Ali Pourkhesalian - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Ali Pourkhesalian
The Engineering Meetings Board has approved this paper for publication. It has successfully compl... more The Engineering Meetings Board has approved this paper for publication. It has successfully completed SAE's peer review process under the supervision of the session organizer. This process requires a minimum of three (3) reviews by industry experts. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. ISSN 0148-7191 Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. SAE ABSTRACT Alternative fuels are of great interest since they can be refined from renewable feedstocks, and their emission levels can be lower than those of conventional fueled engines. Despite the fact that alternative fuels are not currently widely used in vehicular applications, using these kinds of ...
As shipping transportation is growing continuously, ship exhaust emissions are expected to rise, ... more As shipping transportation is growing continuously, ship exhaust emissions are expected to rise, resulting in increased risks to both ecology and human health. In order to examine these risks and the potential benefits of control measures, ship exhaust emissions need to be quantified. However, precise measurement and collection of emission data is challenging due to numerous factors including diversity of engine types and configurations, various operation modes and the mobility of ships. Due to restrictions imposed for on-board measurements, emission inventories are commonly estimated shipping emissions. This method suffers from lack of updated and detailed emission factors (EFs). Results are therefore inconsistent for emission predictions, especially in near-shore areas. Thus, there is a clear need for investigation to improve the accuracy of these estimates. In this study, on-board measurement was carried out on Medium Speed Diesel (MSD) Auxiliary Engines (AEs) at berth. Both carg...
This study presents an emission measurement campaign on commercial ships plying the east coast of... more This study presents an emission measurement campaign on commercial ships plying the east coast of Australia. Detailed investigation of engine performance and emissions from main and auxiliary marine diesel engines using heavy fuel were undertaken. Marine diesel engine gaseous (O2, CO, CO2, SO2 and NOx) and particle number and mass emissions were measured using research grade instrumentation. The measurements were performed in October and November 2015 on two large cargo ships at berth, manoeuvring and during travel between the ports of Brisbane, Gladstone and Newcastle. Detailed measurements on an auxiliary engine at berth are analysed in this paper, and include engine power and RPM, fuel oil consumption, exhaust gas temperature and exhaust particle and gaseous emissions. It was found that some ship emissions were up to several orders of magnitude higher than corresponding land-based diesel emission levels. Significant variations in emissions were also related to fuel sulphur conten...
This thesis improves our insight towards the effects of using biodiesels on the particulate matte... more This thesis improves our insight towards the effects of using biodiesels on the particulate matter emission of diesel engines and contributes to our understanding of their potential adverse health effects. The novelty of this project is the use of biodiesel fuel with controlled chemical composition that enables us to relate changes of physiochemical properties of particles to specific properties of the biodiesel. For the first time, the possibility of a correlation of the volatility and the Reactive Oxygen Species concentration of the particles is investigated versus the saturation, oxygen content and carbon chain length of the fuel.
Waste paper could be utilised for energy retrieval including for heating purpose. Burning of wast... more Waste paper could be utilised for energy retrieval including for heating purpose. Burning of wastewater will also reduce the amount of waste end up to the limited landfill resource. Therefore, it is no surprise that waste paper burning has been chosen as an optimal waste management in an English island (Hanan et al., 2013). This is especially beneficial in the atolls in the Pacific where there is shortage of energy resources (Mishra et al., 2009) while the packaging materials are abundant (Mohee et al., 2015). With these dual benefit, people in the atolls are encouraged to use waste paper as fuel for the domestic cooking.
In this study, the performance and exhaust emissions of the marine main engine (ME) of a large ca... more In this study, the performance and exhaust emissions of the marine main engine (ME) of a large cargo vessel operating on the east coast of Australia by numerical thermodynamic simulation were investigated. The simulation were validated using on-board measurements of the ME conducted in October and November 2015 on a large cargo ship cruising between Ports of Brisbane, Gladstone and Newcastle. The commercial engine modelling/design software, AVL Boost, was used with special adaptation to marine engines and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO). All measurements here carried out on the ME at different engine speeds and loads when the ship experienced different working conditions such as manoeuvring near port areas and cruising at sea. Specific engine parameters including in-cylinder mean and peak pressure, power, exhaust temperature and turbocharger boost were investigated. A good agreement between experimental and numerical results was observed for engine emissions of NOx and soot at higher engine sp...
Science & Engineering Faculty, 2016
The composition of exhaust from a marine diesel auxiliary engine running on Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) ... more The composition of exhaust from a marine diesel auxiliary engine running on Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) was investigated on-board a large cargo vessel. Measurements of particle number and size distributions in the range 5-1000 nm and gaseous emissions of O2, CO, CO2, SO2 and NOx were made. The measurements were performed in October and November 2015 on two large cargo ships at berth and during travel. Measurements were also carried out on auxiliary engines of two ships when they were at berth. Data on engine power, engine revolution, fuel oil consumption, intercooled air temperature, scavenging air pressure, cooling fresh water and exhaust gas temperature were measured using instrumentation of the ship. Results showed that emission factors (g/kWh) are higher than that of previous studies for SO2. This may be due to the high sulphur content of fuel used. Particle number size distribution was observed to be the highest around 35 – 45 nm in diameter, and the particle number remarkably decreas...
Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 2015
Background: Exposure to air pollutants, including diesel particulate matter, has been linked to a... more Background: Exposure to air pollutants, including diesel particulate matter, has been linked to adverse respiratory health effects. Inhaled diesel particulate matter contains adsorbed organic compounds. It is not clear whether the adsorbed organics or the residual components are more deleterious to airway cells. Using a physiologically relevant model, we investigated the role of diesel organic content on mediating cellular responses of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Methods: Primary HBECs were cultured and differentiated at ALI for at least 28 days. To determine which component is most harmful, we compared primary HBEC responses elicited by residual (with organics removed) diesel emissions (DE) to those elicited by neat (unmodified) DE for 30 and 60 minutes at ALI, with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) as the positive control, and filtered air as negative control. Cell viability (WST-1 cell proliferation assay), inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 ELISA) and changes in gene expression (qRT-PCR for HO-1, CYP1A1, TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA) were measured. Results: Immunofluorescence and cytological staining confirmed the mucociliary phenotype of primary HBECs differentiated at ALI. Neat DE caused a comparable reduction in cell viability at 30 or 60 min exposures, whereas residual DE caused a greater reduction at 60 min. When corrected for cell viability, cytokine protein secretion for TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were maximal with residual DE at 60 min. mRNA expression for HO-1, CYP1A1, TNF-α and IL-8 was not significantly different between exposures. Conclusion: This study provides new insights into epithelial cell responses to diesel emissions using a physiologically relevant aerosol exposure model. Both the organic content and residual components of diesel emissions play an important role in determining bronchial epithelial cell response in vitro. Future studies should be directed at testing potentially useful interventions against the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015
In the prospect of limited energy resources and climate change, effects of alternative biofuels o... more In the prospect of limited energy resources and climate change, effects of alternative biofuels on primary emissions are being extensively studied. Our two recent studies have shown that biodiesel fuel composition has a significant impact on primary particulate matter emissions. It was also shown that particulate matter caused by biodiesels was substantially different from the emissions due to petroleum diesel. Emissions appeared to have higher oxidative potential with the increase in oxygen content and decrease of carbon chain length and unsaturation levels of fuel molecules. Overall, both studies concluded that chemical composition of biodiesel is more important than its physical properties in controlling exhaust particle emissions. This suggests that the atmospheric aging processes, including secondary organic aerosol formation, of emissions from different fuels will be different as well. In this study, measurements were conducted on a modern common-rail diesel engine. To get more information on realistic properties of tested biodiesel particulate matter once they are released into the atmosphere, particulate matter was exposed to atmospheric oxidants, ozone and ultraviolet light; and the change in their properties was monitored for different biodiesel blends. Upon the exposure to oxidative agents, the chemical composition of the exhaust changes. It triggers the cascade of photochemical reactions resulting in the partitioning of semi-volatile compounds between the gas and particulate phase. In most of the cases, aging lead to the increase in volatility and oxidative potential, and the increment of change was mainly dependent on the chemical composition of fuels as the leading cause for the amount and the type of semi-volatile compounds present in the exhaust.
Environmental research, Jan 6, 2018
Using waste paper as fuel for domestic heating is a beneficial recycling option for small island ... more Using waste paper as fuel for domestic heating is a beneficial recycling option for small island developing states where there are lacks of resources for energy and waste treatment. However, there are concerns about the impact of air pollutants emitted from the burning of the self-made paper briquettes as household air pollution is recognised as the greatest environmental risk for human. In this study, combustion tests were carried out for paper briquettes made in one Pacific island and three commercial fuels in Australia including wood briquettes, kindling firewood and coal briquettes in order to: 1) characterise the emissions of three criteria air pollutants including particulate matters, CO and NO including their emission factors (EF) from the tested fuels; and 2) compare the EFs among the tested fuels and with others reported in the literature. The results showed that waste paper briquettes burned quickly and generated high temperature but the heat value is relatively low. Paper...
Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), Jan 13, 2017
This study investigated particle and gaseous emission factors from a large cargo vessel for her w... more This study investigated particle and gaseous emission factors from a large cargo vessel for her whole voyage including at berth, manoeuvring and cruising. Quantification of these factors assists in minimising the uncertainty in the current methods of exhaust gas emission factor estimation. Engine performance and emissions from the main marine engine were measured on-board while the ship was manoeuvring and cruising at sea. Emissions of an auxiliary engine working at 55% of maximum continuous rating (MCR) were measured when the ship was at actual harbour stopovers. Gaseous and particle emission factors in this study are presented in g kWh(-1) or # kWh(-1), and compared with previous studies. Results showed that the SO2 emission factor is higher than that of previous studies due to the high sulphur content of the fuel used. The particle number size distributions showed only one mode for different operating conditions of the ship, with a peak at around 40-50 nm, which was dominated by ...
The Engineering Meetings Board has approved this paper for publication. It has successfully compl... more The Engineering Meetings Board has approved this paper for publication. It has successfully completed SAE's peer review process under the supervision of the session organizer. This process requires a minimum of three (3) reviews by industry experts. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. ISSN 0148-7191 Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. SAE ABSTRACT Alternative fuels are of great interest since they can be refined from renewable feedstocks, and their emission levels can be lower than those of conventional fueled engines. Despite the fact that alternative fuels are not currently widely used in vehicular applications, using these kinds of ...
As shipping transportation is growing continuously, ship exhaust emissions are expected to rise, ... more As shipping transportation is growing continuously, ship exhaust emissions are expected to rise, resulting in increased risks to both ecology and human health. In order to examine these risks and the potential benefits of control measures, ship exhaust emissions need to be quantified. However, precise measurement and collection of emission data is challenging due to numerous factors including diversity of engine types and configurations, various operation modes and the mobility of ships. Due to restrictions imposed for on-board measurements, emission inventories are commonly estimated shipping emissions. This method suffers from lack of updated and detailed emission factors (EFs). Results are therefore inconsistent for emission predictions, especially in near-shore areas. Thus, there is a clear need for investigation to improve the accuracy of these estimates. In this study, on-board measurement was carried out on Medium Speed Diesel (MSD) Auxiliary Engines (AEs) at berth. Both carg...
This study presents an emission measurement campaign on commercial ships plying the east coast of... more This study presents an emission measurement campaign on commercial ships plying the east coast of Australia. Detailed investigation of engine performance and emissions from main and auxiliary marine diesel engines using heavy fuel were undertaken. Marine diesel engine gaseous (O2, CO, CO2, SO2 and NOx) and particle number and mass emissions were measured using research grade instrumentation. The measurements were performed in October and November 2015 on two large cargo ships at berth, manoeuvring and during travel between the ports of Brisbane, Gladstone and Newcastle. Detailed measurements on an auxiliary engine at berth are analysed in this paper, and include engine power and RPM, fuel oil consumption, exhaust gas temperature and exhaust particle and gaseous emissions. It was found that some ship emissions were up to several orders of magnitude higher than corresponding land-based diesel emission levels. Significant variations in emissions were also related to fuel sulphur conten...
This thesis improves our insight towards the effects of using biodiesels on the particulate matte... more This thesis improves our insight towards the effects of using biodiesels on the particulate matter emission of diesel engines and contributes to our understanding of their potential adverse health effects. The novelty of this project is the use of biodiesel fuel with controlled chemical composition that enables us to relate changes of physiochemical properties of particles to specific properties of the biodiesel. For the first time, the possibility of a correlation of the volatility and the Reactive Oxygen Species concentration of the particles is investigated versus the saturation, oxygen content and carbon chain length of the fuel.
Waste paper could be utilised for energy retrieval including for heating purpose. Burning of wast... more Waste paper could be utilised for energy retrieval including for heating purpose. Burning of wastewater will also reduce the amount of waste end up to the limited landfill resource. Therefore, it is no surprise that waste paper burning has been chosen as an optimal waste management in an English island (Hanan et al., 2013). This is especially beneficial in the atolls in the Pacific where there is shortage of energy resources (Mishra et al., 2009) while the packaging materials are abundant (Mohee et al., 2015). With these dual benefit, people in the atolls are encouraged to use waste paper as fuel for the domestic cooking.
In this study, the performance and exhaust emissions of the marine main engine (ME) of a large ca... more In this study, the performance and exhaust emissions of the marine main engine (ME) of a large cargo vessel operating on the east coast of Australia by numerical thermodynamic simulation were investigated. The simulation were validated using on-board measurements of the ME conducted in October and November 2015 on a large cargo ship cruising between Ports of Brisbane, Gladstone and Newcastle. The commercial engine modelling/design software, AVL Boost, was used with special adaptation to marine engines and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO). All measurements here carried out on the ME at different engine speeds and loads when the ship experienced different working conditions such as manoeuvring near port areas and cruising at sea. Specific engine parameters including in-cylinder mean and peak pressure, power, exhaust temperature and turbocharger boost were investigated. A good agreement between experimental and numerical results was observed for engine emissions of NOx and soot at higher engine sp...
Science & Engineering Faculty, 2016
The composition of exhaust from a marine diesel auxiliary engine running on Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) ... more The composition of exhaust from a marine diesel auxiliary engine running on Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) was investigated on-board a large cargo vessel. Measurements of particle number and size distributions in the range 5-1000 nm and gaseous emissions of O2, CO, CO2, SO2 and NOx were made. The measurements were performed in October and November 2015 on two large cargo ships at berth and during travel. Measurements were also carried out on auxiliary engines of two ships when they were at berth. Data on engine power, engine revolution, fuel oil consumption, intercooled air temperature, scavenging air pressure, cooling fresh water and exhaust gas temperature were measured using instrumentation of the ship. Results showed that emission factors (g/kWh) are higher than that of previous studies for SO2. This may be due to the high sulphur content of fuel used. Particle number size distribution was observed to be the highest around 35 – 45 nm in diameter, and the particle number remarkably decreas...
Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 2015
Background: Exposure to air pollutants, including diesel particulate matter, has been linked to a... more Background: Exposure to air pollutants, including diesel particulate matter, has been linked to adverse respiratory health effects. Inhaled diesel particulate matter contains adsorbed organic compounds. It is not clear whether the adsorbed organics or the residual components are more deleterious to airway cells. Using a physiologically relevant model, we investigated the role of diesel organic content on mediating cellular responses of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Methods: Primary HBECs were cultured and differentiated at ALI for at least 28 days. To determine which component is most harmful, we compared primary HBEC responses elicited by residual (with organics removed) diesel emissions (DE) to those elicited by neat (unmodified) DE for 30 and 60 minutes at ALI, with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) as the positive control, and filtered air as negative control. Cell viability (WST-1 cell proliferation assay), inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 ELISA) and changes in gene expression (qRT-PCR for HO-1, CYP1A1, TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA) were measured. Results: Immunofluorescence and cytological staining confirmed the mucociliary phenotype of primary HBECs differentiated at ALI. Neat DE caused a comparable reduction in cell viability at 30 or 60 min exposures, whereas residual DE caused a greater reduction at 60 min. When corrected for cell viability, cytokine protein secretion for TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were maximal with residual DE at 60 min. mRNA expression for HO-1, CYP1A1, TNF-α and IL-8 was not significantly different between exposures. Conclusion: This study provides new insights into epithelial cell responses to diesel emissions using a physiologically relevant aerosol exposure model. Both the organic content and residual components of diesel emissions play an important role in determining bronchial epithelial cell response in vitro. Future studies should be directed at testing potentially useful interventions against the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015
In the prospect of limited energy resources and climate change, effects of alternative biofuels o... more In the prospect of limited energy resources and climate change, effects of alternative biofuels on primary emissions are being extensively studied. Our two recent studies have shown that biodiesel fuel composition has a significant impact on primary particulate matter emissions. It was also shown that particulate matter caused by biodiesels was substantially different from the emissions due to petroleum diesel. Emissions appeared to have higher oxidative potential with the increase in oxygen content and decrease of carbon chain length and unsaturation levels of fuel molecules. Overall, both studies concluded that chemical composition of biodiesel is more important than its physical properties in controlling exhaust particle emissions. This suggests that the atmospheric aging processes, including secondary organic aerosol formation, of emissions from different fuels will be different as well. In this study, measurements were conducted on a modern common-rail diesel engine. To get more information on realistic properties of tested biodiesel particulate matter once they are released into the atmosphere, particulate matter was exposed to atmospheric oxidants, ozone and ultraviolet light; and the change in their properties was monitored for different biodiesel blends. Upon the exposure to oxidative agents, the chemical composition of the exhaust changes. It triggers the cascade of photochemical reactions resulting in the partitioning of semi-volatile compounds between the gas and particulate phase. In most of the cases, aging lead to the increase in volatility and oxidative potential, and the increment of change was mainly dependent on the chemical composition of fuels as the leading cause for the amount and the type of semi-volatile compounds present in the exhaust.
Environmental research, Jan 6, 2018
Using waste paper as fuel for domestic heating is a beneficial recycling option for small island ... more Using waste paper as fuel for domestic heating is a beneficial recycling option for small island developing states where there are lacks of resources for energy and waste treatment. However, there are concerns about the impact of air pollutants emitted from the burning of the self-made paper briquettes as household air pollution is recognised as the greatest environmental risk for human. In this study, combustion tests were carried out for paper briquettes made in one Pacific island and three commercial fuels in Australia including wood briquettes, kindling firewood and coal briquettes in order to: 1) characterise the emissions of three criteria air pollutants including particulate matters, CO and NO including their emission factors (EF) from the tested fuels; and 2) compare the EFs among the tested fuels and with others reported in the literature. The results showed that waste paper briquettes burned quickly and generated high temperature but the heat value is relatively low. Paper...
Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), Jan 13, 2017
This study investigated particle and gaseous emission factors from a large cargo vessel for her w... more This study investigated particle and gaseous emission factors from a large cargo vessel for her whole voyage including at berth, manoeuvring and cruising. Quantification of these factors assists in minimising the uncertainty in the current methods of exhaust gas emission factor estimation. Engine performance and emissions from the main marine engine were measured on-board while the ship was manoeuvring and cruising at sea. Emissions of an auxiliary engine working at 55% of maximum continuous rating (MCR) were measured when the ship was at actual harbour stopovers. Gaseous and particle emission factors in this study are presented in g kWh(-1) or # kWh(-1), and compared with previous studies. Results showed that the SO2 emission factor is higher than that of previous studies due to the high sulphur content of the fuel used. The particle number size distributions showed only one mode for different operating conditions of the ship, with a peak at around 40-50 nm, which was dominated by ...