Anatoly Belyakov - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Anatoly Belyakov

Research paper thumbnail of Are Quazars White Holes

Research paper thumbnail of On the Deviation of the Standard Model Predictions in the Large Hadron Collider Experiments (Letters to Progress in Physics)

Progress in Physics, 2016

The newest Large Hadron Collider experiments targeting the search for New Physics manifested the ... more The newest Large Hadron Collider experiments targeting the search for New Physics manifested the possibility of new heavy particles. Such particles are not predicted in the framework of Standard Model, however their existence is lawful in the framework of another model based on J. A.Wheeler's geometrodynamcs.

Research paper thumbnail of Finding the Fine Structure of the Solutions of Complicate Logical Probabilistic Problems by the Frequent Distributions

Research paper thumbnail of On Some General Regularities of Formation of the Planetary Systems

Progress in Physics, 2014

J.Wheeler's geometrodynamic concept have been used, in which space continuum is considered as a t... more J.Wheeler's geometrodynamic concept have been used, in which space continuum is considered as a topologically non-unitary coherent surface admitting the existence of transitions of the input-output kind between distant regions of the space in an additional dimension. This model assumes the existence of closed structures (micro-and macrocontours) formed due to the balance between main interactions: gravitational, electric, magnetic, and inertial forces. It is such macrocontours that have been demonstrated to form-independently of their material basisthe essential structure of objects at various levels of organization of matter. On the basis of this concept in this paper basic regularities acting during formation planetary systems have been obtained. The existence of two sharply different types of planetary systems has been determined. The dependencies linking the masses of the planets, the diameters of the planets, the orbital radii of the planet, and the mass of the central body have been deduced. Formation of low-density planets was explained. The possibility of formation Earth-like planets near brown dwarfs has been grounded. The minimum mass of the planet, which may arise in the planetary system, has been defined.

Research paper thumbnail of Determination of the Neutrino Mass

viXra, Dec 1, 2015

The neutrino mass in four different independent formulations has been successfully calculated on ... more The neutrino mass in four different independent formulations has been successfully calculated on the basis of the mechanistic interpretation of J.Wheeler's geometrodynamics concept. Mechanical analogue of the weak interaction is presented. Its adequacy is confirmed by the various variants for calculating the neutrino mass. The calculated mass agrees well with the indirect estimation of the neutrino mass obtained on the basis of cosmological data. It has been established that neutrinos can change its structure and properties, in particular, a magnetic moment, that leads to changes in the power of detected neutrinos flow (neutrino oscillations). The time constant of neutrino oscillations is calculated.

Research paper thumbnail of Is the Field of Numbers a Real Physical Field? On the Frequent Distribution and Masses of the Elementary Particles

viXra, Feb 1, 2013

Frequent distributions of the databases of the numerical values obtained by resolving algorithms,... more Frequent distributions of the databases of the numerical values obtained by resolving algorithms, which describe physical and other processes, give a possibility for bonding the probability of that results the algorithms get. In the frequent distribution of the fractions of integers (rational numbers), local maxima which meet the ratios of masses of the elementary particles have been found. * There is a ready-to-use function "frequency" in MS Excel; another software can be applied as well.

Research paper thumbnail of The Substantive Model of the Proton According to J. Wheeler’s Geometrodynamic Concept

viXra, Nov 1, 2020

The review article presents the proton structure in accordance with the model based on a mechanis... more The review article presents the proton structure in accordance with the model based on a mechanistic interpretation of Wheeler's geometrodynamics. It is shown that this model gives a physically justified interpretation of the concepts introduced in quantum chromodynamics, such as "quark", "color", and also excludes the problem of confinement and others. The main parameters of the proton are calculated, namely: its mass, magnetic moment, lifetime, the proton-neutron mass difference, and also an analytical formula for its radius is derived. Typical lifetimes for various classes of elementary particles have been determined. Successful usage of the model gives reason to assume the model can be used for development a more rational theory of strong interactions instead of QCD.

Research paper thumbnail of Calculating the Parameters of the Tetraneutron

viXra, Mar 1, 2017

A large international group of theorists, using the high precision nucleon-nucleon interaction be... more A large international group of theorists, using the high precision nucleon-nucleon interaction between neutrons, issued the theoretical estimates of the four-neutron (4n) system resonance state energy and its lifetime. For this purpose numerous calculations using supercomputers have been made and obtained the values of 0.84 MeV and 5×10-22 seconds. The same results were obtained with much less efforts based on the mechanistic interpretation of John Wheeler's geometrodynamic idea.

Research paper thumbnail of Charge of the Electron, and the Constants of Radiation According to J.A.Wheeler’s Geometrodynamic Model

viXra, Dec 1, 2012

This study suggests a mechanical interpretation of Wheller's model of the charge. According to th... more This study suggests a mechanical interpretation of Wheller's model of the charge. According to the suggested interpretation, the oppositely charged particles are connected through the vortical lines of the current thus create a close contour "input-output" whose parameters determine the properties of the charge and spin. Depending on the energetic state of the system, the contour can be structurized into the units of the second and thirs order (photons). It is found that, in the framework of this interpretation, the charge is equivalent to the momentum. The numerical value of the unit charge has also been calculated proceeding from this basis. A system of the relations, connecting the charge to the constants of radiation (the Boltzmann, Wien, and Stefan-Boltzmann constants, and the fine structure constant) has been obtained: this give a possibility for calculating all these constants through the unit charge.

Research paper thumbnail of On the Limit Energy of Cosmic Rays

viXra, Dec 1, 2017

It is established that the upper limit of cosmic-ray energy due to the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin ef... more It is established that the upper limit of cosmic-ray energy due to the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin effect is local. On the basis of the mechanistic interpretation of J. Wheeler's geometrodynamic concept, a more fundamental limitation on this limit was established, which, in the final analysis, depends on Planck's size (ђγ/c 3) 1/2 and for protons the limit is 4.51×10 18 eV. The inflection in the spectrum curve, the "knee", corresponds to the mass-energy of the vortex tube of the limiting proton-electron contour, 1.46×10 15 eV. For other nuclei these energies increase in proportion to the atomic number of the element.

Research paper thumbnail of Probabilistic Factors as a Possible Reason of the Stability of Planetary and Electronic Orbits

Progress in Physics, Jul 1, 2013

An explanation is proposed that probabilistic factors cause the existence of the stable planetary... more An explanation is proposed that probabilistic factors cause the existence of the stable planetary orbits and electronic ones. It is confirmed when constructing frequency distributions of relevant virials.

Research paper thumbnail of Evolution of Stellar Objects According to J.Wheeler’s Geometrodynamic Concept

viXra, 2013

The proposed model is based on J. Wheeler's geometrodynamic concept, in which space continuum is ... more The proposed model is based on J. Wheeler's geometrodynamic concept, in which space continuum is considered as a topologically non-unitary coherent surface admitting the existence of transitions of the input-output kind between distant regions of the space in an additional dimension. The existence of closed structures (macrocontours) formed at the expense of interbalance of gravitational, electric, magnetic and inertial forces has been substantiated. It is such macrocontours that have been demonstrated to form-independently of their material basis-the essential structure of stellar objects (SO) and to determine the position of these objects on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Models of the characteristic types of stellar objects: stars and compact bodies emerging in the end of stellar evolution-have been presented, and their standard parameters at different stages of evolution have been calculated. The existence of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram has been substantiated, and its computational analogue has been given. Parallels between stellar and microcosmic objects are drawn. Recognizing the Seeker, Nature itself will come to meet him.

Research paper thumbnail of Macro-Analogies and Gravitation in the Micro-World: Further Elaboration of Wheeler’s Model of Geometrodynamics

viXra, Dec 1, 2012

The proposed model is based on Wheeler's geometrodynamics of fluctuating topology and its further... more The proposed model is based on Wheeler's geometrodynamics of fluctuating topology and its further elaboration based on new macro-analogies. Micro-particles are considered here as particular oscillating deformations or turbulent structures in non-unitaty coherent two-dimensional surfaces. The model uses analogies of the macro-world, includes into consideration gravitational forces and surmises the existence of closed structures, based on the equilibrium of magnetic and gravitational forces, thereby supplementing the Standard Model. This model has perfect inner logic. The following phenomena and notions are thus explained or interpreted: the existence of three generations of elementary particles, quark-confinement,"Zitterbewegung", and supersymmetry. Masses of leptons and quarks are expressed through fundamental constants and calculated in the first approximation. The other parameters-such as the ratio among masses of the proton, neutron and electron, size of the proton, its magnetic moment, the gravitational constant, the semi-decay time of the neutron, the boundary energy of the beta-decay-are determined with enough precision.

Research paper thumbnail of Nuclear Power and the Structure of a Nucleus According to J. Wheeler's Geometrodynamic Concept

PrPh, 2015

In this paper on a unified basis in terms of mechanistic interpretation of J.Wheeler's geometrody... more In this paper on a unified basis in terms of mechanistic interpretation of J.Wheeler's geometrodynamic concept the attempt to explain the nature of nuclear forces as the result of the complex nucleons structure and to submit the model of the structure of atomic nuclei is done. It is shown that the assumption of the existence of closed contours, including electron and proton quarks leads to a conclusion about the existence of W, Z-bosons and also the Higgs boson whose mass is calculated. Values of the coupling constants in the strong and weak interactions are calculated, and it is shown that they do not indicate the strength of the interaction, but indicate only the strength of bonds between the elements of nucleon structure. The binding energy of the deuteron, triton and alpha particles are defined. Dependence of the nucleon-nucleon interaction of the distance is explained. The structural scheme of nuclei is proposed, the inevitability of presence of envelopes in nuclei is proved, the expressions allowing to estimate the features of nuclear structure, as well as correctly to assess the binding energy of nuclei and their mass numbers are obtained. The results of calculations at the level of the model suggest the possibility to use this model for the construction of an appropriate theory.

Research paper thumbnail of On the Speed of Light and Continuity of Physical Vacuum

Research paper thumbnail of On the Possible Nature of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Research paper thumbnail of On the Uniform Dimension System. Is there Necessity for Coulomb

viXra, Mar 1, 2013

It is shown that the dimensions of electrical units (ampere, coulomb, etc.) are surplus. Although... more It is shown that the dimensions of electrical units (ampere, coulomb, etc.) are surplus. Although electric and magnetic dimensions in systems CGSE and CGSM are expressed in the terms of mass, length, and time units (in SI units ampere was added), they seem strange and bizarre. The exception is a unit of capacity in the system CGSE whose dimension (centimeters) looks convincing. Of course, the dimensions are relative; however, it causes internal resistance, misunderstanding, and difficulties in the perception of the relevant areas of physics, especially for students. Is there need of having electrical values proper, above all ampere (or coulomb)?

Research paper thumbnail of Combinatorics and Frequency Distributions as the Determining Factors of Electron and Nuclear Spectra

It has been established that electronic and nuclear spectra can be calculated and formed using co... more It has been established that electronic and nuclear spectra can be calculated and formed using combinatorics and frequency distributions (FD) provided that electrons, nucleons and other elementary particles in the composition of an atom are represented as unit structureless elements. The examples given show a good match between the calculated spectra and the experimental ones. The program for calculating spectrograms has been compiled.

Research paper thumbnail of On the Independent Determination of the Ultimate Density of Physical Vacuum

viXra, Nov 1, 2012

In this paper, we attempt to present physical vacuum as a topologically non-unitary coherent surf... more In this paper, we attempt to present physical vacuum as a topologically non-unitary coherent surface. This representation follows with J. A. Wheeler's idea about fluctuating topology, and provides a possibility to express some parameters of the unit space element through the fundamental constants. As a result, we determined the ultimate density of physical vacuum without use of Hubble's constant.

Research paper thumbnail of On the Nature of Ball Lightning

viXra, May 1, 2016

The author proposes a model of ball lightning based on a mechanistic interpretation of John Wheel... more The author proposes a model of ball lightning based on a mechanistic interpretation of John Wheeler's ideas. It is assumed that ball lightning is a quasi-particle that has the Planck mass and consists of closed contours, which in turn are based on the magnetic and gravity force balance. These contours are hard packed in a small volume of ball lightning, forming a multilayer capacitor containing a substantial charge and electrostatic energy. This paper provides calculations of characteristic parameters of ball lightning, which are well consistent with its phenomenology.

Research paper thumbnail of Are Quazars White Holes

Research paper thumbnail of On the Deviation of the Standard Model Predictions in the Large Hadron Collider Experiments (Letters to Progress in Physics)

Progress in Physics, 2016

The newest Large Hadron Collider experiments targeting the search for New Physics manifested the ... more The newest Large Hadron Collider experiments targeting the search for New Physics manifested the possibility of new heavy particles. Such particles are not predicted in the framework of Standard Model, however their existence is lawful in the framework of another model based on J. A.Wheeler's geometrodynamcs.

Research paper thumbnail of Finding the Fine Structure of the Solutions of Complicate Logical Probabilistic Problems by the Frequent Distributions

Research paper thumbnail of On Some General Regularities of Formation of the Planetary Systems

Progress in Physics, 2014

J.Wheeler's geometrodynamic concept have been used, in which space continuum is considered as a t... more J.Wheeler's geometrodynamic concept have been used, in which space continuum is considered as a topologically non-unitary coherent surface admitting the existence of transitions of the input-output kind between distant regions of the space in an additional dimension. This model assumes the existence of closed structures (micro-and macrocontours) formed due to the balance between main interactions: gravitational, electric, magnetic, and inertial forces. It is such macrocontours that have been demonstrated to form-independently of their material basisthe essential structure of objects at various levels of organization of matter. On the basis of this concept in this paper basic regularities acting during formation planetary systems have been obtained. The existence of two sharply different types of planetary systems has been determined. The dependencies linking the masses of the planets, the diameters of the planets, the orbital radii of the planet, and the mass of the central body have been deduced. Formation of low-density planets was explained. The possibility of formation Earth-like planets near brown dwarfs has been grounded. The minimum mass of the planet, which may arise in the planetary system, has been defined.

Research paper thumbnail of Determination of the Neutrino Mass

viXra, Dec 1, 2015

The neutrino mass in four different independent formulations has been successfully calculated on ... more The neutrino mass in four different independent formulations has been successfully calculated on the basis of the mechanistic interpretation of J.Wheeler's geometrodynamics concept. Mechanical analogue of the weak interaction is presented. Its adequacy is confirmed by the various variants for calculating the neutrino mass. The calculated mass agrees well with the indirect estimation of the neutrino mass obtained on the basis of cosmological data. It has been established that neutrinos can change its structure and properties, in particular, a magnetic moment, that leads to changes in the power of detected neutrinos flow (neutrino oscillations). The time constant of neutrino oscillations is calculated.

Research paper thumbnail of Is the Field of Numbers a Real Physical Field? On the Frequent Distribution and Masses of the Elementary Particles

viXra, Feb 1, 2013

Frequent distributions of the databases of the numerical values obtained by resolving algorithms,... more Frequent distributions of the databases of the numerical values obtained by resolving algorithms, which describe physical and other processes, give a possibility for bonding the probability of that results the algorithms get. In the frequent distribution of the fractions of integers (rational numbers), local maxima which meet the ratios of masses of the elementary particles have been found. * There is a ready-to-use function "frequency" in MS Excel; another software can be applied as well.

Research paper thumbnail of The Substantive Model of the Proton According to J. Wheeler’s Geometrodynamic Concept

viXra, Nov 1, 2020

The review article presents the proton structure in accordance with the model based on a mechanis... more The review article presents the proton structure in accordance with the model based on a mechanistic interpretation of Wheeler's geometrodynamics. It is shown that this model gives a physically justified interpretation of the concepts introduced in quantum chromodynamics, such as "quark", "color", and also excludes the problem of confinement and others. The main parameters of the proton are calculated, namely: its mass, magnetic moment, lifetime, the proton-neutron mass difference, and also an analytical formula for its radius is derived. Typical lifetimes for various classes of elementary particles have been determined. Successful usage of the model gives reason to assume the model can be used for development a more rational theory of strong interactions instead of QCD.

Research paper thumbnail of Calculating the Parameters of the Tetraneutron

viXra, Mar 1, 2017

A large international group of theorists, using the high precision nucleon-nucleon interaction be... more A large international group of theorists, using the high precision nucleon-nucleon interaction between neutrons, issued the theoretical estimates of the four-neutron (4n) system resonance state energy and its lifetime. For this purpose numerous calculations using supercomputers have been made and obtained the values of 0.84 MeV and 5×10-22 seconds. The same results were obtained with much less efforts based on the mechanistic interpretation of John Wheeler's geometrodynamic idea.

Research paper thumbnail of Charge of the Electron, and the Constants of Radiation According to J.A.Wheeler’s Geometrodynamic Model

viXra, Dec 1, 2012

This study suggests a mechanical interpretation of Wheller's model of the charge. According to th... more This study suggests a mechanical interpretation of Wheller's model of the charge. According to the suggested interpretation, the oppositely charged particles are connected through the vortical lines of the current thus create a close contour "input-output" whose parameters determine the properties of the charge and spin. Depending on the energetic state of the system, the contour can be structurized into the units of the second and thirs order (photons). It is found that, in the framework of this interpretation, the charge is equivalent to the momentum. The numerical value of the unit charge has also been calculated proceeding from this basis. A system of the relations, connecting the charge to the constants of radiation (the Boltzmann, Wien, and Stefan-Boltzmann constants, and the fine structure constant) has been obtained: this give a possibility for calculating all these constants through the unit charge.

Research paper thumbnail of On the Limit Energy of Cosmic Rays

viXra, Dec 1, 2017

It is established that the upper limit of cosmic-ray energy due to the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin ef... more It is established that the upper limit of cosmic-ray energy due to the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin effect is local. On the basis of the mechanistic interpretation of J. Wheeler's geometrodynamic concept, a more fundamental limitation on this limit was established, which, in the final analysis, depends on Planck's size (ђγ/c 3) 1/2 and for protons the limit is 4.51×10 18 eV. The inflection in the spectrum curve, the "knee", corresponds to the mass-energy of the vortex tube of the limiting proton-electron contour, 1.46×10 15 eV. For other nuclei these energies increase in proportion to the atomic number of the element.

Research paper thumbnail of Probabilistic Factors as a Possible Reason of the Stability of Planetary and Electronic Orbits

Progress in Physics, Jul 1, 2013

An explanation is proposed that probabilistic factors cause the existence of the stable planetary... more An explanation is proposed that probabilistic factors cause the existence of the stable planetary orbits and electronic ones. It is confirmed when constructing frequency distributions of relevant virials.

Research paper thumbnail of Evolution of Stellar Objects According to J.Wheeler’s Geometrodynamic Concept

viXra, 2013

The proposed model is based on J. Wheeler's geometrodynamic concept, in which space continuum is ... more The proposed model is based on J. Wheeler's geometrodynamic concept, in which space continuum is considered as a topologically non-unitary coherent surface admitting the existence of transitions of the input-output kind between distant regions of the space in an additional dimension. The existence of closed structures (macrocontours) formed at the expense of interbalance of gravitational, electric, magnetic and inertial forces has been substantiated. It is such macrocontours that have been demonstrated to form-independently of their material basis-the essential structure of stellar objects (SO) and to determine the position of these objects on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Models of the characteristic types of stellar objects: stars and compact bodies emerging in the end of stellar evolution-have been presented, and their standard parameters at different stages of evolution have been calculated. The existence of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram has been substantiated, and its computational analogue has been given. Parallels between stellar and microcosmic objects are drawn. Recognizing the Seeker, Nature itself will come to meet him.

Research paper thumbnail of Macro-Analogies and Gravitation in the Micro-World: Further Elaboration of Wheeler’s Model of Geometrodynamics

viXra, Dec 1, 2012

The proposed model is based on Wheeler's geometrodynamics of fluctuating topology and its further... more The proposed model is based on Wheeler's geometrodynamics of fluctuating topology and its further elaboration based on new macro-analogies. Micro-particles are considered here as particular oscillating deformations or turbulent structures in non-unitaty coherent two-dimensional surfaces. The model uses analogies of the macro-world, includes into consideration gravitational forces and surmises the existence of closed structures, based on the equilibrium of magnetic and gravitational forces, thereby supplementing the Standard Model. This model has perfect inner logic. The following phenomena and notions are thus explained or interpreted: the existence of three generations of elementary particles, quark-confinement,"Zitterbewegung", and supersymmetry. Masses of leptons and quarks are expressed through fundamental constants and calculated in the first approximation. The other parameters-such as the ratio among masses of the proton, neutron and electron, size of the proton, its magnetic moment, the gravitational constant, the semi-decay time of the neutron, the boundary energy of the beta-decay-are determined with enough precision.

Research paper thumbnail of Nuclear Power and the Structure of a Nucleus According to J. Wheeler's Geometrodynamic Concept

PrPh, 2015

In this paper on a unified basis in terms of mechanistic interpretation of J.Wheeler's geometrody... more In this paper on a unified basis in terms of mechanistic interpretation of J.Wheeler's geometrodynamic concept the attempt to explain the nature of nuclear forces as the result of the complex nucleons structure and to submit the model of the structure of atomic nuclei is done. It is shown that the assumption of the existence of closed contours, including electron and proton quarks leads to a conclusion about the existence of W, Z-bosons and also the Higgs boson whose mass is calculated. Values of the coupling constants in the strong and weak interactions are calculated, and it is shown that they do not indicate the strength of the interaction, but indicate only the strength of bonds between the elements of nucleon structure. The binding energy of the deuteron, triton and alpha particles are defined. Dependence of the nucleon-nucleon interaction of the distance is explained. The structural scheme of nuclei is proposed, the inevitability of presence of envelopes in nuclei is proved, the expressions allowing to estimate the features of nuclear structure, as well as correctly to assess the binding energy of nuclei and their mass numbers are obtained. The results of calculations at the level of the model suggest the possibility to use this model for the construction of an appropriate theory.

Research paper thumbnail of On the Speed of Light and Continuity of Physical Vacuum

Research paper thumbnail of On the Possible Nature of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Research paper thumbnail of On the Uniform Dimension System. Is there Necessity for Coulomb

viXra, Mar 1, 2013

It is shown that the dimensions of electrical units (ampere, coulomb, etc.) are surplus. Although... more It is shown that the dimensions of electrical units (ampere, coulomb, etc.) are surplus. Although electric and magnetic dimensions in systems CGSE and CGSM are expressed in the terms of mass, length, and time units (in SI units ampere was added), they seem strange and bizarre. The exception is a unit of capacity in the system CGSE whose dimension (centimeters) looks convincing. Of course, the dimensions are relative; however, it causes internal resistance, misunderstanding, and difficulties in the perception of the relevant areas of physics, especially for students. Is there need of having electrical values proper, above all ampere (or coulomb)?

Research paper thumbnail of Combinatorics and Frequency Distributions as the Determining Factors of Electron and Nuclear Spectra

It has been established that electronic and nuclear spectra can be calculated and formed using co... more It has been established that electronic and nuclear spectra can be calculated and formed using combinatorics and frequency distributions (FD) provided that electrons, nucleons and other elementary particles in the composition of an atom are represented as unit structureless elements. The examples given show a good match between the calculated spectra and the experimental ones. The program for calculating spectrograms has been compiled.

Research paper thumbnail of On the Independent Determination of the Ultimate Density of Physical Vacuum

viXra, Nov 1, 2012

In this paper, we attempt to present physical vacuum as a topologically non-unitary coherent surf... more In this paper, we attempt to present physical vacuum as a topologically non-unitary coherent surface. This representation follows with J. A. Wheeler's idea about fluctuating topology, and provides a possibility to express some parameters of the unit space element through the fundamental constants. As a result, we determined the ultimate density of physical vacuum without use of Hubble's constant.

Research paper thumbnail of On the Nature of Ball Lightning

viXra, May 1, 2016

The author proposes a model of ball lightning based on a mechanistic interpretation of John Wheel... more The author proposes a model of ball lightning based on a mechanistic interpretation of John Wheeler's ideas. It is assumed that ball lightning is a quasi-particle that has the Planck mass and consists of closed contours, which in turn are based on the magnetic and gravity force balance. These contours are hard packed in a small volume of ball lightning, forming a multilayer capacitor containing a substantial charge and electrostatic energy. This paper provides calculations of characteristic parameters of ball lightning, which are well consistent with its phenomenology.