Amador Priede - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Amador Priede
Manual de tratamientos psicológicos: infancia y adolescencia, 2021, ISBN 978-84-368-4470-2, págs. 117-141, 2021
Psicothema, Aug 1, 2021
Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments for Children and Adolescents: State of the Art. BA... more Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments for Children and Adolescents: State of the Art. BACKGROUND The empirical evidence accumulated on the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of psychotherapeutic treatments in children and adolescents calls for an update. The main goal of this paper objective was to carry out a selective review of empirically supported psychological treatments for a variety of common psychological disorders and problems in childhood and adolescence. METHOD A review was carried out of the psychological treatments for different psychological disorders and problems in social-emotional or behavioral adjustment in the child-adolescent population according to the Spanish National Health System (Clinical Practice Guidelines) levels of evidence and degrees of recommendation. RESULTS The findings suggest that psychological treatments have empirical support for addressing a wide range of psychological problems in these developmental stages. The degree of empirical support ranges from low to high depending on the phenomenon analyzed. The review suggests unequal progress in the different fields of intervention. CONCLUSIONS From this update, psychologists will be able to make informed decisions when implementing those empirically supported treatments to address the problems that occur in childhood and adolescence.
Manual de tratamientos psicológicos: adultos, 2021, ISBN 978-84-368-4385-9, págs. 367-391, 2021
Psycho-oncology, 2021
BACKGROUND Patients with cancer are at increased risk of developing symptoms of depression and an... more BACKGROUND Patients with cancer are at increased risk of developing symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, data on the variables associated with these symptoms in the long term are scant. This study aims to evaluate rumination and thought suppression as explanatory variables of depressive and anxiety symptoms at one- and five-year follow-up in patients diagnosed with cancer. METHODS A total of 131 patients with cancer were assessed at baseline (≤4 months of diagnosis), and at 1 and 5 years after diagnosis. A battery of self-reported measures was used to evaluate anxiety and depressive symptoms, rumination, thought suppression, social support, and self-efficacy. The associations among these variables were assessed with linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS The models for depressive and anxiety symptoms explained 43.5% and 44.2% of the variance, respectively. Rumination was a significant explanatory variable of both depressive and anxiety symptoms over the five-year follow-up per...
Ansiedad y Estrés, 2021
Background: The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) is among the most commonly used question... more Background: The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) is among the most commonly used questionnaires to assess somatic symptoms in primary care settings. The aim of our study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies that have analysed individual items from the PHQ-15 to determine the influence of differences in sociodemographic and clinical variables. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Studies analysing PHQ-15 by individual items were searched in Medline/PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus from 1999 to November 2019. Results: Data were extracted from 13 studies. The most frequently reported symptoms were "pain in your arms, legs, or joints", "back pain", "headaches", and "feeling tired or having low energy". In patients with mental health disorders (depression, anxiety disorder, and somatoform disorder), the most commonly reported somatic symptoms were "trouble sleeping", "feeling tired or having low energy", and digestive symptoms. In the meta-analysis, females scored significantly higher than males on 3 of 14 items: "headaches" (odds ratio [OR] 2.16, p<.001), "dizziness" (OR 1.58, p<.001), and "stomach pain" (OR 1.46, p<.02), with a small to moderate effect size for these differences. Conclusions: Gender differences were detected for three items (headaches, dizziness, and stomach pain), although the magnitude of these differences was small. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between individual items and other sociodemographic variables. In addition, more research is needed to determine measurement invariance across various demographic groups. Análisis del PHQ-15 por ítems individuales: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis R E S U M E N Introducción: El PHQ-15 (Patient Health Questionnaire) es uno de los cuestionarios más utilizados para la valoración de los síntomas somáticos en atención primaria. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis de los estudios previos que analizaron los ítems individuales del PHQ-15 y determinar su asociación con las variables clínicas y sociodemográficas. Metodología: Esta revisión sistemática se llevó a cabo de acuerdo a la declaración PRISMA. Los estudios que analizaron el PHQ-15 por ítems individuales fueron obtenidos en las bases
![Research paper thumbnail of [Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments for Adults: A Selective Review]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/94749789/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Psicothema, 2021
Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments for Adults: A Selective Review. BACKGROUND Psychological ... more Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments for Adults: A Selective Review. BACKGROUND Psychological treatments have shown their efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency in dealing with mental disorders. However, considering the scientific knowledge generated in recent years, in the Spanish context, there are no updating studies about empirically supported psychological treatments. The main goal was to carry out a selective review of the main empirically supported psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults. METHOD Levels of evidence and degrees of recommendation were collected based on the criteria proposed by the Spanish National Health System (Clinical Practice Guidelines) for different psychological disorders. RESULTS The results indicate that psychological treatments have empirical support for the approach to a wide range of psychological disorders. These levels of empirical evidence gathered range from low to high depending on the psychological disorder analysed. The re...
Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 2021
In order to reduce distress associated with working with COVID-19 patients, several psychological... more In order to reduce distress associated with working with COVID-19 patients, several psychological intervention programmes for healthcare workers have been developed in Spain. We aimed to describe the main characteristics and components of these programmes for healthcare workers treating COVID-19 patients in Spanish hospitals. Material and methods: An online survey was designed to evaluate the main characteristics of psychological intervention programmes for healthcare workers during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Valid responses were received from 36 hospitals. Most of these programmes offered both in-person and online therapy. The most common aim of these interventions was emotional regulation, which was treated by psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioural techniques in individual interventions. Group interventions mainly used psychoeducation and mindfulness. Only half of the teams that offered in-person interventions received training in the proper use of personal protective equipment. Conclusions: Several hospitals in Spain have developed mental health interventions for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, deploying a wide range of therapeutic modalities and techniques. The rapid implementation of these programmes during the pandemic suggests that safety may not have received sufficient attention. The planning and development of interventions for healthcare workers during pandemics merits greater attention by national and regional authorities and institutions.
Psycho-Oncology, 2019
Objective To analyse the association between rumination and thought suppression and the intensity... more Objective To analyse the association between rumination and thought suppression and the intensity of psychological distress in a sample of patients with recently diagnosed cancer. Methods A total of 131 patients with a recent diagnosis of cancer were assessed within four months of diagnosis. All participants completed standardized questionnaires to assess psychological distress, rumination, and thought suppression. Multiple regression and logistic regression models were conducted to determine the associations between these variables. Results The multiple regression model explained 50% of variance in psychological distress, with rumination independently explaining more than 16% of the variance. Thought suppression, however, was not significantly associated with distress. The logistic model for caseness of depression and anxiety explained, respectively, 33% and 48% of the variance. Anxiety caseness was also associated with social support and self-efficacy. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that rumination is an important explanatory variable of psychological distress in patients with recently diagnosed cancer. Statistical models that include rumination could explain a significant proportion of variance of clinical caseness for both anxiety and depression. These findings suggest that assessing rumination in recently diagnosed patients could improve clinical practice by detecting individuals at greater risk of developing more severe psychological distress. These findings suggest that treating rumination as a key component of the therapeutic objectives of psychological interventions could improve clinical outcomes.
Journal of psychosomatic research, 2018
To analyse the factor structure and psychometric properties of the original and abbreviated versi... more To analyse the factor structure and psychometric properties of the original and abbreviated versions of the Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS) in recently-diagnosed cancer patients. A sample of 128 newly-diagnosed cancer patients were assessed with the Spanish versions of the MOS-SSS and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to analyse six different factor structures. Internal consistency and convergent validity indexes were calculated. The models tested included all of the following: 1) the original five-factor model (comprised of the following dimensions: emotional, informational, and tangible support, positive social interaction, and affection); 2) a four-factor empirical solution; 3 & 4) two different three-factor structures obtained in studies conducted in cancer patients; and 5 & 6) a two-factor solution for the abbreviated 8-item form and a one-factor solution for the 6-item form. The original five-fa...
Psicooncología, 2013
Objective: Cancer is a strong psychological stressor, generating emotional distress among patient... more Objective: Cancer is a strong psychological stressor, generating emotional distress among patients. Rumination is an information processing mode that increases the vulnerability to such distress. However, rumination has not been appropriately studied in cancer patients. This research examines the relationship between rumination and anxiety/depression symptoms among recently diagnosed cancer patients. Method: A sample of 71 recently diagnosed cancer patients was assessed through the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Ruminative Responses Scale, the MOS Social Support Survey and a clinical interview. Correlations between ruminations (and its subscales of brooding and reflection), social support, clinical and socio-demographic variables and emotional distress (both anxiety and depression) were analyzed. Multiple regression models were performed, in order to determine the specific contribution of each variable in the explanatory model. Results: Anxiety symptoms correlated with ruminations, social support, sex and age. Depression symptoms correlated with ruminations and social support. Multivariate models show that anxiety symptoms were associated with both rumination subscales and sex. Depression symptoms were associated with the brooding subscale. Resumen
Psicooncología, 2011
The population of cancer survivors is increasing due to advances in medicine. Achieving an increa... more The population of cancer survivors is increasing due to advances in medicine. Achieving an increase in survival is not enough and the focus is on improving the quality of life in all its dimensions, including psychological and spiritual. New psychosocial needs arise in this population. In general, major mental disorders such as major depression or PTSD are rare among survivors, while less severe adjustment disorders such as depression, anxiety or mixed are relatively common. But not only negative changes in quality of life have been described, there are also several positive psychological changes included in the concept of posttraumatic growth. The similarities between descriptions of change in people experiencing posttraumatic growth and the attitude that Mindfulness promotes suggest that Mindfulness training may promote posttraumatic growth in cancer survivors.
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2012
The aim of this study was to examine the correspondence between clinical ratings of inattention p... more The aim of this study was to examine the correspondence between clinical ratings of inattention problems in the early course of a psychotic disorder and concurrent neuropsychological data for sustained attention and speed of processing/executive functioning (SP/EF) derived from a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. A sample of 131 patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) was clinically rated after clinical stabilization with the attention subscale of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and a completed neuropsychological test battery, which included measurements of sustained attention and SP/EF. To test the associations of the clinical ratings and objective data, correlations and regression analyses were conducted. Clinical ratings of inattention showed only weak correlations with the global score of SP/EF and with the clinical ratings of negative symptoms (ρ &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.25). None of the independent variables entered in the logistic regression model were significant (all P values &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; .05). Percentages of agreement between clinical judgment and neuropsychological measures were unacceptably low (ranged from 53% to 68%). κ values indicate only slight agreement (κ &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.2). Clinical ratings based on the SANS attention subscale do not reliably match neuropsychological test measures of attention or other related cognitive processes in FEP. Even for those cognitive domains more pronouncedly impaired, mental health professionals will likely need to rely on psychometric testing or, alternatively, specific guidelines and also, probably, to collect data from different sources to adequately identify cognitive impairments.
Manual de tratamientos psicológicos: infancia y adolescencia, 2021, ISBN 978-84-368-4470-2, págs. 117-141, 2021
Psicothema, Aug 1, 2021
Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments for Children and Adolescents: State of the Art. BA... more Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments for Children and Adolescents: State of the Art. BACKGROUND The empirical evidence accumulated on the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of psychotherapeutic treatments in children and adolescents calls for an update. The main goal of this paper objective was to carry out a selective review of empirically supported psychological treatments for a variety of common psychological disorders and problems in childhood and adolescence. METHOD A review was carried out of the psychological treatments for different psychological disorders and problems in social-emotional or behavioral adjustment in the child-adolescent population according to the Spanish National Health System (Clinical Practice Guidelines) levels of evidence and degrees of recommendation. RESULTS The findings suggest that psychological treatments have empirical support for addressing a wide range of psychological problems in these developmental stages. The degree of empirical support ranges from low to high depending on the phenomenon analyzed. The review suggests unequal progress in the different fields of intervention. CONCLUSIONS From this update, psychologists will be able to make informed decisions when implementing those empirically supported treatments to address the problems that occur in childhood and adolescence.
Manual de tratamientos psicológicos: adultos, 2021, ISBN 978-84-368-4385-9, págs. 367-391, 2021
Psycho-oncology, 2021
BACKGROUND Patients with cancer are at increased risk of developing symptoms of depression and an... more BACKGROUND Patients with cancer are at increased risk of developing symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, data on the variables associated with these symptoms in the long term are scant. This study aims to evaluate rumination and thought suppression as explanatory variables of depressive and anxiety symptoms at one- and five-year follow-up in patients diagnosed with cancer. METHODS A total of 131 patients with cancer were assessed at baseline (≤4 months of diagnosis), and at 1 and 5 years after diagnosis. A battery of self-reported measures was used to evaluate anxiety and depressive symptoms, rumination, thought suppression, social support, and self-efficacy. The associations among these variables were assessed with linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS The models for depressive and anxiety symptoms explained 43.5% and 44.2% of the variance, respectively. Rumination was a significant explanatory variable of both depressive and anxiety symptoms over the five-year follow-up per...
Ansiedad y Estrés, 2021
Background: The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) is among the most commonly used question... more Background: The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) is among the most commonly used questionnaires to assess somatic symptoms in primary care settings. The aim of our study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies that have analysed individual items from the PHQ-15 to determine the influence of differences in sociodemographic and clinical variables. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Studies analysing PHQ-15 by individual items were searched in Medline/PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus from 1999 to November 2019. Results: Data were extracted from 13 studies. The most frequently reported symptoms were "pain in your arms, legs, or joints", "back pain", "headaches", and "feeling tired or having low energy". In patients with mental health disorders (depression, anxiety disorder, and somatoform disorder), the most commonly reported somatic symptoms were "trouble sleeping", "feeling tired or having low energy", and digestive symptoms. In the meta-analysis, females scored significantly higher than males on 3 of 14 items: "headaches" (odds ratio [OR] 2.16, p<.001), "dizziness" (OR 1.58, p<.001), and "stomach pain" (OR 1.46, p<.02), with a small to moderate effect size for these differences. Conclusions: Gender differences were detected for three items (headaches, dizziness, and stomach pain), although the magnitude of these differences was small. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between individual items and other sociodemographic variables. In addition, more research is needed to determine measurement invariance across various demographic groups. Análisis del PHQ-15 por ítems individuales: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis R E S U M E N Introducción: El PHQ-15 (Patient Health Questionnaire) es uno de los cuestionarios más utilizados para la valoración de los síntomas somáticos en atención primaria. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis de los estudios previos que analizaron los ítems individuales del PHQ-15 y determinar su asociación con las variables clínicas y sociodemográficas. Metodología: Esta revisión sistemática se llevó a cabo de acuerdo a la declaración PRISMA. Los estudios que analizaron el PHQ-15 por ítems individuales fueron obtenidos en las bases
Psicothema, 2021
Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments for Adults: A Selective Review. BACKGROUND Psychological ... more Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments for Adults: A Selective Review. BACKGROUND Psychological treatments have shown their efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency in dealing with mental disorders. However, considering the scientific knowledge generated in recent years, in the Spanish context, there are no updating studies about empirically supported psychological treatments. The main goal was to carry out a selective review of the main empirically supported psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults. METHOD Levels of evidence and degrees of recommendation were collected based on the criteria proposed by the Spanish National Health System (Clinical Practice Guidelines) for different psychological disorders. RESULTS The results indicate that psychological treatments have empirical support for the approach to a wide range of psychological disorders. These levels of empirical evidence gathered range from low to high depending on the psychological disorder analysed. The re...
Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 2021
In order to reduce distress associated with working with COVID-19 patients, several psychological... more In order to reduce distress associated with working with COVID-19 patients, several psychological intervention programmes for healthcare workers have been developed in Spain. We aimed to describe the main characteristics and components of these programmes for healthcare workers treating COVID-19 patients in Spanish hospitals. Material and methods: An online survey was designed to evaluate the main characteristics of psychological intervention programmes for healthcare workers during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Valid responses were received from 36 hospitals. Most of these programmes offered both in-person and online therapy. The most common aim of these interventions was emotional regulation, which was treated by psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioural techniques in individual interventions. Group interventions mainly used psychoeducation and mindfulness. Only half of the teams that offered in-person interventions received training in the proper use of personal protective equipment. Conclusions: Several hospitals in Spain have developed mental health interventions for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, deploying a wide range of therapeutic modalities and techniques. The rapid implementation of these programmes during the pandemic suggests that safety may not have received sufficient attention. The planning and development of interventions for healthcare workers during pandemics merits greater attention by national and regional authorities and institutions.
Psycho-Oncology, 2019
Objective To analyse the association between rumination and thought suppression and the intensity... more Objective To analyse the association between rumination and thought suppression and the intensity of psychological distress in a sample of patients with recently diagnosed cancer. Methods A total of 131 patients with a recent diagnosis of cancer were assessed within four months of diagnosis. All participants completed standardized questionnaires to assess psychological distress, rumination, and thought suppression. Multiple regression and logistic regression models were conducted to determine the associations between these variables. Results The multiple regression model explained 50% of variance in psychological distress, with rumination independently explaining more than 16% of the variance. Thought suppression, however, was not significantly associated with distress. The logistic model for caseness of depression and anxiety explained, respectively, 33% and 48% of the variance. Anxiety caseness was also associated with social support and self-efficacy. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that rumination is an important explanatory variable of psychological distress in patients with recently diagnosed cancer. Statistical models that include rumination could explain a significant proportion of variance of clinical caseness for both anxiety and depression. These findings suggest that assessing rumination in recently diagnosed patients could improve clinical practice by detecting individuals at greater risk of developing more severe psychological distress. These findings suggest that treating rumination as a key component of the therapeutic objectives of psychological interventions could improve clinical outcomes.
Journal of psychosomatic research, 2018
To analyse the factor structure and psychometric properties of the original and abbreviated versi... more To analyse the factor structure and psychometric properties of the original and abbreviated versions of the Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS) in recently-diagnosed cancer patients. A sample of 128 newly-diagnosed cancer patients were assessed with the Spanish versions of the MOS-SSS and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to analyse six different factor structures. Internal consistency and convergent validity indexes were calculated. The models tested included all of the following: 1) the original five-factor model (comprised of the following dimensions: emotional, informational, and tangible support, positive social interaction, and affection); 2) a four-factor empirical solution; 3 & 4) two different three-factor structures obtained in studies conducted in cancer patients; and 5 & 6) a two-factor solution for the abbreviated 8-item form and a one-factor solution for the 6-item form. The original five-fa...
Psicooncología, 2013
Objective: Cancer is a strong psychological stressor, generating emotional distress among patient... more Objective: Cancer is a strong psychological stressor, generating emotional distress among patients. Rumination is an information processing mode that increases the vulnerability to such distress. However, rumination has not been appropriately studied in cancer patients. This research examines the relationship between rumination and anxiety/depression symptoms among recently diagnosed cancer patients. Method: A sample of 71 recently diagnosed cancer patients was assessed through the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Ruminative Responses Scale, the MOS Social Support Survey and a clinical interview. Correlations between ruminations (and its subscales of brooding and reflection), social support, clinical and socio-demographic variables and emotional distress (both anxiety and depression) were analyzed. Multiple regression models were performed, in order to determine the specific contribution of each variable in the explanatory model. Results: Anxiety symptoms correlated with ruminations, social support, sex and age. Depression symptoms correlated with ruminations and social support. Multivariate models show that anxiety symptoms were associated with both rumination subscales and sex. Depression symptoms were associated with the brooding subscale. Resumen
Psicooncología, 2011
The population of cancer survivors is increasing due to advances in medicine. Achieving an increa... more The population of cancer survivors is increasing due to advances in medicine. Achieving an increase in survival is not enough and the focus is on improving the quality of life in all its dimensions, including psychological and spiritual. New psychosocial needs arise in this population. In general, major mental disorders such as major depression or PTSD are rare among survivors, while less severe adjustment disorders such as depression, anxiety or mixed are relatively common. But not only negative changes in quality of life have been described, there are also several positive psychological changes included in the concept of posttraumatic growth. The similarities between descriptions of change in people experiencing posttraumatic growth and the attitude that Mindfulness promotes suggest that Mindfulness training may promote posttraumatic growth in cancer survivors.
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2012
The aim of this study was to examine the correspondence between clinical ratings of inattention p... more The aim of this study was to examine the correspondence between clinical ratings of inattention problems in the early course of a psychotic disorder and concurrent neuropsychological data for sustained attention and speed of processing/executive functioning (SP/EF) derived from a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. A sample of 131 patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) was clinically rated after clinical stabilization with the attention subscale of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and a completed neuropsychological test battery, which included measurements of sustained attention and SP/EF. To test the associations of the clinical ratings and objective data, correlations and regression analyses were conducted. Clinical ratings of inattention showed only weak correlations with the global score of SP/EF and with the clinical ratings of negative symptoms (ρ &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.25). None of the independent variables entered in the logistic regression model were significant (all P values &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; .05). Percentages of agreement between clinical judgment and neuropsychological measures were unacceptably low (ranged from 53% to 68%). κ values indicate only slight agreement (κ &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.2). Clinical ratings based on the SANS attention subscale do not reliably match neuropsychological test measures of attention or other related cognitive processes in FEP. Even for those cognitive domains more pronouncedly impaired, mental health professionals will likely need to rely on psychometric testing or, alternatively, specific guidelines and also, probably, to collect data from different sources to adequately identify cognitive impairments.