Allen Vinegar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Allen Vinegar

Physiology & Behavior, 1972

Laboratory animal …, 1985

Physiological measurements were made from anesthetized, tracheotomized, supine male ferrets. Six ... more Physiological measurements were made from anesthetized, tracheotomized, supine male ferrets. Six animals weighing 576 +/- 12 g, had tidal volumes (Vt) of 6.06 +/- 0.30 ml, respiratory frequencies (f) of 26.7 +/- 3.9 min(-1), dynamic lung compliance (CDYN) of 2.48 +/- 0.21 ...

Physiological Zoology, 1972

INTRODUCTION Desert scrub and desert grassland habitats of southeastern Arizona and southwestern ... more INTRODUCTION Desert scrub and desert grassland habitats of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico receive sum-mer rains in July and August, creating ephemeral ponds which may last from several days to several weeks. A rich fauna soon abounds within these ponds, ...

Environment International, 1981

... METABOLISM, ENERGETICS AND THERMOREGULATION DURING BROODING OF SNAKES OF THE GENUS PYTHON (RE... more ... METABOLISM, ENERGETICS AND THERMOREGULATION DURING BROODING OF SNAKES OF THE GENUS PYTHON (REPTILIA, BOIDAE). ALLEN VINEGAR, University of Rhode Island. Recommended Citation. ALLEN VINEGAR ...

Of the agents under consideration for protecting unoccupied areas from fire, CF3I (trifluoroiodom... more Of the agents under consideration for protecting unoccupied areas from fire, CF3I (trifluoroiodomethane) has physicochemical properties that give it potential as a "drop-in" replacement for halon 1301. One of the issues concerning the use of CF3I is the potential hazard to ground crews should an inadvertent discharge occur while workers are in or near an engine nacelle. A discharge test of CF3I was conducted on an F-15A jet to record CF3I concentration time histories at locations near the aircraft. The conditions of the discharges simulated an inadvertent ground discharge with the engine nacelle doors open and also with the doors closed. The use of three types of gas analysis instrumentation allowed gas sampling from several locations during the discharge tests. Concentrations measured at selected sensor locations were used as the input to a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to simulate blood levels that would be attained by individuals inhaling CF3I at sensor locations. Blood levels reached during these exposures were compared with the blood level associated with the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) for cardiac sensitization to evaluate the possibility of safe egress. The highest blood concentrations simulated were twice the target blood concentration associated with cardiac sensitization. However, simulated blood concentrations of subjects who actually inhaled CF3I reached levels that were 100 times the target level without reported adverse effect. Thus, actual human data may supersede the use of the cardiac sensitization LOAEL obtained from animal studies.

Journal of Applied Physiology, 1979

A device and methodology is presented for testing the frequency response of pressure, volume, or ... more A device and methodology is presented for testing the frequency response of pressure, volume, or flow transducers. Also reported are responses of selected transducers of all three types over the range of 2--120 Hz. Several pressure transducers tested had good frequency response when connected to the test system with a minimum of interconnecting fittings; others did not. Use of additional connectors degraded the response as did the addition of air-filled catheters. The frequency response of the pneumotachometers tested were influenced largely by the response characteristics of the associated pressure transducer and interconnecting fittings. These results emphasize the need to test the response characteristics of any transducer with specific connectors and fittings that are to be used to make the actual measurements of pressure, volume, or flow.

Science, 1966

At varying environmental temperatures, measurements of body temperatures and gas exchange of a fe... more At varying environmental temperatures, measurements of body temperatures and gas exchange of a female Indian python (Python molurus bivittatus) show that during the brooding period this animal can regulate its body temperature by physiological means ...

Journal of Applied Toxicology, 1991

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (polyCTFE—primarily oligomers with 3–4 monomer units), a non-flammabl... more Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (polyCTFE—primarily oligomers with 3–4 monomer units), a non-flammable hydraulic fluid for aircraft, was given daily for 15 days by oral gavage to four Rhesus monkeys at a concentration of 0.725 g kg−1. The administered dose was at a level that had caused toxicity in rats. Steady-state blood and liver concentrations reached were the same in both species. In monkeys, polyCTFE did not cause the electrolyte, serum protein, liver enzyme and anemic disturbances previously seen in rats. Liver sections taken at 15 days, analyzed for palmitoyl Co-A beta-oxidation rates or by electron microscopy, showed no significant indication of peroxisomal proliferation. An increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) at 15 days was the only clinical pathological abnormality seen in both monkeys and rats. Previously unobserved effects were increased triglycerides and glycogen depletion.

Risk Analysis, 1996

Human exposure to halons and halon replacement chemicals is often regulated on the basis of cardi... more Human exposure to halons and halon replacement chemicals is often regulated on the basis of cardiac sensitization potential. The dose-response data obtained from animal testing are used to determine the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) and lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) values. This approach alone does not provide the information necessary to evaluate the cardiac sensitization potential for the chemical of interest under a variety of exposure concentrations and durations. In order to provide a tool for decision-makers and regulators tasked with setting exposure guidelines for halon replacement chemicals, a quantitative approach was established which allowed exposures to be assessed in terms of the chemical concentrations in blood during the exposure. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to simulate blood concentrations of Halon 1301 (bromotrifluoromethane, CF3Br), HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane, CHF2CF3), HFC-227ea (heptafluoropropane, CF3CHFCF3), HCFC-123 (dichlorotrifluoroethane, CHCl2CF3), and CF3I (trifluoroiodomethane) during inhalation exposures. This work demonstrates a quantitative approach for use in linking chemical inhalation exposures to the levels of chemical in blood achieved during the exposure.

Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 1998

Trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) and 1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-1-iodopropane (C3F7I) have been conside... more Trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) and 1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-1-iodopropane (C3F7I) have been considered as replacement candidates for halon fire suppressants due to their excellent fire extinguishant capabilities and low ozone depletion potential compared to halon fire extinguishants in use currently. As part of the process to develop environmental and health effects criteria for halon substitutes, a cardiac sensitization test was conducted in beagle dogs. Cardiac sensitization to adrenaline is a phenomenon associated with the inhalation of a number of unsubstituted and halogenated hydrocarbons. Adrenaline was administered by intravenous injection before and during inhalation of the test substance. CF3I was administered to dogs at concentrations in air of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 or 1% v/v. At each of 0.4 and 1.0% CF3I, the first dog exposed developed fatal ventricular fibrillation, and no further dogs were exposed at these concentrations. There was no cardiac sensitization at 0.1 or 0.2% CF3I. For the C3F7I experiment, dogs were exposed to concentrations in air of 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4% v/v. At each of 0.1 and 0.4% C3F7I, one dog responded with multifocal ventricular ectopic beats. Thus, CF3I and C3F7I are potent cardiac sensitizers in the adrenaline-challenged dog model.

Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 1996

Toxicological Sciences, 1997

Trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) is being considered as a replacement compound for halon fire suppress... more Trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) is being considered as a replacement compound for halon fire suppressants. Its structure is similar to that of Halon 1301 (CF3Br), but it has very low ozone depletion potential compared to CF3Br. As part of the process of developing environmental and health effects criteria, acute, 2-week, and 13-week nose-only inhalation toxicity studies were conducted in Fischer 344 rats. In the acute study, three groups of 30 male rats each were exposed to 0 (control), 0.5, or 1.0% (v/v) CF3I for 4 hr and euthanized immediately following exposure, 3 days postexposure, or 14 days postexposure. There were no deaths and no clinical signs of toxicity throughout the study. Histopathologic examination of select tissues showed no lesions of pathologic significance. In the 2-week study, four groups of 5 male rats each were exposed for 2 hr/day, 5 days/week to 0, 3, 6, or 12% CF3I. No deaths were observed, though lethargy and slight incoordination were noted in rats of the 6 and 12% groups at the conclusion of each daily exposure. Mean body weight gains were depressed in rats of the 6 and 12% groups. Serum thyroglobulin and reverse T3 (rT3) values were increased at all exposure levels. At necropsy, no gross lesions or differences in absolute or relative organ weights were noted. Histopathologic examination of the thyroid and parathyroid glands indicated no morphological abnormalities in the CF3I-exposed rats. In the 13-week study, four groups of 15 male and 15 female rats were exposed to 0, 2, 4, or 8% CF3I 2 hr/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. Rats exposed to 4 or 8% CF3I had lower mean body weights than the controls. Deaths observed in the 2 and 8% groups were attributed to accidents resulting from the restraint system employed. Hematologic alterations were minimal and considered insignificant. Increases in the frequency of micronucleated bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes were observed in rats of all three CF3I groups. Serum chemistry alterations observed in rats of all CF3I exposure groups included decreases in T3 and increases in thyroglobulin, rT3, T4, and TSH. Relative organ weight increases (8% CF3I group) occurred in the brain, liver, and thyroid glands; decreases were observed in the thymus and testes. A decrease in relative thymus weights and an increase in relative thyroid weights were observed also in rats of the 2 and 4% groups. Histopathological findings included a mild inflammation in the nasal turbinates of rats exposed to 4 or 8% CF3I, mild atrophy and degeneration of the testes (4 and 8% CF3I groups), and a mild increase in thyroid follicular colloid content in rats of all CF3I exposure groups. Though NOAELs were observed for select target organs (e.g., nasal turbinates, testes), NOAELs were not apparent in all target organs examined (e.g., thyroid glands, bone marrow).