of Metope, daughter of Ladon, another river-god. Snakes were often associated with bodies of water in Greek myth and in the mythologies of all human cultures, and Salamis may have originally been a nymph that appeared as both human and water-snake. This similarity of the shape of the island to the shape of a doubled over lizard is reportedly referenced in Culuris/Κούλουρη (Koulouri), a name for the island which is first attested in the year 1204 AD. A scholar named William Miller, in his 1908 book The Latins in the Levant, a history of Frankish Greece (1204-1566), says that Culuris meant "Lizard" (see page 18 of his book 2), and this name was given to the island/was used for the island because of the island's shape: which is like that of a short-tailed lizard that has curled itself/doubled itself over into a fetal position. From at least the 13th century until the 19th century, the town, the island, and the bay of Salamis were called Koulouri (Κούλουρη). The ancient name Salamis was revived in the 19 th century. The name Koulouri is still used informally for the town. The island is known in Arvanitika as Κȣλλȣρι ("Kulluri").
New etymologies for Kypros, kyparissos, kypeiron, kapparis, aoia, kypros, Salmoxis/Zalmoxis, Gebe... more New etymologies for Kypros, kyparissos, kypeiron, kapparis, aoia, kypros, Salmoxis/Zalmoxis, Gebeleixis, Zebeleizis, Zibelthiurdos, Svelsurdos, Salamandra, Salamis, Kug-ba-u, Cybele, Attis, Attica, Athens, Athena, Parthenos and more. Very much improved. This paper had quite a number of correct new etymologies, some almost correct, and one section ("kwep, kwap") which was pretty bad. I have removed the bad stuff. This work is pretty good now, I updated a great deal of it. But I didn't have time to update the Sumerian section, and the next version will be better as I won't have to do what I did this time, I will be able to add more references, make everything better. Experience, more knowledge, karmic dues (?) paid. At the end I also removed some theories that I’m unsure of and that I need to reconsider.
The two previous editions from 2022 were only the exercises leading me to the very likely correct... more The two previous editions from 2022 were only the exercises leading me to the very likely correct etymologies published in this new 3rd edition in 2024. A few etymologies from the first and second editions have been carried over (my Dionysus etymology and my Pupluns etymology, and my nymph discussion) but nearly everything else is new, and much better conclusions that are very likely correct! This is how it works; you have to break some eggs to make an omellette; and your earlier sculptures won't be as great as your more experienced ones.
This 4th version is better than the 3 previous versions, mostly because I have changed the etymol... more This 4th version is better than the 3 previous versions, mostly because I have changed the etymology of Zesas back to what I originally conceived back in 2020, but back then I could not find a PIE root-word in support of that idea---now I have found the PIE root and the excellent cognates. This etymology of Zesas fits too well to be wrong. I have removed a large amount of extraneous material from the Zesas portion to make way for the new etymology; the previous material on Tralis and PIE *treyes et al. will appear in a new paper. I have also greatly improved the Aigekoa portion and significantly improved the Asn portion, though I have to detail the Asn portion more next time. The rest of the paper is the same except for a few new sentences in the Concluding portion. The Zesas portion is 98% all-new. The Aigekoa portion is like 50% new. This new version is more readable as well, because i have removed a number of nearly off-topic digressions from the Aigekoa portion, as well as making my new Zesas portion all on-topic and tight. Those nearly off-topic digressions were interesting, but I prefer this way.
A new translation and very probable accurate decipherment of the inscription on a gold ring found... more A new translation and very probable accurate decipherment of the inscription on a gold ring found in 1912 in Ezerovo, near Plovdiv, Bulgaria, which is generally presumed to be a 5 th century BC example of at least one dialect of the Thracian language, a Palaeo-Balkan Indo-European language which went extinct over a thousand years ago, though the exact century when the language ceased to be spoken is not yet known. In this updated July 2023 draft, I have found that Arazea="Catcher" and in the earlier 2023 update I found that Tilezupta more likely meant "Bearing the Bow", the bow used for shooting arrows. I explain how and why in this draft. My interpretation of the meaning of Roli- is likely correct: Roli=blood; but it most likely does not derive from PIE *sreu-, and I explain why, with new material added such as the Ancient Greek words rokhthos, rothos, et al. I fixed up the Tiltean section, as well, and added the Illyrian toponym Tilurium as an important cognate.
Sessions by Alexandru Gheorghiu
A copy of the whole productive discussion session on the draft paper of "Additional Turkic and Tu... more A copy of the whole productive discussion session on the draft paper of "Additional Turkic and Tungusic borrowings into Yukaghir, pt. 4" totaling 14 pages and with 22 participants.
![Research paper thumbnail of Session - Some new Late Proto Yukaghi...logies, pt.2 [DRAFT v1] Academia](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97249793/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](A copy of the whole productive discussion session on the draft paper of "Some new Late Proto-Yuka... more A copy of the whole productive discussion session on the draft paper of "Some new Late Proto-Yukaghir reconstructions with added thoughts and considerations on various etymologies, pt.2" [complete 1st Draft paper edition] totaling 25 pages and with 82 participants. Various issues and suggestions were handled improving the overall quality of this work.
And as well, my final answer on this question is that Zalmoxis meant "Golden Spear" as well: Zulm... more And as well, my final answer on this question is that Zalmoxis meant "Golden Spear" as well: Zulm- and Zalm- are both from PIE *ǵʰelh₃- via Thracian sibilization of the onset, and Oxis/Oxes (cf. variant Zalmoxes) is cognate with Ancient Greek Oxua, which meant "a spear made of beech wood" and also meant 'beech tree'. The evidence is contained in this paper. Knocks out all other theories, including my previous theories.
Artemis meant "The Huntress" from Pre-PIE/PIE *h₂er="a vehemently strong and violent force that p... more Artemis meant "The Huntress" from Pre-PIE/PIE *h₂er="a vehemently strong and violent force that pushes, drives", cognate with Celtic Artio (a Celtic version of Artemis); and Artemis and Artio are cognate with (but not necessarily deriving from) PIE *h₂ŕ̥ * tḱos "bear", but *h₂ŕ̥ * tḱos did not mean "Hunter", but instead derives from "a vehemently strong and violent force that pushes, drives" because *h₂ŕ̥ * tḱos originally referred to the constellation Ursa Major/the Celestial Chariot, which was imagined to be the driver of the turning of the World-Axis; plus a new etymology of Kottyto/Kotys, and more; and how all these goddesses of the Hunt relate to the Great Bear, Christmas trees, Christmas, the world tree, the North Pole, the Axis Mundi, Rebirth, and Resurrection Alexandru Gheorghiu New 3rd edition, published July 14 th , 2024 2 nd edition was pub. January 26 th , 2024 My updated theory regarding the etymology of Ancient Greek Ἄρτεμις and the Ancient Doric Greek variant Ἄρταμις 1 (and Lydian Artimus, whether native to Lydian or not) has some important differences and additions as compared to my previous theory (my previous theory was published January 26 h , 2024; see that draft for more about my previous theory) where I posited that the Art-of Artemis comes from a root that meant "pointed; to prick, to stab, to strike; to cut" 2 , and I had stated in that January 2024 draft that from "to prick" developed the meaning "to prick as in to set something moving, germinating, sprouting" referring to her association with childbirth as well as referring to the Great Bear constellation being viewed as the propeller of the rotation of the axis mundi, of the revolving of the sky (actually the revolving earth, but to ancient peoples it seemed like the sky was revolving) and the changing of the seasons.
In this paper I propose that the Rolli-in the Thracian/Paeonian toponym Rolligeras quite certainl... more In this paper I propose that the Rolli-in the Thracian/Paeonian toponym Rolligeras quite certainly means "hot", from a root that meant "hot, burning, pungent", with additional semantics possible in the root and likely present in the root. In the putative anthroponym Rolisteneas (a Thracian/Paeonian or Greco-Thracian/Greco-Paeonian anthroponym), Roli-likely meant "blood", which would have developed from "red" and from "hot" (blood is red and warm, and full of a warm active energy), with "red" developing from "burning". For this Rolli-and Roli-, I propose a root *h₁rew-, "burning, hot", further back possibly/very likely meaning something like "virile energy (the yang force, as the Chinese call it: the yang force is colored red and identified with the sun)". The extended form of *h₁rew-is the well-known PIE *h₁rewdʰ-"red".
A few weeks ago I was reading a new paper by the linguist Douglas G. Kilday, wherein he proposes ... more A few weeks ago I was reading a new paper by the linguist Douglas G. Kilday, wherein he proposes that the-inque-and-inqu(i)e-portions found in the Latin words co(n)inquere and coinqu(i)endi are cognate to Latin aqua, via a nasal infix (translation of "nasal infix": the "N" sound was added to the root: so picture "anqua" instead of "aqua"; then shift the vowel from A to I: and we get "inqua") a good idea, in my opinion, as we shall see; but I disagree with his theory that aqua comes from the semantic origin that he posits in his paper. In his theory, aqua is from an old collective noun with a retracted accent, a noun which had the meaning "depths", in turn from a hypothetical resultive-terminative *h₁eh₁kʷ-"send to the depths, send to the bottom", in turn from a hypothetical *h₁ekʷ-"send down, place down". Here, by "hypothetical", I mean that Kilday himself originated those hypotheses. My conclusion on the other hand is that Latin aqua comes from an older meaning of "engirdle", referring to the sea that engirdles the land, the great sea which among most ancient peoples was believed to completely * Alexandru Gheorghiu first edition published
All the previous etymologies of Decebalus and Decaeneus do not convince me, therefore I propose t... more All the previous etymologies of Decebalus and Decaeneus do not convince me, therefore I propose these new etymologies. Decebalus="Righteous King" or "Rightful King" while Decaeneus="Righteous Priest".
It may not have been until February 3 rd 2024 that I realized (or once again realized) that Ancie... more It may not have been until February 3 rd 2024 that I realized (or once again realized) that Ancient Greek πᾶς "all, every, each; whole" (Aeolic form παῖς; Cretan, Thessalian and Arcadocypriot form πάνσα) and its combining/prefix forms παν-, παμ-, παγ-(and derivative forms such as παντοῖος) derive from "nourished, protected>safe>whole" (I think this has been posited before by certain previous linguists, since I have seen πᾶς "all, every, each; whole" and its variants and derivatives stated as deriving from PIE *peh₂-; in an upcoming edition, I will find such references for that). For such a semantic shift, I compare examples such as PIE *h₂el-"to grow, nourish", which I posit is the root of Proto-Germanic *allaz="all, whole, entire", even though I have seen sources deriving Proto-Germanic *allaz="all, whole, entire" from an identical-sounding root that had different meanings: PIE *h₂el-"beyond; other"; but that derivation has not become consensus. PIE *h₂el-"beyond, other" in my estimation probably comes from "to grow far out" leading to "to extend far out" which led to "beyond"; and "beyond, far out" could easily have led to "stranger" and to "other". See also PIE *h₂el-"to wander, roam" which is probably from "(travelling) far out, extending far out". I also compare Old Armenian ողջ (ołǰ) which has the meanings "alive, living, sound, safe; complete, entire, whole, integral" and which linguistic works deive from either PIE *h₂el-(see above) or from PIE *solh₂-"whole". And it may not have been until February 3 rd 2024 that I realized (or once again realized) that Ancient Greek παιάν ("a chant or song, especially a thanksgiving or victory hymn, to Apollo under the name Παιάν), Παιάν (a name of Apollo, especially of Apollo as a healing-god); Παιών (the physician of the gods); παιών (a physician); παιωνίᾱ / παιονίη (=the peony flowering plant whose root was highly prized as healing many ills) ; Παιώνιος (=an adjective meaning "medicinal, healing"); Παιονῐᾱ (the land of the Paiones/Paionians); and Παιονίς derive from "to nourish, to protect" leading to "to heal, to make whole, to make healthy; medicinal, healing". I have seen no linguist positing this before. The name of the Ancient Greek god Πᾱν meant "Fattener, Nourisher, Feeder" in the older days, later likely understood more as "Protector, Guardian, Shepherd". In my next edition I will detail some variant forms of Πᾱν. The PIE form of Pan and its Sanskrit cognate Pūṣán was reconstructed as
I have come to the conclusion that *Heh₃s the PIE root of "ash (tree)" meant primarily "pointed; ... more I have come to the conclusion that *Heh₃s the PIE root of "ash (tree)" meant primarily "pointed; to prick, to goad, to drive/to set in motion" and was an old Pre-PIE variant of PIE *h₂eḱs-"axis, axle" from "to drive, to set in motion" in turn from "to goad, to prick" from "pointed, sharp" (and PIE *h₂eǵ-"to drive" is another variant, and also originally derives from "to prick" from "pointed, sharp"). This is why the World-Tree/Axis Mundi in Norse myth was an ash tree named Yggdrasil. The Axis Mundi rotated the apparent cyclical movement of the constellations in the night-sky, and the Axis Mundi was located in the far north: it is the North Pole. And the Axis Mundi was believed to be set in motion/driven by a higher power, by a deity or a set of deities.
These are the etymologies that I was working on in my notebook before Dak, "big ram": now I reali... more These are the etymologies that I was working on in my notebook before Dak, "big ram": now I realized that Orel's etymology of Dak="big ram" is wrong, and the actual etymology of that word fits wonderfully what I was working on before July 2023.
My new etymology shows that if Dacian Dava meant "fortress" (as it most likely did, because Hesyc... more My new etymology shows that if Dacian Dava meant "fortress" (as it most likely did, because Hesychius wrote that Leba/Deba=“polis” which meant both “fortification” and “city” in Ancient Greek, from PIE *tpelH- which itself meant “fortification, city”; and because only Buteridava can be cited as a located Dava which may not have been fortified) and if that was the original meaning of Dacian Dava, then it cannot derive from PIE *dheh1 "to do, to make; to put, to place, to set", since a shift from "settlement" to "fortress" in Dacian is very unlikely, even though a similar shift happened with Latin civitatis becoming Romanian cetate, the Romanian word meaning "a fortified citadel".
It’s possible that the first part of Thegwa (the Mycenaean form of Thebes in Greece) is from PIE *dheh1, as has been already proposed: so possibly the first part of Deva/Dava is from *dheh1, but not the entire word.
see Title for abstract/summary.
A very likely translation of Old Phrygian "tekiseton dagoy", and if it's correct it proves (in co... more A very likely translation of Old Phrygian "tekiseton dagoy", and if it's correct it proves (in combination with what so many specialists have found before) that Phrygian was close to Greek, not to Burushaski nor to Celtic. The stele/boundary-stone was found 630 meters from a lake as well as near another water-source, and some kilometers away from an ancient sanctuary of Zeus Limnenos, meaning Zeus of the Lake. Boundary-stones were often used to demarcate access to water-sources.
My interpretation fits all the evidence that Alexander Lubotsky cited: Dagoy="water-springs" from "to flow<to run", Dages="spindle-whorl" from "to run” (spindle-whorls spin/run fast and make the spindle go faster); the Phrygian name Daguvas="fast, swift, powerful". Ancient Greek Takhus ("fast, swift") is indeed a cognate to Dagoy as Lubotsky was wondering, but he wasn't sure because he didn't know what Dagoy meant, but I think we now know: Dagoy="water-springs". Lubotsky does not venture a meaning for "Dagoy", that originates from this paper and I present the evidence here. He does say that he thinks it is a nominative plural and he is also the one who correctly demarcated the word as [dagoy] which was far from obvious in the inscription.
And my interpretation of Thagi- in Thagimasadas actually does seem to fit at least one of the two cognates Schmitt (2003) posited.
The only difficulty that remains is proving that my interpretation fits the form of the Phrygian verb “Tekiseton”. We don’t yet know enough about Phrygian verb inflections/declensions.
The resemblance to Hittite sak=“water-spring; eye” is indeed a coincidence as I suspected it was and as I said in the first version, and I was clear in the first version that the Hittite sak- is totally unnecessary for my theory and I had said that it’s not expected to derive from a *Dh- root.
This is the augmented third edition. the title is the abstract/summary
After considering various scenarios, I have come to the conclusion that the name of the Ancient G... more After considering various scenarios, I have come to the conclusion that the name of the Ancient Greek island of Σαλαμίς (Salamis) referred/refers to the curved shape of the island, which is similar to that of a lizard in a doubled over position, a curled position (e.g. a lizard that is in a fetal position) or to a short snake in such a position. Σαλαμίς was also the name of a nymph in Greek mythology 1 : she was the daughter of the river-god Asopus and of Metope, daughter of Ladon, another river-god. Snakes were often associated with bodies of water in Greek myth and in the mythologies of all human cultures, and Salamis may have originally been a nymph that appeared as both human and water-snake. This similarity of the shape of the island to the shape of a doubled over lizard is reportedly referenced in Culuris/Κούλουρη (Koulouri), a name for the island which is first attested in the year 1204 AD. A scholar named William Miller, in his 1908 book The Latins in the Levant, a history of Frankish Greece (1204-1566), says that Culuris meant "Lizard" (see page 18 of his book 2), and this name was given to the island/was used for the island because of the island's shape: which is like that of a short-tailed lizard that has curled itself/doubled itself over into a fetal position. From at least the 13th century until the 19th century, the town, the island, and the bay of Salamis were called Koulouri (Κούλουρη). The ancient name Salamis was revived in the 19 th century. The name Koulouri is still used informally for the town. The island is known in Arvanitika as Κȣλλȣρι ("Kulluri").
New etymologies for Kypros, kyparissos, kypeiron, kapparis, aoia, kypros, Salmoxis/Zalmoxis, Gebe... more New etymologies for Kypros, kyparissos, kypeiron, kapparis, aoia, kypros, Salmoxis/Zalmoxis, Gebeleixis, Zebeleizis, Zibelthiurdos, Svelsurdos, Salamandra, Salamis, Kug-ba-u, Cybele, Attis, Attica, Athens, Athena, Parthenos and more. Very much improved. This paper had quite a number of correct new etymologies, some almost correct, and one section ("kwep, kwap") which was pretty bad. I have removed the bad stuff. This work is pretty good now, I updated a great deal of it. But I didn't have time to update the Sumerian section, and the next version will be better as I won't have to do what I did this time, I will be able to add more references, make everything better. Experience, more knowledge, karmic dues (?) paid. At the end I also removed some theories that I’m unsure of and that I need to reconsider.
The two previous editions from 2022 were only the exercises leading me to the very likely correct... more The two previous editions from 2022 were only the exercises leading me to the very likely correct etymologies published in this new 3rd edition in 2024. A few etymologies from the first and second editions have been carried over (my Dionysus etymology and my Pupluns etymology, and my nymph discussion) but nearly everything else is new, and much better conclusions that are very likely correct! This is how it works; you have to break some eggs to make an omellette; and your earlier sculptures won't be as great as your more experienced ones.
This 4th version is better than the 3 previous versions, mostly because I have changed the etymol... more This 4th version is better than the 3 previous versions, mostly because I have changed the etymology of Zesas back to what I originally conceived back in 2020, but back then I could not find a PIE root-word in support of that idea---now I have found the PIE root and the excellent cognates. This etymology of Zesas fits too well to be wrong. I have removed a large amount of extraneous material from the Zesas portion to make way for the new etymology; the previous material on Tralis and PIE *treyes et al. will appear in a new paper. I have also greatly improved the Aigekoa portion and significantly improved the Asn portion, though I have to detail the Asn portion more next time. The rest of the paper is the same except for a few new sentences in the Concluding portion. The Zesas portion is 98% all-new. The Aigekoa portion is like 50% new. This new version is more readable as well, because i have removed a number of nearly off-topic digressions from the Aigekoa portion, as well as making my new Zesas portion all on-topic and tight. Those nearly off-topic digressions were interesting, but I prefer this way.
A new translation and very probable accurate decipherment of the inscription on a gold ring found... more A new translation and very probable accurate decipherment of the inscription on a gold ring found in 1912 in Ezerovo, near Plovdiv, Bulgaria, which is generally presumed to be a 5 th century BC example of at least one dialect of the Thracian language, a Palaeo-Balkan Indo-European language which went extinct over a thousand years ago, though the exact century when the language ceased to be spoken is not yet known. In this updated July 2023 draft, I have found that Arazea="Catcher" and in the earlier 2023 update I found that Tilezupta more likely meant "Bearing the Bow", the bow used for shooting arrows. I explain how and why in this draft. My interpretation of the meaning of Roli- is likely correct: Roli=blood; but it most likely does not derive from PIE *sreu-, and I explain why, with new material added such as the Ancient Greek words rokhthos, rothos, et al. I fixed up the Tiltean section, as well, and added the Illyrian toponym Tilurium as an important cognate.
A copy of the whole productive discussion session on the draft paper of "Additional Turkic and Tu... more A copy of the whole productive discussion session on the draft paper of "Additional Turkic and Tungusic borrowings into Yukaghir, pt. 4" totaling 14 pages and with 22 participants.
A copy of the whole productive discussion session on the draft paper of "Some new Late Proto-Yuka... more A copy of the whole productive discussion session on the draft paper of "Some new Late Proto-Yukaghir reconstructions with added thoughts and considerations on various etymologies, pt.2" [complete 1st Draft paper edition] totaling 25 pages and with 82 participants. Various issues and suggestions were handled improving the overall quality of this work.
A copy of the whole productive discussion session on the draft paper of "Additional Turkic and Tu... more A copy of the whole productive discussion session on the draft paper of "Additional Turkic and Tungusic borrowings into Yukaghir, pt. 7" [1st Draft paper edition] totaling 31 pages and with 84 participants. Includes some field data and discussion on semantic development of 'moufflon', 'sloth-bear', 'spider', etc.