Ana Maria Fernandez-Maldonado - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Ana Maria Fernandez-Maldonado
![Research paper thumbnail of Summary report on urban energy planning:Potentials and barriers in six European medium-sized cities. [Deliverable 4.4]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107980986/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Main aim of report This is the final report (Deliverable 4.4) of PLEEC's work package 4, dealing ... more Main aim of report This is the final report (Deliverable 4.4) of PLEEC's work package 4, dealing with urban / spatial planning and energy. It focuses on the (potential) application of measures and policies in urban planning to improve the energy performance of cities. Summaries and recommendations for each of the six PLEEC cities are given.
(2); Independent researcher (3) Water and water-linked heritage play a very important role for ma... more (2); Independent researcher (3) Water and water-linked heritage play a very important role for many cities and regions. They are at the center of many places' identities and key activities. Consider historic waterfronts and infrastructures such as bridges, port facilities, sluices, dams, water towers, mills and specific water-related landscapes, both in the city and in the countryside. Consider also intangible aspects of water-linked heritage, from traditional water management practices to values and local stories. These all have the potential to galvanize the interests of diverse stakeholders and provide a foundation for an ecosystemic approach to sustainable urban and regional development. This is not only because of positive values associated with water, but also because water-linked heritage valorization can effectively connect environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainability. By working with water-linked heritage as a vector of the ecosystemic transformation of cities and regions, one can span multiple boundaries. First, doing so can attract a diverse set of stakeholders representing different disciplines and policy sectors, engaging them in place-making and the co-creation of transition strategies and tactical activities. Second, water allows for defining functional geographies and strategically linking diverse places connected by water bodies, cutting across administrative boundaries. By drawing upon five international case studies involved in the Interreg WaVE project, the authors have elaborated a typology to classify and compare different approaches to heritage valorization.
Habitat international, May 1, 2016
Planning systems are not typically demand led; they tend rather to be driven by the aim of • bala... more Planning systems are not typically demand led; they tend rather to be driven by the aim of • balancing demand with constraint. Irish and Spanish planning systems have facilitated increased development in response to • large increases in residential demand and appear less constraining than systems in the other countries.
International Planning Studies, Aug 21, 2019
Ciudad Guayana was born as an industrial new town in the early 1960s, as an ambitious national ef... more Ciudad Guayana was born as an industrial new town in the early 1960s, as an ambitious national effort to stimulate the regional development of Venezuela. Its planning was the fruit of a unique partnership between the Venezuelan development agency (CVG) and the Joint Center for Urban Studies from Harvard University and the MIT. Looking for answers to the rapid urbanization issues, the academic planners were willing to test the latest planning and design approaches on the field, implementing several experimental projects. Ciudad Guayana became a useful urban laboratory that provided important urban lessons. Based on literature research, archival research at MIT and Harvard, and interviews with planners working on both teams, this paper presents how the two teams approached, debated and clashed about four significant challenges of building the new town. Ciudad Guayana provided important urban lessons, useful for similar kind of new towns and satellite cities, as the ones currently emerging in Asia, Africa and the Middle East.
Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, Jan 31, 2012
Regional Studies, May 3, 2013
Fernández-Maldonado A. M., Romein A., Verkoren O. and Parente Paula Pessoa R. Polycentric structu... more Fernández-Maldonado A. M., Romein A., Verkoren O. and Parente Paula Pessoa R. Polycentric structures in Latin American metropolitan areas: identifying employment sub-centres, Regional Studies. The significant spatial transformations that have occurred within Latin American metropolitan areas since the 1990s have triggered many local studies claiming the formation of polycentric structures. This study explores the extent of that process, identifying sub-centres of employment using the double threshold methodology of job concentration and employment density in Mexico City (Mexico), Lima (Peru) and Fortaleza (Brazil). The results, although partial due to an absence of data on informal employment, indicate that Latin American metropolises are moving towards polycentric structures. But the identified employment sub-centres are mostly located in or near the metropolitan core, which practically excludes the formation of polycentric nodes in the metropolitan periphery.
Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning, 2016
K e y w o r d s: energy efficiency of historic buildings, regeneration of historic centres, urban... more K e y w o r d s: energy efficiency of historic buildings, regeneration of historic centres, urban energy planning, building adaptation to energy efficiency, Santiago de Compostela A B S T R A C T maintained the compactness and mixed functions of the traditional Spanish urbanism. There is, however, an important aspect that needs to be tackled by the city to be on the right track towards energy efficiency: the adaptation of the historic centre's buildings to bioclimatic considerations in the context of strict levels of protection of the built environment. Due to Santiago's exceptional historic core, local planning regulations have changed priorities during different periods, but have always shared the objective of Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning J o u r n a l h o m e p a g e: http://jssp.reviste.ubbcluj.ro Santiago de Compostelais well-known for its historic core of exceptional quality, as a World Heritage Site. Due to its mild climate, its large amount of green areas, and its compact urban pattern with mixed functions, it has a low level of residential energy consumption, but not in its historic core, in which monumental buildings of different age combine with dwellings in a pedestrianised urban environment. The European 20-20-20 targets present big challenges for historic areas such as Santiago. The present study assesses Santiago's strengths and weaknesses in terms of urban planning and energy efficiency, and explores what local planning can do for the adaptation of the historic centre to energy-efficiency considerations. The findings show that local plans have paid attention to environmental issues differently in the past decades, according to each period's priorities. Only recently, local planning has address ed energy efficiency issue, mainly in the case of public infrastructure. They also suggest a limited capacity of the local authorities to pursue energy efficiency goals at a residential level, and serious lack of knowledge about the actual energy situation. A proactive role of the local government towards energy efficiency requires the commitment of all stakeholders. The presence of institutions specialized in urban regeneration, such as the 'Consorcio', gathering the most important local stakeholders, suggests positive outcomes if long-term coordination is achieved.
Flux, 2002
Despite the lack of a vision, policies, programs, subsidies or support from the government or pri... more Despite the lack of a vision, policies, programs, subsidies or support from the government or private firms to promote and facilitate the development of ICTs in Peru, it constitutes a good practice example in terms of access to the new technologies. This is thanks to the widespread availability of cabinas publicas de Internet in the main cities, where most Internet users access the Web. This paper documents the diffusion and use of ICTs in the different socio-economic sectors in Lima, with a special attention to the lower-income groups, using successive (quantitative) surveys on ICT use in households, cabinas users, and Internet users in Metropolitan Lima, and recent observations and interviews to people working in the field. The results of this study show that the cabinas are effectively improving the daily life of a great part of the residents of Lima, and especially the youth, offering different types of urban services, which have been absent in poor neighborhoods (libraries, post offices, recreation facilities, study places, youth centers, training centers, etc.). But access is not all. This auspicious first step should be supported to produce more sophisticated applications and local content, with the purpose to promote local development.
Flux, 2002
Elle collabore depuis 1997 à un projet intitulé The Network City VROM et consacré à l'étude des l... more Elle collabore depuis 1997 à un projet intitulé The Network City VROM et consacré à l'étude des liens entre villes et technologies d'information et de communication (projet développé conjointement par sa faculté et par le ministère du logement, de l'aménagement et de l'environnement néerlandais). Elle prépare en outre une thèse de doctorat sur les télécommunications dans les métropoles latino-américaines. Elle a notamment publié récemment : ICT and Urban Deprivation. Focus on the least connected (avec P.
Built Environment, Jun 25, 2017
Geoforum, Nov 1, 2008
In many cities of the developing world, poor residents occupy land and build their dwellings befo... more In many cities of the developing world, poor residents occupy land and build their dwellings before infrastructure is provided. Expanding the infrastructure networks for the poor is a long, expensive and complicated affair. Before the 1990s, the public sector was generally in charge of the basic services; but these services have been liberalized and, in many cases, privatized since then. In this new context, a relevant question is: have these reforms contributed to urban integration? Or, on the contrary, have they contributed to deepen urban fragmentation? This study presents the case of water and telecommunications services in Lima, Peru, the most contested and politically sensitive urban sectors. The objective is to test Graham and Marvin's claims about the splintering of networked infrastructures expressed in Splintering Urbanism. The findings show that the reforms have improved the situation at aggregate level, but there is still no sustainable solution for the crucial dilemma of cities with high poverty restrictions: self-financed network expansions versus service affordability. The diverging paths of the utilities reform in Lima illustrate that privatization is not the main issue in the discussion to expand the networks for the poor. The main conclusion is that sensible policies complemented with carefully targeted subsidies and continuous regulation can successfully provide water for all. Good governance practices at the urban level help to achieve this goal. Water and telecommunications in Lima also show that are no general solutions for the universalization of the services; each city is different and some sectors are much more complex and problematic than others. This demands careful and continuous technical and political consideration of the local circumstances to reform the utilities.
Regional Studies, Oct 6, 2020
Whether spatial planning systems are equipped to cope with contemporary regional and urban challe... more Whether spatial planning systems are equipped to cope with contemporary regional and urban challenges is strongly dependent on their capacity to promote integration between policy sectors, to respond adaptively to changing societal and political conditions, and to involve and engage citizens in decision-making processes. This paper examines and compares how these capacities have evolved in European countries since the start of the 21st century. The findings indicate that many countries have made reforms to spatial planning with significant implications for their capacity to promote integrated, adaptive and collective planning decisions.
Social and economic background Changes in the urban structure 3.4. Metropolitan transformations s... more Social and economic background Changes in the urban structure 3.4. Metropolitan transformations since the 1980s a) Changes in the urban context Changes in the urban economic scene: crises, instability and inequality Changes in the urban political scene: further weakening of urban planning Changes in the urban social scene: fragmentation and polarisation Changes in the urban demographic scene: the troubles of the youth b) Corresponding socio-spatial changes Privatisation of urban space Large urban projects and a new urban landscape Decline of the traditional centre and rise of alternative centres Morphological transformations c) The Latin American metropolis of the 21 st century 3.5. Conclusions Part III. Empirical exploration Chapter 4. ICT infrastructural networks and nodes in Latin America 95 4.1. The global telecommunications sector 4.2. The Latin American telecommunications sector 4.3. Internet and mobile telephony fever in Latin America 4.4. Latin America's Internet backbone networks 4.5. Latin American metropolises as nodes in the digital networks a) Backbone capacity b) Networks access points c) Local connectivity 4.6. Conclusions Consequences for urban development Chapter 5. ICT industries and businesses in the Latin American metropolises 121 5.1. Main issues of the digital economy Locational aspects of the production of the Internet 5.2. Latin American urban economies a) Latin American economies' links with global networks From local to foreign control and ownership The rise of specialised global firms b) Latin American metropolises in the knowledge economy Research and Development in Latin America ICT-related transformations in Latin American metropolises 12 Technology parks and innovation clusters in Latin America 5.3. Networks of ICT production in the urban economy a) Hardware industries b) Software industries c) Content production industries 5.4. Networks of ICT consumption in the urban economy 5.5. Conclusions Consequences for urban development Chapter 6. ICTs networks in everyday life 151 6.1. Access to ICTs in Latin America a) Access to computers b) Access to fixed and mobile telephony c) Access to the Internet Income level Age composition Gender composition Geographic location d) General access to ICTs 6.2. Internet usage in Latin American cities a) Internet use outside the home Cybercafés or commercial Internet centres Socially-oriented telecentres Government Internet centres b) The Internet as communication medium The Internet for instrumental purposes The Internet as entertainment medium c) The 'effective use' issue 6.3. Related urban transformations a) Transformations in urban functions A new type of urban facility: cybercafés for local people Online services for substandard neighbourhoods Virtual cities: online information and services b) New types of urban and social interactions The Latin American city is spreading itself to the world The social and cultural gap between elites and other sectors is broadening New ways to engage in collective action at urban level Cyberspace as a communication space between citizens and local institutions 6.4. Conclusions Part IV. Case-studies Chapter 7. ICTs in Lima as a case-study 189 7.1. Urban development of Lima a) Lima as a city of 'barriadas' b) The 1980s: informality as a way of life c) The 1990s: a new Lima emerges 7.2. Lima's local and international ICT connectivity 7.3. ICT industries and businesses in Lima a) ICT production industries Hardware industries Software products and services Content industries Hardware industries Software products and services Content industries a) ICT consumption industries and businesses The globally oriented side of the economy The local economy ICTs and the government 8.4. Users and uses of ICTs in Buenos Aires a) Buenos Aires' ICT users b) ICT usage in Buenos Aires The Alerta Plan in Saavedra The role of ICTs in the December 2001 crisis 8.5. Conclusions Consequences for urban development Part V. Conclusions and Recommendations Chapter 9. Conclusions and recommendations 269 9.1. Main conclusions a) Conclusions regarding urban planning and policy in Latin America b) ICTs in Lima and Buenos Aires 9.2. Recommendations regarding urban planning in Latin America 9.3. Directions for further research 9.4. Concluding remarks a) Final conclusions b) The challenge ahead
International Journal of Knowledge-based Development, 2011
... In 2003, the Knowledge Alliance South Holland (Kennisalliantie Zuid-Holland) was established ... more ... In 2003, the Knowledge Alliance South Holland (Kennisalliantie Zuid-Holland) was established as such a network with participation of the province of South Holland, the municipalities of Delft, The Hague, Rotterdam and Leiden, the regional Chamber of Commerce and several ...
Springer eBooks, 2021
Since the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the... more Since the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the long-established opposition between the centre and the periphery, developing a more complex arrangement. Sustained national economic growth has allowed better socioeconomic conditions in different areas of the city. However, high inequality still remains in the ways of production of urban space, which affects residential segregation. To identify possible changes in the segregation patterns of Metropolitan Lima, this study focuses on the spatial patterns of occupational groups, examining their causes and relation with income inequality. The analysis is based on the 1993 and 2007 census data, measuring residential segregation by the Dissimilarity Index, comparing with the Diversity Index. The results confirm trends towards increased segregation between occupational groups. Top occupational groups are concentrated in central areas, expanding into adjacent districts. Bottom occupational groups are over-represented in distant neighbourhoods. Inbetween, a new, more mixed, transitional zone has emerged in upgraded formerly low-income neighbourhoods. Areas of lower occupational diversity coincide with extreme income values, forming spaces of greater segregation. In the metropolitan centre-periphery pattern, the centre has expanded, while the periphery has been shifted to outer peripheral rings.
IGI Global eBooks, Jan 18, 2011
Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, Mar 30, 2012
Journal of Urban Technology, Apr 1, 2003
the most economically advantaged regions and nations. Despite the rapid diffusion of these techno... more the most economically advantaged regions and nations. Despite the rapid diffusion of these technologies, especially the Internet, the promise of their trickling-down to all corners of society remains mostly unfulfilled. No nation can claim that all of its citizens have full connectivity. That is why most countries, including the most connected, have launched nationwide strategies to tackle the differences in connectivity. Indeed, universal access to ICT, meaning that ICT is accessible to all people in all places, is considered one of the myths about these new technologies. A similar myth prevails with regard to the Internet in particular. The World Wide Web is supposed to be a global and open technology which allows all nations and societies equal access to the continuously expanding realm of cyberspace and provides them with information, commercial opportunities, and business relationships to finally usher in a new age of democracy, a socio-political utopia. Whether all people in all places have equal access to ICT, however, remains an empirical question. Solid empirical research still can help debunk myths. However, learning the extent of exclusion is not a mere academic exercise because if research details an exclusion, S with most technologies, information and communications technologies (ICT) have made their way first to economically advantaged people who live in the cities of
Journal of Urban Technology, Dec 1, 2001
to the Internet in the United States and in many countries in Western Europe has been gained thro... more to the Internet in the United States and in many countries in Western Europe has been gained through Internet connections via home computers. In Peru, however, people not owning computers have managed to gain access to the Internet through cabinas públicas de Internet, seemingly ubiquitous, small-scale storefront operations, similar to cyber cafes, that offer low-cost, reliable connections. These connections are widely used and are responsible for Peru's being one of the countries with the highest collective access to the Internet. In the United States, for example, where most Internet connections are made via home computers, on a typical day in April 2001, Netsizer counted 2.28 Internet users per Internet host; on that same day, there were 79.96 users per host in Peru. While other countries in Latin America that have high Internet access rely on government intervention, Peru's government offers no support other than regulating competition in the telecommunications sector. Access to the Internet in Peru is the fruit of thousands of private initiatives of small, local entrepreneurs, who have been quick to understand that there is a high demand for information and communications technologies (ICT) that cannot be met under the traditional scheme of individual ownership, especially under the present circum-HE technology associated with information and communications technologies in general, and the Internet in particular, has had a number of different methods of diffusion. Access Hilbert
Main aim of report This is the final report (Deliverable 4.4) of PLEEC's work package 4, dealing ... more Main aim of report This is the final report (Deliverable 4.4) of PLEEC's work package 4, dealing with urban / spatial planning and energy. It focuses on the (potential) application of measures and policies in urban planning to improve the energy performance of cities. Summaries and recommendations for each of the six PLEEC cities are given.
(2); Independent researcher (3) Water and water-linked heritage play a very important role for ma... more (2); Independent researcher (3) Water and water-linked heritage play a very important role for many cities and regions. They are at the center of many places' identities and key activities. Consider historic waterfronts and infrastructures such as bridges, port facilities, sluices, dams, water towers, mills and specific water-related landscapes, both in the city and in the countryside. Consider also intangible aspects of water-linked heritage, from traditional water management practices to values and local stories. These all have the potential to galvanize the interests of diverse stakeholders and provide a foundation for an ecosystemic approach to sustainable urban and regional development. This is not only because of positive values associated with water, but also because water-linked heritage valorization can effectively connect environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainability. By working with water-linked heritage as a vector of the ecosystemic transformation of cities and regions, one can span multiple boundaries. First, doing so can attract a diverse set of stakeholders representing different disciplines and policy sectors, engaging them in place-making and the co-creation of transition strategies and tactical activities. Second, water allows for defining functional geographies and strategically linking diverse places connected by water bodies, cutting across administrative boundaries. By drawing upon five international case studies involved in the Interreg WaVE project, the authors have elaborated a typology to classify and compare different approaches to heritage valorization.
Habitat international, May 1, 2016
Planning systems are not typically demand led; they tend rather to be driven by the aim of • bala... more Planning systems are not typically demand led; they tend rather to be driven by the aim of • balancing demand with constraint. Irish and Spanish planning systems have facilitated increased development in response to • large increases in residential demand and appear less constraining than systems in the other countries.
International Planning Studies, Aug 21, 2019
Ciudad Guayana was born as an industrial new town in the early 1960s, as an ambitious national ef... more Ciudad Guayana was born as an industrial new town in the early 1960s, as an ambitious national effort to stimulate the regional development of Venezuela. Its planning was the fruit of a unique partnership between the Venezuelan development agency (CVG) and the Joint Center for Urban Studies from Harvard University and the MIT. Looking for answers to the rapid urbanization issues, the academic planners were willing to test the latest planning and design approaches on the field, implementing several experimental projects. Ciudad Guayana became a useful urban laboratory that provided important urban lessons. Based on literature research, archival research at MIT and Harvard, and interviews with planners working on both teams, this paper presents how the two teams approached, debated and clashed about four significant challenges of building the new town. Ciudad Guayana provided important urban lessons, useful for similar kind of new towns and satellite cities, as the ones currently emerging in Asia, Africa and the Middle East.
Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, Jan 31, 2012
Regional Studies, May 3, 2013
Fernández-Maldonado A. M., Romein A., Verkoren O. and Parente Paula Pessoa R. Polycentric structu... more Fernández-Maldonado A. M., Romein A., Verkoren O. and Parente Paula Pessoa R. Polycentric structures in Latin American metropolitan areas: identifying employment sub-centres, Regional Studies. The significant spatial transformations that have occurred within Latin American metropolitan areas since the 1990s have triggered many local studies claiming the formation of polycentric structures. This study explores the extent of that process, identifying sub-centres of employment using the double threshold methodology of job concentration and employment density in Mexico City (Mexico), Lima (Peru) and Fortaleza (Brazil). The results, although partial due to an absence of data on informal employment, indicate that Latin American metropolises are moving towards polycentric structures. But the identified employment sub-centres are mostly located in or near the metropolitan core, which practically excludes the formation of polycentric nodes in the metropolitan periphery.
Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning, 2016
K e y w o r d s: energy efficiency of historic buildings, regeneration of historic centres, urban... more K e y w o r d s: energy efficiency of historic buildings, regeneration of historic centres, urban energy planning, building adaptation to energy efficiency, Santiago de Compostela A B S T R A C T maintained the compactness and mixed functions of the traditional Spanish urbanism. There is, however, an important aspect that needs to be tackled by the city to be on the right track towards energy efficiency: the adaptation of the historic centre's buildings to bioclimatic considerations in the context of strict levels of protection of the built environment. Due to Santiago's exceptional historic core, local planning regulations have changed priorities during different periods, but have always shared the objective of Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning J o u r n a l h o m e p a g e: http://jssp.reviste.ubbcluj.ro Santiago de Compostelais well-known for its historic core of exceptional quality, as a World Heritage Site. Due to its mild climate, its large amount of green areas, and its compact urban pattern with mixed functions, it has a low level of residential energy consumption, but not in its historic core, in which monumental buildings of different age combine with dwellings in a pedestrianised urban environment. The European 20-20-20 targets present big challenges for historic areas such as Santiago. The present study assesses Santiago's strengths and weaknesses in terms of urban planning and energy efficiency, and explores what local planning can do for the adaptation of the historic centre to energy-efficiency considerations. The findings show that local plans have paid attention to environmental issues differently in the past decades, according to each period's priorities. Only recently, local planning has address ed energy efficiency issue, mainly in the case of public infrastructure. They also suggest a limited capacity of the local authorities to pursue energy efficiency goals at a residential level, and serious lack of knowledge about the actual energy situation. A proactive role of the local government towards energy efficiency requires the commitment of all stakeholders. The presence of institutions specialized in urban regeneration, such as the 'Consorcio', gathering the most important local stakeholders, suggests positive outcomes if long-term coordination is achieved.
Flux, 2002
Despite the lack of a vision, policies, programs, subsidies or support from the government or pri... more Despite the lack of a vision, policies, programs, subsidies or support from the government or private firms to promote and facilitate the development of ICTs in Peru, it constitutes a good practice example in terms of access to the new technologies. This is thanks to the widespread availability of cabinas publicas de Internet in the main cities, where most Internet users access the Web. This paper documents the diffusion and use of ICTs in the different socio-economic sectors in Lima, with a special attention to the lower-income groups, using successive (quantitative) surveys on ICT use in households, cabinas users, and Internet users in Metropolitan Lima, and recent observations and interviews to people working in the field. The results of this study show that the cabinas are effectively improving the daily life of a great part of the residents of Lima, and especially the youth, offering different types of urban services, which have been absent in poor neighborhoods (libraries, post offices, recreation facilities, study places, youth centers, training centers, etc.). But access is not all. This auspicious first step should be supported to produce more sophisticated applications and local content, with the purpose to promote local development.
Flux, 2002
Elle collabore depuis 1997 à un projet intitulé The Network City VROM et consacré à l'étude des l... more Elle collabore depuis 1997 à un projet intitulé The Network City VROM et consacré à l'étude des liens entre villes et technologies d'information et de communication (projet développé conjointement par sa faculté et par le ministère du logement, de l'aménagement et de l'environnement néerlandais). Elle prépare en outre une thèse de doctorat sur les télécommunications dans les métropoles latino-américaines. Elle a notamment publié récemment : ICT and Urban Deprivation. Focus on the least connected (avec P.
Built Environment, Jun 25, 2017
Geoforum, Nov 1, 2008
In many cities of the developing world, poor residents occupy land and build their dwellings befo... more In many cities of the developing world, poor residents occupy land and build their dwellings before infrastructure is provided. Expanding the infrastructure networks for the poor is a long, expensive and complicated affair. Before the 1990s, the public sector was generally in charge of the basic services; but these services have been liberalized and, in many cases, privatized since then. In this new context, a relevant question is: have these reforms contributed to urban integration? Or, on the contrary, have they contributed to deepen urban fragmentation? This study presents the case of water and telecommunications services in Lima, Peru, the most contested and politically sensitive urban sectors. The objective is to test Graham and Marvin's claims about the splintering of networked infrastructures expressed in Splintering Urbanism. The findings show that the reforms have improved the situation at aggregate level, but there is still no sustainable solution for the crucial dilemma of cities with high poverty restrictions: self-financed network expansions versus service affordability. The diverging paths of the utilities reform in Lima illustrate that privatization is not the main issue in the discussion to expand the networks for the poor. The main conclusion is that sensible policies complemented with carefully targeted subsidies and continuous regulation can successfully provide water for all. Good governance practices at the urban level help to achieve this goal. Water and telecommunications in Lima also show that are no general solutions for the universalization of the services; each city is different and some sectors are much more complex and problematic than others. This demands careful and continuous technical and political consideration of the local circumstances to reform the utilities.
Regional Studies, Oct 6, 2020
Whether spatial planning systems are equipped to cope with contemporary regional and urban challe... more Whether spatial planning systems are equipped to cope with contemporary regional and urban challenges is strongly dependent on their capacity to promote integration between policy sectors, to respond adaptively to changing societal and political conditions, and to involve and engage citizens in decision-making processes. This paper examines and compares how these capacities have evolved in European countries since the start of the 21st century. The findings indicate that many countries have made reforms to spatial planning with significant implications for their capacity to promote integrated, adaptive and collective planning decisions.
Social and economic background Changes in the urban structure 3.4. Metropolitan transformations s... more Social and economic background Changes in the urban structure 3.4. Metropolitan transformations since the 1980s a) Changes in the urban context Changes in the urban economic scene: crises, instability and inequality Changes in the urban political scene: further weakening of urban planning Changes in the urban social scene: fragmentation and polarisation Changes in the urban demographic scene: the troubles of the youth b) Corresponding socio-spatial changes Privatisation of urban space Large urban projects and a new urban landscape Decline of the traditional centre and rise of alternative centres Morphological transformations c) The Latin American metropolis of the 21 st century 3.5. Conclusions Part III. Empirical exploration Chapter 4. ICT infrastructural networks and nodes in Latin America 95 4.1. The global telecommunications sector 4.2. The Latin American telecommunications sector 4.3. Internet and mobile telephony fever in Latin America 4.4. Latin America's Internet backbone networks 4.5. Latin American metropolises as nodes in the digital networks a) Backbone capacity b) Networks access points c) Local connectivity 4.6. Conclusions Consequences for urban development Chapter 5. ICT industries and businesses in the Latin American metropolises 121 5.1. Main issues of the digital economy Locational aspects of the production of the Internet 5.2. Latin American urban economies a) Latin American economies' links with global networks From local to foreign control and ownership The rise of specialised global firms b) Latin American metropolises in the knowledge economy Research and Development in Latin America ICT-related transformations in Latin American metropolises 12 Technology parks and innovation clusters in Latin America 5.3. Networks of ICT production in the urban economy a) Hardware industries b) Software industries c) Content production industries 5.4. Networks of ICT consumption in the urban economy 5.5. Conclusions Consequences for urban development Chapter 6. ICTs networks in everyday life 151 6.1. Access to ICTs in Latin America a) Access to computers b) Access to fixed and mobile telephony c) Access to the Internet Income level Age composition Gender composition Geographic location d) General access to ICTs 6.2. Internet usage in Latin American cities a) Internet use outside the home Cybercafés or commercial Internet centres Socially-oriented telecentres Government Internet centres b) The Internet as communication medium The Internet for instrumental purposes The Internet as entertainment medium c) The 'effective use' issue 6.3. Related urban transformations a) Transformations in urban functions A new type of urban facility: cybercafés for local people Online services for substandard neighbourhoods Virtual cities: online information and services b) New types of urban and social interactions The Latin American city is spreading itself to the world The social and cultural gap between elites and other sectors is broadening New ways to engage in collective action at urban level Cyberspace as a communication space between citizens and local institutions 6.4. Conclusions Part IV. Case-studies Chapter 7. ICTs in Lima as a case-study 189 7.1. Urban development of Lima a) Lima as a city of 'barriadas' b) The 1980s: informality as a way of life c) The 1990s: a new Lima emerges 7.2. Lima's local and international ICT connectivity 7.3. ICT industries and businesses in Lima a) ICT production industries Hardware industries Software products and services Content industries Hardware industries Software products and services Content industries a) ICT consumption industries and businesses The globally oriented side of the economy The local economy ICTs and the government 8.4. Users and uses of ICTs in Buenos Aires a) Buenos Aires' ICT users b) ICT usage in Buenos Aires The Alerta Plan in Saavedra The role of ICTs in the December 2001 crisis 8.5. Conclusions Consequences for urban development Part V. Conclusions and Recommendations Chapter 9. Conclusions and recommendations 269 9.1. Main conclusions a) Conclusions regarding urban planning and policy in Latin America b) ICTs in Lima and Buenos Aires 9.2. Recommendations regarding urban planning in Latin America 9.3. Directions for further research 9.4. Concluding remarks a) Final conclusions b) The challenge ahead
International Journal of Knowledge-based Development, 2011
... In 2003, the Knowledge Alliance South Holland (Kennisalliantie Zuid-Holland) was established ... more ... In 2003, the Knowledge Alliance South Holland (Kennisalliantie Zuid-Holland) was established as such a network with participation of the province of South Holland, the municipalities of Delft, The Hague, Rotterdam and Leiden, the regional Chamber of Commerce and several ...
Springer eBooks, 2021
Since the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the... more Since the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the long-established opposition between the centre and the periphery, developing a more complex arrangement. Sustained national economic growth has allowed better socioeconomic conditions in different areas of the city. However, high inequality still remains in the ways of production of urban space, which affects residential segregation. To identify possible changes in the segregation patterns of Metropolitan Lima, this study focuses on the spatial patterns of occupational groups, examining their causes and relation with income inequality. The analysis is based on the 1993 and 2007 census data, measuring residential segregation by the Dissimilarity Index, comparing with the Diversity Index. The results confirm trends towards increased segregation between occupational groups. Top occupational groups are concentrated in central areas, expanding into adjacent districts. Bottom occupational groups are over-represented in distant neighbourhoods. Inbetween, a new, more mixed, transitional zone has emerged in upgraded formerly low-income neighbourhoods. Areas of lower occupational diversity coincide with extreme income values, forming spaces of greater segregation. In the metropolitan centre-periphery pattern, the centre has expanded, while the periphery has been shifted to outer peripheral rings.
IGI Global eBooks, Jan 18, 2011
Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, Mar 30, 2012
Journal of Urban Technology, Apr 1, 2003
the most economically advantaged regions and nations. Despite the rapid diffusion of these techno... more the most economically advantaged regions and nations. Despite the rapid diffusion of these technologies, especially the Internet, the promise of their trickling-down to all corners of society remains mostly unfulfilled. No nation can claim that all of its citizens have full connectivity. That is why most countries, including the most connected, have launched nationwide strategies to tackle the differences in connectivity. Indeed, universal access to ICT, meaning that ICT is accessible to all people in all places, is considered one of the myths about these new technologies. A similar myth prevails with regard to the Internet in particular. The World Wide Web is supposed to be a global and open technology which allows all nations and societies equal access to the continuously expanding realm of cyberspace and provides them with information, commercial opportunities, and business relationships to finally usher in a new age of democracy, a socio-political utopia. Whether all people in all places have equal access to ICT, however, remains an empirical question. Solid empirical research still can help debunk myths. However, learning the extent of exclusion is not a mere academic exercise because if research details an exclusion, S with most technologies, information and communications technologies (ICT) have made their way first to economically advantaged people who live in the cities of
Journal of Urban Technology, Dec 1, 2001
to the Internet in the United States and in many countries in Western Europe has been gained thro... more to the Internet in the United States and in many countries in Western Europe has been gained through Internet connections via home computers. In Peru, however, people not owning computers have managed to gain access to the Internet through cabinas públicas de Internet, seemingly ubiquitous, small-scale storefront operations, similar to cyber cafes, that offer low-cost, reliable connections. These connections are widely used and are responsible for Peru's being one of the countries with the highest collective access to the Internet. In the United States, for example, where most Internet connections are made via home computers, on a typical day in April 2001, Netsizer counted 2.28 Internet users per Internet host; on that same day, there were 79.96 users per host in Peru. While other countries in Latin America that have high Internet access rely on government intervention, Peru's government offers no support other than regulating competition in the telecommunications sector. Access to the Internet in Peru is the fruit of thousands of private initiatives of small, local entrepreneurs, who have been quick to understand that there is a high demand for information and communications technologies (ICT) that cannot be met under the traditional scheme of individual ownership, especially under the present circum-HE technology associated with information and communications technologies in general, and the Internet in particular, has had a number of different methods of diffusion. Access Hilbert