Andrew Moxey - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Andrew Moxey

... Survey. This report has been prepared by Marian Raley and Andrew Moxey of ... Firms in remote... more ... Survey. This report has been prepared by Marian Raley and Andrew Moxey of ... Firms in remote rural areas face spatial separation from large settlements and potential difficulty (and extra cost)in reaching customers and suppliers, and in establishing business contacts. ...

EuroChoices

Recent flooding events highlight the importance of being prepared for climate impacts. EuroChoice... more Recent flooding events highlight the importance of being prepared for climate impacts. EuroChoices 14(2) ★ 17 Further Reading J J DECC (2011). Guidance on estimating Carbon values beyond 20150: An interim approach. Department of Energy and Climate Change, London. Available online at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-on-estimating-carbon-values-beyond-2050-an-interim-approach. L. (2011). Coastal and marine ecosystem services valuation for policy and management: Managed realignment case studies in England. Ocean and Coastal Management, 54(3): 212-224. (2013). Research to assess preparedness of England's natural resources for a changing climate: Part 2 assessing the type and level of adaptation action required to address climate risks in the 'vulnerability hotspots', Adaptation Sub-Committee of the Committee on Climate Change, London.

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 1995

ABSTRACT

Agricultural Systems, 1991

A BSTRA CT This paper reports the findings of a study employing biophysical simulation modelling ... more A BSTRA CT This paper reports the findings of a study employing biophysical simulation modelling and generalised stochastic dominance to estimate the value of biotechnologicalfrost protection of maincrop potatoes on representative farms in south-east England. Bid prices are calculated from single-enterprise gross margins for potato production with and without frost protection under varying environmental and management conditions. It is shown that variation in these conditions is reflected in varying bid prices. It is concluded that biotechnological frost protection may be economically viable under certain circumstances but that additional constraints upon production may limit practical applications.

Soil and Tillage Research, 2015

The costs and benefits of soil compaction mitigation are reviewed and analysed based on UK exampl... more The costs and benefits of soil compaction mitigation are reviewed and analysed based on UK examples and soil types in this article. The review focusses first on operational costs, where the most definitive data are available. This includes the costs associated with remediation/alleviation strategies such as subsoiling. Next it considers the costs of limiting the occurrence of compaction by the adoption of new technologies. The environmental costs of soil compaction, through direct impacts at the farm gate on yields and inputs, and indirectly on ecosystem services provided by soil are also considered to assess the value of different approaches. Factors considered are the influence of soil, farm management practice and novel approaches that are either in use or being developed. Although data were limited and often context specific, the significance of soil compaction to farm gate gross margins was apparent. We examined subsoiling, targeted subsoiling and ploughing as soil compaction mitigation options, as well as low ground pressure tyres, tracked tractors and controlled traffic farming (CTF) as soil compaction avoidance technologies. For mitigation options, only targeted subsoiling resulted in a positive change to gross margin, between £0/ha for sandy soil and £22/ha for clay soil. All soil compaction avoidance technologies increased gross margins significantly, ranging from £26/ha for tracked tractors on sandy soil to £118/ha for CTF on clay soil. Avoidance technologies also decrease leaching and emissions of nitrogen, and require less fuel, providing a win-win situation for farmers and the environment.

Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1995

... area-supply curves' for target plant communities, tracing out the relationship between i... more ... area-supply curves' for target plant communities, tracing out the relationship between incentive levels and the area of heather or meadow. ... site conditions, and has been found to perform satisfactorily under a wide range of conditions in various countries (Engelke and Fabrewitz ...

Food Policy, 1990

ABSTRACT

Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1996

Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1994

This report was commissioned by the following agencies:

Land Use Policy, 1998

Organization's inaugural scrutiny of such policies, and the perceived need for further reform of ... more Organization's inaugural scrutiny of such policies, and the perceived need for further reform of the Common Agricultural Policy. Yet consensus on indicator terminology, let alone methodologiea and data sources, is far from complete. This paper reviews briefly some of the issues relating to agrienvironmental indicators.

Geographical Information Systems

This paper presents a methodology which provides a practicable solution to a specific class of ar... more This paper presents a methodology which provides a practicable solution to a specific class of areal interpolation problems. The method allows for the transformation of the areal basis of land use data from a set of reporting units to a set of land capability classes within each of which land use mix is assumed to be homogeneous. Three alternative procedures, based on least squares criteria, are suggested for estimation of the land use mix in each land class. Although these are shown to produce similar and broadly plausible results in an empirical application, choice of procedure may be guided by consideration of the particular application and computational ease.

Soil Use and Management

Land cover data from the June agricultural census of England and Wales have historically been pub... more Land cover data from the June agricultural census of England and Wales have historically been published annually at the parish level. This level of spatial resolution masks heterogeneity of land use within parishes, limiting the value of the data for detailed spatial analyses. However, variation in land characteristics across parishes can be used to model variation in land cover, thereby allowing the spatial basis of the census data to be transformed. This procedure, referred to as areal interpolation, is illustrated using two land classification systems based on soils for a study area in northern England. The results indicate that the spatially transformed data offer a better description of the distribution of land covers than that provided by the raw census data. They also demonstrate the extra value that can be obtained by combining extant data sources within a GIS framework. Potential roles for areal interpolation in environmental modelling and policy formulation are discussed b...

Ecosystem Services, 2014

This paper considers how agri-environment schemes under the Common Agricultural Policy could be a... more This paper considers how agri-environment schemes under the Common Agricultural Policy could be adapted to derive a higher return of ecosystem services, by spatially targeting the services most valued by society and providing incentives for cross-boundary management of certain ecosystem services at catchment or wider spatial scales. The paper reviews evidence that spatially targeted, outcome-based payments may be more economically efficient than current approaches, but identifies a number of challenges, including: scientific uncertainty; pricing of ecosystem services; timing of payments; risks to land managers; compliance with World Trade Organisation regulations; and barriers to cross-boundary collaboration in the management of ecosystem services at habitat, catchment or landscape scales. Options are reviewed to overcome these challenges, including: the use of pressure-response functions and modelling approaches to establish causal links between management and ecosystem service delivery and reduce the costs of monitoring; non-market valuation techniques to set prices for ecosystem service delivery; insurance schemes; combining funding from public and private Payment for Ecosystem Service schemes; and options to facilitate cross-boundary management of ecosystem services. Using examples from UK peatlands and the Welsh Glastir agrienvironment scheme, the paper suggests ways to link payments for management inputs more effectively to the provision of ecosystem services.

Soil and Tillage Research, 2015

The costs and benefits of soil compaction mitigation are reviewed and analysed based on UK exampl... more The costs and benefits of soil compaction mitigation are reviewed and analysed based on UK examples and soil types in this article. The review focusses first on operational costs, where the most definitive data are available. This includes the costs associated with remediation/alleviation strategies such as subsoiling. Next it considers the costs of limiting the occurrence of compaction by the adoption of new technologies. The environmental costs of soil compaction, through direct impacts at the farm gate on yields and inputs, and indirectly on ecosystem services provided by soil are also considered to assess the value of different approaches. Factors considered are the influence of soil, farm management practice and novel approaches that are either in use or being developed. Although data were limited and often context specific, the significance of soil compaction to farm gate gross margins was apparent. We examined subsoiling, targeted subsoiling and ploughing as soil compaction mitigation options, as well as low ground pressure tyres, tracked tractors and controlled traffic farming (CTF) as soil compaction avoidance technologies. For mitigation options, only targeted subsoiling resulted in a positive change to gross margin, between £0/ha for sandy soil and £22/ha for clay soil. All soil compaction avoidance technologies increased gross margins significantly, ranging from £26/ha for tracked tractors on sandy soil to £118/ha for CTF on clay soil. Avoidance technologies also decrease leaching and emissions of nitrogen, and require less fuel, providing a win-win situation for farmers and the environment.

Biodiversity and Conservation, 2015

ABSTRACT Globally, most biodiversity conservation programmes are not currently evaluated in terms... more ABSTRACT Globally, most biodiversity conservation programmes are not currently evaluated in terms of their costs and benefits, or their rate of return on the original investment. Assessing the cost-effectiveness of such schemes is challenging as the relationship between spending and the effectiveness of conservation is dependent on many biological and socio-economic factors. Here, we evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a selection of species and habitat conservation schemes undertaken through the Scotland Rural Development Programme. We use a combination of quantitative and qualitative data, based on expert knowledge, to estimate effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different schemes and understand variations in the results. Our findings highlight a lack of geographical targeting in terms of where the funding might achieve the most conservation benefit, which may be contributing to high costs per unit of effectiveness. Recommendations include the need for improved advice on appropriate management and monitoring programmes that are linked closely to objectives. Conservation schemes within Scotland were used as the focus of the study, but the approaches used, interpretations drawn and improvements identified could be applied to any regional, national or international biodiversity conservation programmes. Cost and effectiveness data can be subject to a high degree of uncertainty and hence any cost-effectiveness estimate is subject to a number of caveats. There is therefore a need to focus not only on improving the cost-effectiveness of biodiversity conservation programmes, but also to improve the robustness of cost-effectiveness assessments, in terms of data availability and accuracy and improved monitoring of the outcomes of interventions.

... Survey. This report has been prepared by Marian Raley and Andrew Moxey of ... Firms in remote... more ... Survey. This report has been prepared by Marian Raley and Andrew Moxey of ... Firms in remote rural areas face spatial separation from large settlements and potential difficulty (and extra cost)in reaching customers and suppliers, and in establishing business contacts. ...

EuroChoices

Recent flooding events highlight the importance of being prepared for climate impacts. EuroChoice... more Recent flooding events highlight the importance of being prepared for climate impacts. EuroChoices 14(2) ★ 17 Further Reading J J DECC (2011). Guidance on estimating Carbon values beyond 20150: An interim approach. Department of Energy and Climate Change, London. Available online at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-on-estimating-carbon-values-beyond-2050-an-interim-approach. L. (2011). Coastal and marine ecosystem services valuation for policy and management: Managed realignment case studies in England. Ocean and Coastal Management, 54(3): 212-224. (2013). Research to assess preparedness of England's natural resources for a changing climate: Part 2 assessing the type and level of adaptation action required to address climate risks in the 'vulnerability hotspots', Adaptation Sub-Committee of the Committee on Climate Change, London.

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 1995

ABSTRACT

Agricultural Systems, 1991

A BSTRA CT This paper reports the findings of a study employing biophysical simulation modelling ... more A BSTRA CT This paper reports the findings of a study employing biophysical simulation modelling and generalised stochastic dominance to estimate the value of biotechnologicalfrost protection of maincrop potatoes on representative farms in south-east England. Bid prices are calculated from single-enterprise gross margins for potato production with and without frost protection under varying environmental and management conditions. It is shown that variation in these conditions is reflected in varying bid prices. It is concluded that biotechnological frost protection may be economically viable under certain circumstances but that additional constraints upon production may limit practical applications.

Soil and Tillage Research, 2015

The costs and benefits of soil compaction mitigation are reviewed and analysed based on UK exampl... more The costs and benefits of soil compaction mitigation are reviewed and analysed based on UK examples and soil types in this article. The review focusses first on operational costs, where the most definitive data are available. This includes the costs associated with remediation/alleviation strategies such as subsoiling. Next it considers the costs of limiting the occurrence of compaction by the adoption of new technologies. The environmental costs of soil compaction, through direct impacts at the farm gate on yields and inputs, and indirectly on ecosystem services provided by soil are also considered to assess the value of different approaches. Factors considered are the influence of soil, farm management practice and novel approaches that are either in use or being developed. Although data were limited and often context specific, the significance of soil compaction to farm gate gross margins was apparent. We examined subsoiling, targeted subsoiling and ploughing as soil compaction mitigation options, as well as low ground pressure tyres, tracked tractors and controlled traffic farming (CTF) as soil compaction avoidance technologies. For mitigation options, only targeted subsoiling resulted in a positive change to gross margin, between £0/ha for sandy soil and £22/ha for clay soil. All soil compaction avoidance technologies increased gross margins significantly, ranging from £26/ha for tracked tractors on sandy soil to £118/ha for CTF on clay soil. Avoidance technologies also decrease leaching and emissions of nitrogen, and require less fuel, providing a win-win situation for farmers and the environment.

Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1995

... area-supply curves' for target plant communities, tracing out the relationship between i... more ... area-supply curves' for target plant communities, tracing out the relationship between incentive levels and the area of heather or meadow. ... site conditions, and has been found to perform satisfactorily under a wide range of conditions in various countries (Engelke and Fabrewitz ...

Food Policy, 1990

ABSTRACT

Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1996

Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1994

This report was commissioned by the following agencies:

Land Use Policy, 1998

Organization's inaugural scrutiny of such policies, and the perceived need for further reform of ... more Organization's inaugural scrutiny of such policies, and the perceived need for further reform of the Common Agricultural Policy. Yet consensus on indicator terminology, let alone methodologiea and data sources, is far from complete. This paper reviews briefly some of the issues relating to agrienvironmental indicators.

Geographical Information Systems

This paper presents a methodology which provides a practicable solution to a specific class of ar... more This paper presents a methodology which provides a practicable solution to a specific class of areal interpolation problems. The method allows for the transformation of the areal basis of land use data from a set of reporting units to a set of land capability classes within each of which land use mix is assumed to be homogeneous. Three alternative procedures, based on least squares criteria, are suggested for estimation of the land use mix in each land class. Although these are shown to produce similar and broadly plausible results in an empirical application, choice of procedure may be guided by consideration of the particular application and computational ease.

Soil Use and Management

Land cover data from the June agricultural census of England and Wales have historically been pub... more Land cover data from the June agricultural census of England and Wales have historically been published annually at the parish level. This level of spatial resolution masks heterogeneity of land use within parishes, limiting the value of the data for detailed spatial analyses. However, variation in land characteristics across parishes can be used to model variation in land cover, thereby allowing the spatial basis of the census data to be transformed. This procedure, referred to as areal interpolation, is illustrated using two land classification systems based on soils for a study area in northern England. The results indicate that the spatially transformed data offer a better description of the distribution of land covers than that provided by the raw census data. They also demonstrate the extra value that can be obtained by combining extant data sources within a GIS framework. Potential roles for areal interpolation in environmental modelling and policy formulation are discussed b...

Ecosystem Services, 2014

This paper considers how agri-environment schemes under the Common Agricultural Policy could be a... more This paper considers how agri-environment schemes under the Common Agricultural Policy could be adapted to derive a higher return of ecosystem services, by spatially targeting the services most valued by society and providing incentives for cross-boundary management of certain ecosystem services at catchment or wider spatial scales. The paper reviews evidence that spatially targeted, outcome-based payments may be more economically efficient than current approaches, but identifies a number of challenges, including: scientific uncertainty; pricing of ecosystem services; timing of payments; risks to land managers; compliance with World Trade Organisation regulations; and barriers to cross-boundary collaboration in the management of ecosystem services at habitat, catchment or landscape scales. Options are reviewed to overcome these challenges, including: the use of pressure-response functions and modelling approaches to establish causal links between management and ecosystem service delivery and reduce the costs of monitoring; non-market valuation techniques to set prices for ecosystem service delivery; insurance schemes; combining funding from public and private Payment for Ecosystem Service schemes; and options to facilitate cross-boundary management of ecosystem services. Using examples from UK peatlands and the Welsh Glastir agrienvironment scheme, the paper suggests ways to link payments for management inputs more effectively to the provision of ecosystem services.

Soil and Tillage Research, 2015

The costs and benefits of soil compaction mitigation are reviewed and analysed based on UK exampl... more The costs and benefits of soil compaction mitigation are reviewed and analysed based on UK examples and soil types in this article. The review focusses first on operational costs, where the most definitive data are available. This includes the costs associated with remediation/alleviation strategies such as subsoiling. Next it considers the costs of limiting the occurrence of compaction by the adoption of new technologies. The environmental costs of soil compaction, through direct impacts at the farm gate on yields and inputs, and indirectly on ecosystem services provided by soil are also considered to assess the value of different approaches. Factors considered are the influence of soil, farm management practice and novel approaches that are either in use or being developed. Although data were limited and often context specific, the significance of soil compaction to farm gate gross margins was apparent. We examined subsoiling, targeted subsoiling and ploughing as soil compaction mitigation options, as well as low ground pressure tyres, tracked tractors and controlled traffic farming (CTF) as soil compaction avoidance technologies. For mitigation options, only targeted subsoiling resulted in a positive change to gross margin, between £0/ha for sandy soil and £22/ha for clay soil. All soil compaction avoidance technologies increased gross margins significantly, ranging from £26/ha for tracked tractors on sandy soil to £118/ha for CTF on clay soil. Avoidance technologies also decrease leaching and emissions of nitrogen, and require less fuel, providing a win-win situation for farmers and the environment.

Biodiversity and Conservation, 2015

ABSTRACT Globally, most biodiversity conservation programmes are not currently evaluated in terms... more ABSTRACT Globally, most biodiversity conservation programmes are not currently evaluated in terms of their costs and benefits, or their rate of return on the original investment. Assessing the cost-effectiveness of such schemes is challenging as the relationship between spending and the effectiveness of conservation is dependent on many biological and socio-economic factors. Here, we evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a selection of species and habitat conservation schemes undertaken through the Scotland Rural Development Programme. We use a combination of quantitative and qualitative data, based on expert knowledge, to estimate effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different schemes and understand variations in the results. Our findings highlight a lack of geographical targeting in terms of where the funding might achieve the most conservation benefit, which may be contributing to high costs per unit of effectiveness. Recommendations include the need for improved advice on appropriate management and monitoring programmes that are linked closely to objectives. Conservation schemes within Scotland were used as the focus of the study, but the approaches used, interpretations drawn and improvements identified could be applied to any regional, national or international biodiversity conservation programmes. Cost and effectiveness data can be subject to a high degree of uncertainty and hence any cost-effectiveness estimate is subject to a number of caveats. There is therefore a need to focus not only on improving the cost-effectiveness of biodiversity conservation programmes, but also to improve the robustness of cost-effectiveness assessments, in terms of data availability and accuracy and improved monitoring of the outcomes of interventions.