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Papers by Ali Akbar Nekooeian

Background: Vascular disease is the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with d... more Background: Vascular disease is the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. A considerable body of evidence implicates oxidative stress as an important pathogenic factor of diabetic vasculopathies. In the present study, the effect of hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside with antioxidant activity, is studied in endothelium-dependent relaxation of the rat aorta in experimental diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2). Patients and Methods: Single dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (60mg/kg) and subcutaneous daily injection of dexamethasone (10µg/kg for one month) were used to induce DM1 and DM2, respectively. Hesperidin (500mg/kg) was administered orally for two months in DM1 and one month in DM2. The effect of acetylcholine (Ach) on phenyl ephrine (PE) induced. PE contracted aorta was then studied and the EC50 and maximal relaxant effect of Ach were calculated and compared in the two groups. Results: In the experimental DM1, hesperidin restored endothelium-dependent relaxation near to those of normal animals. Its effect on experimental DM2 consisted of a significant reduction of EC50 value of Ach compared to those of diabetic animals. It also showed a great but non-significant effect (P=0.07) on Ach-induced maximum relaxation compared to DM2 untreated animals. Conclusion: These results show that hesperidin can improve vascular endothelial dysfunction in experimental diabetes mellitus.

Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016

Changes in the substitutions at C-3 and C-5 positions of 4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl) dihydr... more Changes in the substitutions at C-3 and C-5 positions of 4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl) dihydropyridine analogs of nifedipine have led to changes in potency of the compounds. The objective of the present study was to examine the hypotensive effects of 5 newly synthesized dihydropyridine derivatives of nifedipine in rats with phenylephrine-raised blood pressure. Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 19 groups of 7 animals each. Control group received the vehicle dimethylsulfoxide (0.05 mL), 3 groups were given nifedipine at 100, 300, or 1000 g/kg, and 5 other groups each composed of 3 subgroups administered one of the 5 new dihydropyridine compound at 100, 300, or 1000 g/kg. All animals were initially infused with 20 µg/kg/min phenylephrine for 45 min, and were then given a bolus of either dimethylsulfoxide, nifedipine, or new dihydropyridine compounds 20 min after the commencement of phenylephrine infusion. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) of the animals were measured before and at the end of phenylephrine infusion, or 25 min after injection of vehicle or compounds. Compared to dimethylsulfoxide, nifedipine, and new 1, 4-dihydropyridine derivatives caused significant reductions in MBP. Moreover, cyclohexyl propyl, phenyl butyl, and cyclohexyl methyl analogs of 1, 4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazoyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylase at 100 g/kg, phenyl butyl, and cyclohexyl methyl analogs at 300 g/kg, and cyclohexyl methyl analogs at 1000 g/kg reduced MBP similar to nifedipine. There was no significant difference between HR of all groups before and after administration of the compounds. The findings indicated that changes in substitution at C-3 and C-5 positions of 2-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl) dihydropyridine analogs of nifedipine were associated with changes in hypotensive activity of the compounds.

Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, May 17, 2017

Both renal and respiratory diseases are common with high mortality rate around the world. This st... more Both renal and respiratory diseases are common with high mortality rate around the world. This study was the first to compare effects of two kidneys, one clip (2K1C) and one-kidney, one clip (1K1C) Goldblatt hypertension on right ventricular pressure during normal condition and mechanical ventilation with hypoxia gas. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to control, 2K1C, or 1K1C groups. Twenty-eight days after the first surgery, animals were anesthetized, and femoral artery and vein, and right ventricle cannulated. Systemic arterial pressure and right ventricular systolic pressures (RVSP) were recorded during ventilation the animals with normoxic or hypoxic gas. RVSP in the 1K1C group was significantly more than the control and 2K1C groups during baseline conditions and ventilation the animals with hypoxic gas. Administration of antioxidant Trolox increased RVSP in the 1K1C and control groups compared with their baselines. Furthermore, there was no alteration in RVSP during hypoxia in the presence of Trolox. This study indicated that RVSP only increased after 28 days induction of 1K1C but not 2K1C model. In addition, it seems that the response to hypoxic gas and antioxidants in 1K1C is more than 2K1C. These data also suggest that effects of 1K1C may partially be related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways.

Journal of Applied Animal Research, Mar 1, 2009

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, Mar 1, 2007

Background: The role of Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) in ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injuries is ... more Background: The role of Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) in ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injuries is not fully elucidated. Furthermore, it is not clear whether inhibition of RAS by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors has beneficial effects in terms of protecting the brain from I/R injuries. In this study enalapril is used as an ACE inhibitor to evaluate the role of RAS in I/R injuries in the rat. Methods: ACE inhibition was performed one hour before induction of ischemia using a single IP injection of 0.03 mg/kg or 0.1 mg/kg enalapril in the rats. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 60 min occlusion of the middle cerebral artery followed by reperfusion. Neurological deficit score (NDS) test was performed 24 hours after the start of reperfusion. Finally the animals were sacrificed under deep anesthesia, the brain removed and prepared for the evaluation of cortical and striatal infarction volumes using Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining method. Results: Pre-ischemic inhibition of ACE with non-hypotensive dose of enalapril (0.03mg/kg) significantly reduced cortical and striatal infarction volumes of ischemic rats by 41.6% and 52.7% respectively with concomitant improvements in NDS. However, no improvement was observed when ACE inhibition accompanied with arterial hypotension. Conclusion: In the rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia, ACE inhibition seems to reduce the severity of I/R injuries. Therefore, it is plausible to conclude that renin-angiotensinsystem may participate in ischemic/reperfusion injuries.

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 2007

Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences of Fasa, Fa... more Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences of Fasa, Fasa, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Kazeron, Kazeron, Iran

Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 2014

Background & objectives: Ischemic stroke remains the third leading cause of invalidism and death ... more Background & objectives: Ischemic stroke remains the third leading cause of invalidism and death in industrialized countries. It is suggested that renin € angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute in stroke related pathogenic mechanisms and involve in the ischemic brain damage. This study designed to investigate the role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in conjunction with AT 1 receptors in treatment of the brain injuries following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods: Forty eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied in four groups. Sham group, ischemic control group and two ischemic groups that received candesartan (0.1mg/kg, or 0.5mg/kg) at the beginning of reperfusion period. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 60 minutes occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, followed by 24 hours reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion period, neurological deficit score (NDS) was performed. Total cortical and striatal infarct volumes were determined using triphenyltetraz...

Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012

Background and Aims: Triazole derivatives are widely used as anticancer, antituberculosis, antifu... more Background and Aims: Triazole derivatives are widely used as anticancer, antituberculosis, antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-HIV. The present study compared the vasorelaxing activities of 12 triazoles, which were synthesized via an expedient method, with that of acetylcholine (Ach) using rat aortic rings. Methods: Synthesis of β-Hydroxy 1,4-Disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole Derivatives. Epoxide/benzyl bromide (1 mmol), alkyne (1 mmol) and sodium azide (1.1 mmol) were mixed and stirred in water in the presence of the naocatalyst (2 mol %) at room temperature. After the completion of the reaction, the mixture was vacuumfiltered and washed with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Removal of the solvent under vacuum, followed by purification on silica gel column afforded the pure products. Preparation of the rat aorta. Thoracic aortic rings from 6 normal Sprague-Dawley rats were suspended for isometric tension recording. They were pre-contracted with Phe (10-6 M). Concentration-relaxation response curves to new compounds (10-9-10-4M) was performed at the plateau of contractile response to Phe. The IC50 (concentration necessary for 50% reduction of maximal Phe induced contraction) and maximal response (Emax) achieved for each compound were compared with that of acetylcholine. All compounds were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as stock solution (10-9-10-4M) as well as ACh (reference standard). Results: The IC50 of 7-{[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methoxy}-4-methyl-4a,8adihydro-2H-chromen-2-one , N,N-bis{[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methyl}-4-methyl benzene sulfonamide, and (1R)-2-(4-butyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)cyclohexanol were more than that of Ach. The maximal response of 7-{[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methoxy}-4-methyl-4a,8adihydro-2H-chromen-2-one and (1R)-2-(4-butyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)cyclohexanol were comparable to Ach. Conclusions: The findings of our study revealed that all of the compounds did have vasorelaxing activity on the isolated thoracic rat aorta and they may provide valuable therapeutic intervention for the treatment of hypertension.

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 2007

Summary The objective of this study was to determine the chronology of changes in blood pressure ... more Summary The objective of this study was to determine the chronology of changes in blood pressure in renal hypertension induced by solid plexiglass clips in rats. Saw blades with the thickness of 0.21-0.22 mm were used to make clips sized 4 × 2 × 2 mm from a piece of 2-mm thick plexiglass. Rats were subjected to sham- operation or left renal arterial clipping, and 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks later blood pressure, and heart and kidneys weights were determined. Relative to those of sham-operated rats, mean blood pressure of left renal artery- clipped rats were significantly higher at week 1 through 4 after clipping. Left renal artery clipping was also associated with significant increases in heart and right kidney weights and significant decrease in left kidney weight. The findings suggest that clipping of left renal artery using solid plexiglass clips resulted in changes in blood pressure, heart and left and right kidneys weights similar to reported changes in hypertension induced by silver c...

international cardiovascular research journal, 2018

Introduction: Graduate (PhD) students in medical sciences, who will form future faculties and inv... more Introduction: Graduate (PhD) students in medical sciences, who will form future faculties and investigators in Iran's Universities of Medical Sciences, are not trained on scientific writing during their training. The present study describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of Principles of Writing Biomedical Research Paper course. Methods: The course, prepared based on an extensive search of the literature and books on writing biomedical research papers, was offered as an elective course to PhD students at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the second semester of 2011-2012 academic year. The structure and function of various sections of a paper and publication ethics were discussed in lecture and practical sessions over a period of 12 weeks. The course was then evaluated using a self-designed questionnaire. Results: The majority of students gave the highest score (20) to the content and implementation of all sessions of the course. Moreover, most of them believed...

Background: Some species of Allium family are known to have antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, and ... more Background: Some species of Allium family are known to have antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, and lipid lowering effects. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the possible mechanisms of antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, and anti-lipid activities of Allium eriophyllum which grows in Fars province, Iran in a rat model of simultaneous type 2 diabetes and renal hypertension. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on six groups of male Spargue-Dawley rats each containing 8- 10 animals, including a sham-control, a diabetic, a renal hypertensive, and three simultaneously hypertensive–diabetic groups receiving vehicle or 30 or 100 mg/kg/day hydroalcoholic extract of Allium eriophyllum. Four weeks after induction of diabetes, renal hypertension was induced and the animals started receiving the vehicle or extract for the subsequent four weeks. Afterwards, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and markers of oxidative stress were measured, and isolated...

Background: Improper inflation of endotracheal tube cuff is associated with various complications... more Background: Improper inflation of endotracheal tube cuff is associated with various complications. Recently, there has been high referral of patients with post-intubation complications to the clinics affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Herein, we examined the practice of cuff pressure monitoring at 9 adult intensive care units in 3 university-affiliated hospitals. Methods: The present study was performed on 57 tracheally intubated patients, whose cuff pressures were measured using either a cuff pressure gauge on 12 patients (Group 1) or manual palpation of the pilot balloon on 45 cases (Group 2) during summer 2004. The intracuff pressure (P1), intracuff volume (V1), and pressure exerted by the cuff against the tracheal mucosa (ΔP) were determined., analyzed and compared with the recommended values. Results: The P1 in Group 1 was 35.3 ±32.8 SD cmH2O, with 33.3% of the patients having values below 20 cmH2O. In group two, P1 was 88.8±27.1 cmH2O, all of which being abov...

Physiology and Pharmacology, 2007

Introduction: Development of brain edema following focal cerebral ischemia exacerbates primary is... more Introduction: Development of brain edema following focal cerebral ischemia exacerbates primary ischemic injury. Blood brain barrier (BBB) opening is an important part of edema named as vasogenic brain edema. In this study, quantitative alterations of BBB permeability is experimentally evaluated using transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Methods: Two groups of male rats (ischemic and sham operated) were anesthetized with i.p. injection of chloral hydrate. In the ischemic group, middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded for 60 minutes using intraluminal filament method followed by reperfusion. In sham group all procedures, except MCA occlusion, were same as the ischemic group. An I.V. injection of Evans blue (EB) was done 30 minutes after surgery. After 24 hours of reperfusion the neurological deficit score (NDS) was evaluated with a standard test. Then the animal was killed, the brain excised and prepared for quantitative evaluation of BBB permeability by detection of (EB) e...

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019

Background: Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease with indefinite treatment. The present ... more Background: Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease with indefinite treatment. The present study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Carum copticum L. (CC) extract on induced colitis in rats. Methods: Sixty male rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=10 per group). Acetic acid-induced colitis rats were orally administered with doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg CC extract, and 100 mg/kg sulfasalazine for seven consecutive days, respectively. Colonic biopsies were taken to measure histopathological parameters as well as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH). Data analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test for normally distributed data. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s test was used for non-normally distributed data. The analysis was performed at P≤0.05 using SigmaStat software (version 10.0). Results: The control colitis group had a...

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020

Background: Liposomes constitute a promising drug delivery vehicle, and are believed to improve d... more Background: Liposomes constitute a promising drug delivery vehicle, and are believed to improve drugs’ effectiveness. This study was aimed to compare antihypertensive and vascular modifying activities of liposomal and non-liposomal forms of ascorbic acid. Methods: Forty-nine male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=7): A sham vehicle-receiving (Sham-veh), hypertensive (HTN), vehicle-receiving hypertensive (HTN-Veh), two liposomal Ascorbic acid-treated hypertensive at 50 or 100 mg/kg/day (LVC-50 and LVC-100), and two non-liposomal Ascorbic acid-treated hypertensive at 50 or 100 mg/kg/day (VC-50 and VC-100). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured weekly; after 4 weeks, dose-responses to phenylephrine (PE) in the absence and presence of nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), acetylcholine (Ach), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were obtained on aortic rings. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test at a P ...

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021

Background: Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and losartan, an angiotensin I... more Background: Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, are used for the treatment of hypertension, but their effects on cardiac stereology are unknown. This study, therefore, aimed to examine their effects on cardiac stereology in rats with renovascular hypertension. Methods: This study was conducted at Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, and Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research Lab, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, in August 2015 to August 2016. Fourty-eight rats were allocated to six groups (n=8 per each group): a sham group, which received a vehicle (distilled water) and five renal artery-clipped groups, which received the vehicle, captopril (50 or 100 mg/ kg/day), or losartan (25 or 50 mg/kg/day). After four weeks, the animals’ systolic blood pressures (mm Hg) were measured, and the total volumes of their heart, myocardium, endocardium, m...

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2005

Background: Pentoxifylline (PTX) is used in human for intermittent claudication and cerebral vasc... more Background: Pentoxifylline (PTX) is used in human for intermittent claudication and cerebral vascular disorders including cerebrovascular dementia. It also inhibits the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which is believed to be neurotoxic in animal models of cerebral ischemia. The objective of this study was to examine the role of PTX on ischemia/reperfusion injures in rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats (n=31) were assigned to sham, saline or PTX (30 or 60 mg/kg)-treated groups. Ischemia was induced by MCAO, followed by 24-hrs reperfusion. Intraperitoneal saline or PTX was administered at 30 min before ischemia. Neurological deficit score test (NDS) was performed after 24-hrs, and the animals was sacrificed for evaluation of cortical and striatal infarct volumes using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Results: The sham group did not have neural dysfunction or cerebral ...

The first part of this thesis examined the acute cardiovascular effects of CGS 21680, a selective... more The first part of this thesis examined the acute cardiovascular effects of CGS 21680, a selective adenosine A 2 A receptor agonist, relative to those of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and vehicle (normal saline) in male Sprague-Dawley rats with or without acute occlusion or chronic ligation of the left main coronary artery. Rats with chronic coronary ligation were studied 8 weeks after the operation. The second part examined the chronic effects of 17(3-estradiol, the most abundant naturally-occurring estrogen, relative to those of vehicle on in vivo cardiovascular function and response to vasoactive drugs in ovariectomised rats at 7 weeks after ligation of the left coronary artery. It also; examined the effects of 17(3-estradiol on ex vivo contractile and relaxant responses of aortic rings, pulmonary artery rings and portal vein strips to vasoactive drugs. The ovariectomised rats were implanted with 60 days sustained-release pellets containing 17(3-estradiol (1.5 mg) or vehicle one week...

Background: Vascular disease is the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with d... more Background: Vascular disease is the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. A considerable body of evidence implicates oxidative stress as an important pathogenic factor of diabetic vasculopathies. In the present study, the effect of hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside with antioxidant activity, is studied in endothelium-dependent relaxation of the rat aorta in experimental diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2). Patients and Methods: Single dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (60mg/kg) and subcutaneous daily injection of dexamethasone (10µg/kg for one month) were used to induce DM1 and DM2, respectively. Hesperidin (500mg/kg) was administered orally for two months in DM1 and one month in DM2. The effect of acetylcholine (Ach) on phenyl ephrine (PE) induced. PE contracted aorta was then studied and the EC50 and maximal relaxant effect of Ach were calculated and compared in the two groups. Results: In the experimental DM1, hesperidin restored endothelium-dependent relaxation near to those of normal animals. Its effect on experimental DM2 consisted of a significant reduction of EC50 value of Ach compared to those of diabetic animals. It also showed a great but non-significant effect (P=0.07) on Ach-induced maximum relaxation compared to DM2 untreated animals. Conclusion: These results show that hesperidin can improve vascular endothelial dysfunction in experimental diabetes mellitus.

Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016

Changes in the substitutions at C-3 and C-5 positions of 4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl) dihydr... more Changes in the substitutions at C-3 and C-5 positions of 4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl) dihydropyridine analogs of nifedipine have led to changes in potency of the compounds. The objective of the present study was to examine the hypotensive effects of 5 newly synthesized dihydropyridine derivatives of nifedipine in rats with phenylephrine-raised blood pressure. Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 19 groups of 7 animals each. Control group received the vehicle dimethylsulfoxide (0.05 mL), 3 groups were given nifedipine at 100, 300, or 1000 g/kg, and 5 other groups each composed of 3 subgroups administered one of the 5 new dihydropyridine compound at 100, 300, or 1000 g/kg. All animals were initially infused with 20 µg/kg/min phenylephrine for 45 min, and were then given a bolus of either dimethylsulfoxide, nifedipine, or new dihydropyridine compounds 20 min after the commencement of phenylephrine infusion. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) of the animals were measured before and at the end of phenylephrine infusion, or 25 min after injection of vehicle or compounds. Compared to dimethylsulfoxide, nifedipine, and new 1, 4-dihydropyridine derivatives caused significant reductions in MBP. Moreover, cyclohexyl propyl, phenyl butyl, and cyclohexyl methyl analogs of 1, 4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazoyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylase at 100 g/kg, phenyl butyl, and cyclohexyl methyl analogs at 300 g/kg, and cyclohexyl methyl analogs at 1000 g/kg reduced MBP similar to nifedipine. There was no significant difference between HR of all groups before and after administration of the compounds. The findings indicated that changes in substitution at C-3 and C-5 positions of 2-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl) dihydropyridine analogs of nifedipine were associated with changes in hypotensive activity of the compounds.

Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, May 17, 2017

Both renal and respiratory diseases are common with high mortality rate around the world. This st... more Both renal and respiratory diseases are common with high mortality rate around the world. This study was the first to compare effects of two kidneys, one clip (2K1C) and one-kidney, one clip (1K1C) Goldblatt hypertension on right ventricular pressure during normal condition and mechanical ventilation with hypoxia gas. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to control, 2K1C, or 1K1C groups. Twenty-eight days after the first surgery, animals were anesthetized, and femoral artery and vein, and right ventricle cannulated. Systemic arterial pressure and right ventricular systolic pressures (RVSP) were recorded during ventilation the animals with normoxic or hypoxic gas. RVSP in the 1K1C group was significantly more than the control and 2K1C groups during baseline conditions and ventilation the animals with hypoxic gas. Administration of antioxidant Trolox increased RVSP in the 1K1C and control groups compared with their baselines. Furthermore, there was no alteration in RVSP during hypoxia in the presence of Trolox. This study indicated that RVSP only increased after 28 days induction of 1K1C but not 2K1C model. In addition, it seems that the response to hypoxic gas and antioxidants in 1K1C is more than 2K1C. These data also suggest that effects of 1K1C may partially be related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways.

Journal of Applied Animal Research, Mar 1, 2009

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, Mar 1, 2007

Background: The role of Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) in ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injuries is ... more Background: The role of Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) in ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injuries is not fully elucidated. Furthermore, it is not clear whether inhibition of RAS by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors has beneficial effects in terms of protecting the brain from I/R injuries. In this study enalapril is used as an ACE inhibitor to evaluate the role of RAS in I/R injuries in the rat. Methods: ACE inhibition was performed one hour before induction of ischemia using a single IP injection of 0.03 mg/kg or 0.1 mg/kg enalapril in the rats. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 60 min occlusion of the middle cerebral artery followed by reperfusion. Neurological deficit score (NDS) test was performed 24 hours after the start of reperfusion. Finally the animals were sacrificed under deep anesthesia, the brain removed and prepared for the evaluation of cortical and striatal infarction volumes using Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining method. Results: Pre-ischemic inhibition of ACE with non-hypotensive dose of enalapril (0.03mg/kg) significantly reduced cortical and striatal infarction volumes of ischemic rats by 41.6% and 52.7% respectively with concomitant improvements in NDS. However, no improvement was observed when ACE inhibition accompanied with arterial hypotension. Conclusion: In the rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia, ACE inhibition seems to reduce the severity of I/R injuries. Therefore, it is plausible to conclude that renin-angiotensinsystem may participate in ischemic/reperfusion injuries.

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 2007

Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences of Fasa, Fa... more Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences of Fasa, Fasa, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Kazeron, Kazeron, Iran

Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 2014

Background & objectives: Ischemic stroke remains the third leading cause of invalidism and death ... more Background & objectives: Ischemic stroke remains the third leading cause of invalidism and death in industrialized countries. It is suggested that renin € angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute in stroke related pathogenic mechanisms and involve in the ischemic brain damage. This study designed to investigate the role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in conjunction with AT 1 receptors in treatment of the brain injuries following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods: Forty eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied in four groups. Sham group, ischemic control group and two ischemic groups that received candesartan (0.1mg/kg, or 0.5mg/kg) at the beginning of reperfusion period. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 60 minutes occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, followed by 24 hours reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion period, neurological deficit score (NDS) was performed. Total cortical and striatal infarct volumes were determined using triphenyltetraz...

Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012

Background and Aims: Triazole derivatives are widely used as anticancer, antituberculosis, antifu... more Background and Aims: Triazole derivatives are widely used as anticancer, antituberculosis, antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-HIV. The present study compared the vasorelaxing activities of 12 triazoles, which were synthesized via an expedient method, with that of acetylcholine (Ach) using rat aortic rings. Methods: Synthesis of β-Hydroxy 1,4-Disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole Derivatives. Epoxide/benzyl bromide (1 mmol), alkyne (1 mmol) and sodium azide (1.1 mmol) were mixed and stirred in water in the presence of the naocatalyst (2 mol %) at room temperature. After the completion of the reaction, the mixture was vacuumfiltered and washed with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Removal of the solvent under vacuum, followed by purification on silica gel column afforded the pure products. Preparation of the rat aorta. Thoracic aortic rings from 6 normal Sprague-Dawley rats were suspended for isometric tension recording. They were pre-contracted with Phe (10-6 M). Concentration-relaxation response curves to new compounds (10-9-10-4M) was performed at the plateau of contractile response to Phe. The IC50 (concentration necessary for 50% reduction of maximal Phe induced contraction) and maximal response (Emax) achieved for each compound were compared with that of acetylcholine. All compounds were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as stock solution (10-9-10-4M) as well as ACh (reference standard). Results: The IC50 of 7-{[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methoxy}-4-methyl-4a,8adihydro-2H-chromen-2-one , N,N-bis{[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methyl}-4-methyl benzene sulfonamide, and (1R)-2-(4-butyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)cyclohexanol were more than that of Ach. The maximal response of 7-{[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methoxy}-4-methyl-4a,8adihydro-2H-chromen-2-one and (1R)-2-(4-butyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)cyclohexanol were comparable to Ach. Conclusions: The findings of our study revealed that all of the compounds did have vasorelaxing activity on the isolated thoracic rat aorta and they may provide valuable therapeutic intervention for the treatment of hypertension.

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 2007

Summary The objective of this study was to determine the chronology of changes in blood pressure ... more Summary The objective of this study was to determine the chronology of changes in blood pressure in renal hypertension induced by solid plexiglass clips in rats. Saw blades with the thickness of 0.21-0.22 mm were used to make clips sized 4 × 2 × 2 mm from a piece of 2-mm thick plexiglass. Rats were subjected to sham- operation or left renal arterial clipping, and 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks later blood pressure, and heart and kidneys weights were determined. Relative to those of sham-operated rats, mean blood pressure of left renal artery- clipped rats were significantly higher at week 1 through 4 after clipping. Left renal artery clipping was also associated with significant increases in heart and right kidney weights and significant decrease in left kidney weight. The findings suggest that clipping of left renal artery using solid plexiglass clips resulted in changes in blood pressure, heart and left and right kidneys weights similar to reported changes in hypertension induced by silver c...

international cardiovascular research journal, 2018

Introduction: Graduate (PhD) students in medical sciences, who will form future faculties and inv... more Introduction: Graduate (PhD) students in medical sciences, who will form future faculties and investigators in Iran's Universities of Medical Sciences, are not trained on scientific writing during their training. The present study describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of Principles of Writing Biomedical Research Paper course. Methods: The course, prepared based on an extensive search of the literature and books on writing biomedical research papers, was offered as an elective course to PhD students at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the second semester of 2011-2012 academic year. The structure and function of various sections of a paper and publication ethics were discussed in lecture and practical sessions over a period of 12 weeks. The course was then evaluated using a self-designed questionnaire. Results: The majority of students gave the highest score (20) to the content and implementation of all sessions of the course. Moreover, most of them believed...

Background: Some species of Allium family are known to have antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, and ... more Background: Some species of Allium family are known to have antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, and lipid lowering effects. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the possible mechanisms of antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, and anti-lipid activities of Allium eriophyllum which grows in Fars province, Iran in a rat model of simultaneous type 2 diabetes and renal hypertension. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on six groups of male Spargue-Dawley rats each containing 8- 10 animals, including a sham-control, a diabetic, a renal hypertensive, and three simultaneously hypertensive–diabetic groups receiving vehicle or 30 or 100 mg/kg/day hydroalcoholic extract of Allium eriophyllum. Four weeks after induction of diabetes, renal hypertension was induced and the animals started receiving the vehicle or extract for the subsequent four weeks. Afterwards, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and markers of oxidative stress were measured, and isolated...

Background: Improper inflation of endotracheal tube cuff is associated with various complications... more Background: Improper inflation of endotracheal tube cuff is associated with various complications. Recently, there has been high referral of patients with post-intubation complications to the clinics affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Herein, we examined the practice of cuff pressure monitoring at 9 adult intensive care units in 3 university-affiliated hospitals. Methods: The present study was performed on 57 tracheally intubated patients, whose cuff pressures were measured using either a cuff pressure gauge on 12 patients (Group 1) or manual palpation of the pilot balloon on 45 cases (Group 2) during summer 2004. The intracuff pressure (P1), intracuff volume (V1), and pressure exerted by the cuff against the tracheal mucosa (ΔP) were determined., analyzed and compared with the recommended values. Results: The P1 in Group 1 was 35.3 ±32.8 SD cmH2O, with 33.3% of the patients having values below 20 cmH2O. In group two, P1 was 88.8±27.1 cmH2O, all of which being abov...

Physiology and Pharmacology, 2007

Introduction: Development of brain edema following focal cerebral ischemia exacerbates primary is... more Introduction: Development of brain edema following focal cerebral ischemia exacerbates primary ischemic injury. Blood brain barrier (BBB) opening is an important part of edema named as vasogenic brain edema. In this study, quantitative alterations of BBB permeability is experimentally evaluated using transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Methods: Two groups of male rats (ischemic and sham operated) were anesthetized with i.p. injection of chloral hydrate. In the ischemic group, middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded for 60 minutes using intraluminal filament method followed by reperfusion. In sham group all procedures, except MCA occlusion, were same as the ischemic group. An I.V. injection of Evans blue (EB) was done 30 minutes after surgery. After 24 hours of reperfusion the neurological deficit score (NDS) was evaluated with a standard test. Then the animal was killed, the brain excised and prepared for quantitative evaluation of BBB permeability by detection of (EB) e...

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019

Background: Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease with indefinite treatment. The present ... more Background: Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease with indefinite treatment. The present study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Carum copticum L. (CC) extract on induced colitis in rats. Methods: Sixty male rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=10 per group). Acetic acid-induced colitis rats were orally administered with doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg CC extract, and 100 mg/kg sulfasalazine for seven consecutive days, respectively. Colonic biopsies were taken to measure histopathological parameters as well as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH). Data analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test for normally distributed data. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s test was used for non-normally distributed data. The analysis was performed at P≤0.05 using SigmaStat software (version 10.0). Results: The control colitis group had a...

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020

Background: Liposomes constitute a promising drug delivery vehicle, and are believed to improve d... more Background: Liposomes constitute a promising drug delivery vehicle, and are believed to improve drugs’ effectiveness. This study was aimed to compare antihypertensive and vascular modifying activities of liposomal and non-liposomal forms of ascorbic acid. Methods: Forty-nine male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=7): A sham vehicle-receiving (Sham-veh), hypertensive (HTN), vehicle-receiving hypertensive (HTN-Veh), two liposomal Ascorbic acid-treated hypertensive at 50 or 100 mg/kg/day (LVC-50 and LVC-100), and two non-liposomal Ascorbic acid-treated hypertensive at 50 or 100 mg/kg/day (VC-50 and VC-100). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured weekly; after 4 weeks, dose-responses to phenylephrine (PE) in the absence and presence of nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), acetylcholine (Ach), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were obtained on aortic rings. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test at a P ...

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021

Background: Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and losartan, an angiotensin I... more Background: Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, are used for the treatment of hypertension, but their effects on cardiac stereology are unknown. This study, therefore, aimed to examine their effects on cardiac stereology in rats with renovascular hypertension. Methods: This study was conducted at Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, and Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research Lab, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, in August 2015 to August 2016. Fourty-eight rats were allocated to six groups (n=8 per each group): a sham group, which received a vehicle (distilled water) and five renal artery-clipped groups, which received the vehicle, captopril (50 or 100 mg/ kg/day), or losartan (25 or 50 mg/kg/day). After four weeks, the animals’ systolic blood pressures (mm Hg) were measured, and the total volumes of their heart, myocardium, endocardium, m...

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2005

Background: Pentoxifylline (PTX) is used in human for intermittent claudication and cerebral vasc... more Background: Pentoxifylline (PTX) is used in human for intermittent claudication and cerebral vascular disorders including cerebrovascular dementia. It also inhibits the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which is believed to be neurotoxic in animal models of cerebral ischemia. The objective of this study was to examine the role of PTX on ischemia/reperfusion injures in rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats (n=31) were assigned to sham, saline or PTX (30 or 60 mg/kg)-treated groups. Ischemia was induced by MCAO, followed by 24-hrs reperfusion. Intraperitoneal saline or PTX was administered at 30 min before ischemia. Neurological deficit score test (NDS) was performed after 24-hrs, and the animals was sacrificed for evaluation of cortical and striatal infarct volumes using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Results: The sham group did not have neural dysfunction or cerebral ...

The first part of this thesis examined the acute cardiovascular effects of CGS 21680, a selective... more The first part of this thesis examined the acute cardiovascular effects of CGS 21680, a selective adenosine A 2 A receptor agonist, relative to those of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and vehicle (normal saline) in male Sprague-Dawley rats with or without acute occlusion or chronic ligation of the left main coronary artery. Rats with chronic coronary ligation were studied 8 weeks after the operation. The second part examined the chronic effects of 17(3-estradiol, the most abundant naturally-occurring estrogen, relative to those of vehicle on in vivo cardiovascular function and response to vasoactive drugs in ovariectomised rats at 7 weeks after ligation of the left coronary artery. It also; examined the effects of 17(3-estradiol on ex vivo contractile and relaxant responses of aortic rings, pulmonary artery rings and portal vein strips to vasoactive drugs. The ovariectomised rats were implanted with 60 days sustained-release pellets containing 17(3-estradiol (1.5 mg) or vehicle one week...