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Papers by Lydia Anggraini
This paper presents a study of a composite car body using finite element method. The body is made... more This paper presents a study of a composite car body using finite element method. The body is made of surface model and the study is conducted to simulate the possible deformation of the body under certain load. The objective is to find tha ideal thickness of the composite body as to minimize the vehicle weight. In this research, the strength analysis using finite elements will be explained and the deformation of the body is investigated for finding a possibility to improve this research.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Solid State Phenomena
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the hardenability of ASSAB 760 (equivalent to AISI 1... more The purpose of this research was to evaluate the hardenability of ASSAB 760 (equivalent to AISI 1045 and JIS S45C) steel subjected to the gas cementation, the quenching and the tempering processes. Gas cementation is a heat treatment surface process by means of carbon diffusing into steel. This process is carried out in a furnace in a fluidized bed by using media of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and nitrogen gas at a temperature of 1203 K and various holding times of 7.2, 10.8 and 14.4 ks, respectively. The rapid quenching process is carried out in an oil media for 420 sec. In order to remove the tension in the specimen, the tempering process is carried out in a furnace at a low temperature of 473 K with holding time of 3.6 ks. The result shows that, the Vickers hardness values can be achieved from 568 to 584 HV. Therefore, it is confirmed that by using these processes, the hardening of ASSAB 760 steel can be carried out and the punch holder can be manufactured.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics
The problems revealed in this research is about Optimization parameters of CNC milling programing... more The problems revealed in this research is about Optimization parameters of CNC milling programing machine on the process time and its effect on the efficiency. The purpose of this research are to know the effect of feed rate, depth of cut, and maximum stepdown on processing time in CNC milling programming and searching for the best machining parameters that yield optimal processing time on CNC milling programming. The result can be in the simulation of machining distance or operation time, length of feed step or feed cut length, and length of step without feeding or fast traverse length. Experiment result data is used for see the influence, and contribution of each parameter to the machining process time, also the contribution of the optimized parameters for each process that makes the CNC milling machining process time, and cost will be more efficient.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics
The main objective of this project is to make a descriptive contribution to the understanding of ... more The main objective of this project is to make a descriptive contribution to the understanding of adaptive end-effector design combined with servo motors. The simulation and design of this tool is located at the end of the robotic arm, which is one of the most researched topics in the world of robotics and the automation industry. End-effector is a design system in an automation process that must take into account the many possibilities of statics and mechanical responses in the development of facing intense competition in the industrial world. To determine the enhancements on a robot, the end-effector will be designed taking into account the various possibilities that occur in various variations on the workpiece response, so that it can simulate various levels of friction and pressure as well as the effects of end-effector contacts with various objects. This thesis introduces an integrated design process for the design of two-finger Gripper using simulation. To facilitate the integr...
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics
Spare Wheel Carrier is a component that must exists in a heavy duty vehicle. The function of this... more Spare Wheel Carrier is a component that must exists in a heavy duty vehicle. The function of this part is to store additional wheel in order to deal with punctures that might happen to the tire. This part is usually placed in the middle of the vehicle in order to maintain the position of center of gravity of the vehicle. The purpose of this research is to analyze the strength of SAPH 440 as the manufacturing material of the Spare Wheel Carrier from one automotive company. The Spare Wheel Carrier will endure a load of a replacement tire for its entire cyclic load. The load itself will generate stresses and strains in the part, especially in the welding joint. Therefore, the analysis is to be done to provide the automotive company with the result to determine improvement that should be made. The method that is used in this research is using CATIA software to create the three dimensional model of the part. Later, we import the model to ANSYS software to analyze the equivalent stress, e...
Materials Science Forum
Lightweight ultra-fine grained (<1 μm size) SiC-ZrO2(3Y2O3) composites, with a combination of ... more Lightweight ultra-fine grained (<1 μm size) SiC-ZrO2(3Y2O3) composites, with a combination of high hardness, high bending strength and high fracture toughness, were successfully prepared by high energy mechanical milling followed by heat treatment. The SiC-ZrO2(3Y2O3) composites exhibitied high hardness (1707 MPa), high bending strengh (as high as 1689 MPa) and high fracture toughness (up to approximately 12.6 MPa.m1/2). Such a combination of mechanical properties was attributed to the fine microstructure with a distinct feature consisting of almost continuous network of ZrO2(3Y2O3) phase around SiC grains, or we call harmonic microstructure. It has been demonstrated that a combination of these unique microstructural characteristics was very effective in supressing the initiation of cracks and governing the path of their subsequent growth during fracture, leading to excellent combination of mechanical properties.
Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin
This research aims to evaluate the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel alloy SCM415... more This research aims to evaluate the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel alloy SCM415H processed by friction welding for rear axle shaft application. Friction welding is a process to connect materials without using fillers and has a good quality of joint strength. Two different pressures of friction welding for 2.5 and 6 MPa were applied in this research. In addition, the initial condition of non-welded in SCM415H material was also investigated. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties, several mechanical tests i.e. Vickers hardness, tensile, torque and ultrasonic test were carried out. The result of this research is better welding connection is obtained on the final pressure of 6 MPa. The Vickers hardness is 390 HV was obtained on the welding connection area. Furthermore, the result proved that the higher pressure will affect the higher strength in the welding connection interface. The result of this research is confirmed the welding connection was not easily broken. Therefore, this research has an important role to determine the pressure applied to the friction welding.
Solid State Phenomena
This research is to analyze the effect of mechanical milling on the microstructure and mechanical... more This research is to analyze the effect of mechanical milling on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper-iron. The sample is fabricated by compacting, milling and sintering processes. Sintering process is carried out using continuous type machine with conveyor belt mesh and the furnace type is muffle. After that, it is cooled with natural water jacket process. Vicker hardness testing and tensile strength test is performed to determine the mechanical properties of copper-iron alloys that occur. The mean value of sample 1 hardness (before milling) was 39.8 HV. The mean value of sample hardness 2 (after milling) was 74.9 HV. The value of the yield strength (σ) of sample 1 is 17.597MPa, and the value of ductility (ε) is 0.119. The value of the yield strength (σ) of sample 2 is 18.547 MPa, and the value of ductility (ε) is 0.073. The test results and analysis showed that by shrinking the size of metal powder, by milling for 2 hours, the hardness and yield strength of the pr...
ROTASI
Pada industri manufaktur dan rekayasa alat berat dibutuhkan pemeliharaan yang baik guna menghasil... more Pada industri manufaktur dan rekayasa alat berat dibutuhkan pemeliharaan yang baik guna menghasilkan produk berkualitas tinggi. Namun, kerusakan secara tidak sengaja dan menyebabkan kerugian besar baik dalam hal moral maupun material bagi perusahaan bisa saja ditemukan. Oleh karena itu, analisis diperlukan untuk meminimalkan kemungkinan kecelakaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa kelelahan pada pegas daun untuk aplikasi industri alat berat dengan Metode Elemen Hingga. Pemodelan tersebut dilakukan dengan menghitung beban yang diberikan ke pegas daun, bahan pegas daun dan umur pegas daun yang sebenarnya. Setelah data dikumpulkan, analisis siklus pegas daun dilakukan untuk memberikan beberapa perbaikan. Dengan menggunakan FEA, analisis pertama adalah Von-Mises Stress dan dilanjutkan dengan analisis Life Cycle menggunakan ANSYS, kedua analisis tersebut dapat dihasilkan. Hasil Von-Mises Stress yang dihasilkan di dekat fatigue area adalah 3,923 x 108 Pa dan life cycle antara 91.000 -...
PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL FISIKA (E-JOURNAL) SNF2016 UNJ, 2016
Materials Science Forum, 2016
Silicon nitride with 50 mass zirconia ceramic matrix composites were processed by mechanical mill... more Silicon nitride with 50 mass zirconia ceramic matrix composites were processed by mechanical milling (MM) followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Two different of Si3N4 particle shapes for create harmonic microstructure were investigated. The microstructure of Si3N4-ZrO2 with initial Si3N4 shape is like coin/flakes after MM for 144 ks was failed to create the harmonic microstructure after SPS. With another sphere shape of Si3N4 after MM for 144 ks, the harmonic microstructure could be formed after SPS. Thus, the initial powders shape of Si3N4 have an effect in the formation of harmonic microstructure could be fully achieved. The highest mechanical properties of Si3N4-ZrO2 are on the powders with mechanical milling time for 144 ks. The Si3N4 ceramic with homogeneous fine grains of ZrO2 dispersed on its surface was obtained, and the mechanical properties were improved. The Vickers hardness obtained on 144 ks is 1031 MPa and the bending strength is 262 MPa. The main factors explainin...
Materials Science Forum, 2016
Microwave heating has been used to evaluate the zirconia dispersion in the silicon carbide-zircon... more Microwave heating has been used to evaluate the zirconia dispersion in the silicon carbide-zirconia composite. During the evaluation of ZrO 2 dispersions, the SiC with various ZrO 2 contents and milling time were prepared. The temperatures of the microwave were controlled by the forward power of 0.8kW and measured by an infrared radiation thermometer. The final compacts and the microstructures observed were compared to those of spark plasma and conventionally electric furnace heated materials. The ZrO 2 dispersion surrounding the outer surface of the SiC has been obtained for each specimen with and without mechanically milled using microwave heating. From the result of microstructure change, the relationship of ZrO 2 fraction area and heating time revealed that microwave heating could prevent the grain coarsening occurring during a constant 1273K temperature with a 1.80ks longest heating time.
This research examines a ceramic powder compact which used a single-mode applicator of microwave ... more This research examines a ceramic powder compact which used a single-mode applicator of microwave as a pressure-less sintering. In this research, pure SiC and the addition of ZrO2 by mechanical milling process was applied into the microwave sintering. Moreover, XRD, SEM and FE-SEM were used to characterize the ceramic powders. MM was also used to perform the dispersion ZrO2 with a bigger amount on the SiC surface and the various MM time of ceramic powders will be applied on this experiment. The results presented in this work have demonstrated that the effects of milling time produced dispersion of ZrO2 powder more throughout on the surface of SiC powder. As a result of microwave sintering, the effects of E field components of the microwave in the heating behavior of ceramic samples showed that powdered ceramic compacts were effectively heated in the E field but not in the H field.
This paper presents a study of a composite car body using finite element method. The body is made... more This paper presents a study of a composite car body using finite element method. The body is made of surface model and the study is conducted to simulate the possible deformation of the body under certain load. The objective is to find tha ideal thickness of the composite body as to minimize the vehicle weight. In this research, the strength analysis using finite elements will be explained and the deformation of the body is investigated for finding a possibility to improve this research.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Solid State Phenomena
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the hardenability of ASSAB 760 (equivalent to AISI 1... more The purpose of this research was to evaluate the hardenability of ASSAB 760 (equivalent to AISI 1045 and JIS S45C) steel subjected to the gas cementation, the quenching and the tempering processes. Gas cementation is a heat treatment surface process by means of carbon diffusing into steel. This process is carried out in a furnace in a fluidized bed by using media of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and nitrogen gas at a temperature of 1203 K and various holding times of 7.2, 10.8 and 14.4 ks, respectively. The rapid quenching process is carried out in an oil media for 420 sec. In order to remove the tension in the specimen, the tempering process is carried out in a furnace at a low temperature of 473 K with holding time of 3.6 ks. The result shows that, the Vickers hardness values can be achieved from 568 to 584 HV. Therefore, it is confirmed that by using these processes, the hardening of ASSAB 760 steel can be carried out and the punch holder can be manufactured.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics
The problems revealed in this research is about Optimization parameters of CNC milling programing... more The problems revealed in this research is about Optimization parameters of CNC milling programing machine on the process time and its effect on the efficiency. The purpose of this research are to know the effect of feed rate, depth of cut, and maximum stepdown on processing time in CNC milling programming and searching for the best machining parameters that yield optimal processing time on CNC milling programming. The result can be in the simulation of machining distance or operation time, length of feed step or feed cut length, and length of step without feeding or fast traverse length. Experiment result data is used for see the influence, and contribution of each parameter to the machining process time, also the contribution of the optimized parameters for each process that makes the CNC milling machining process time, and cost will be more efficient.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics
The main objective of this project is to make a descriptive contribution to the understanding of ... more The main objective of this project is to make a descriptive contribution to the understanding of adaptive end-effector design combined with servo motors. The simulation and design of this tool is located at the end of the robotic arm, which is one of the most researched topics in the world of robotics and the automation industry. End-effector is a design system in an automation process that must take into account the many possibilities of statics and mechanical responses in the development of facing intense competition in the industrial world. To determine the enhancements on a robot, the end-effector will be designed taking into account the various possibilities that occur in various variations on the workpiece response, so that it can simulate various levels of friction and pressure as well as the effects of end-effector contacts with various objects. This thesis introduces an integrated design process for the design of two-finger Gripper using simulation. To facilitate the integr...
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics
Spare Wheel Carrier is a component that must exists in a heavy duty vehicle. The function of this... more Spare Wheel Carrier is a component that must exists in a heavy duty vehicle. The function of this part is to store additional wheel in order to deal with punctures that might happen to the tire. This part is usually placed in the middle of the vehicle in order to maintain the position of center of gravity of the vehicle. The purpose of this research is to analyze the strength of SAPH 440 as the manufacturing material of the Spare Wheel Carrier from one automotive company. The Spare Wheel Carrier will endure a load of a replacement tire for its entire cyclic load. The load itself will generate stresses and strains in the part, especially in the welding joint. Therefore, the analysis is to be done to provide the automotive company with the result to determine improvement that should be made. The method that is used in this research is using CATIA software to create the three dimensional model of the part. Later, we import the model to ANSYS software to analyze the equivalent stress, e...
Materials Science Forum
Lightweight ultra-fine grained (<1 μm size) SiC-ZrO2(3Y2O3) composites, with a combination of ... more Lightweight ultra-fine grained (<1 μm size) SiC-ZrO2(3Y2O3) composites, with a combination of high hardness, high bending strength and high fracture toughness, were successfully prepared by high energy mechanical milling followed by heat treatment. The SiC-ZrO2(3Y2O3) composites exhibitied high hardness (1707 MPa), high bending strengh (as high as 1689 MPa) and high fracture toughness (up to approximately 12.6 MPa.m1/2). Such a combination of mechanical properties was attributed to the fine microstructure with a distinct feature consisting of almost continuous network of ZrO2(3Y2O3) phase around SiC grains, or we call harmonic microstructure. It has been demonstrated that a combination of these unique microstructural characteristics was very effective in supressing the initiation of cracks and governing the path of their subsequent growth during fracture, leading to excellent combination of mechanical properties.
Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin
This research aims to evaluate the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel alloy SCM415... more This research aims to evaluate the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel alloy SCM415H processed by friction welding for rear axle shaft application. Friction welding is a process to connect materials without using fillers and has a good quality of joint strength. Two different pressures of friction welding for 2.5 and 6 MPa were applied in this research. In addition, the initial condition of non-welded in SCM415H material was also investigated. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties, several mechanical tests i.e. Vickers hardness, tensile, torque and ultrasonic test were carried out. The result of this research is better welding connection is obtained on the final pressure of 6 MPa. The Vickers hardness is 390 HV was obtained on the welding connection area. Furthermore, the result proved that the higher pressure will affect the higher strength in the welding connection interface. The result of this research is confirmed the welding connection was not easily broken. Therefore, this research has an important role to determine the pressure applied to the friction welding.
Solid State Phenomena
This research is to analyze the effect of mechanical milling on the microstructure and mechanical... more This research is to analyze the effect of mechanical milling on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper-iron. The sample is fabricated by compacting, milling and sintering processes. Sintering process is carried out using continuous type machine with conveyor belt mesh and the furnace type is muffle. After that, it is cooled with natural water jacket process. Vicker hardness testing and tensile strength test is performed to determine the mechanical properties of copper-iron alloys that occur. The mean value of sample 1 hardness (before milling) was 39.8 HV. The mean value of sample hardness 2 (after milling) was 74.9 HV. The value of the yield strength (σ) of sample 1 is 17.597MPa, and the value of ductility (ε) is 0.119. The value of the yield strength (σ) of sample 2 is 18.547 MPa, and the value of ductility (ε) is 0.073. The test results and analysis showed that by shrinking the size of metal powder, by milling for 2 hours, the hardness and yield strength of the pr...
ROTASI
Pada industri manufaktur dan rekayasa alat berat dibutuhkan pemeliharaan yang baik guna menghasil... more Pada industri manufaktur dan rekayasa alat berat dibutuhkan pemeliharaan yang baik guna menghasilkan produk berkualitas tinggi. Namun, kerusakan secara tidak sengaja dan menyebabkan kerugian besar baik dalam hal moral maupun material bagi perusahaan bisa saja ditemukan. Oleh karena itu, analisis diperlukan untuk meminimalkan kemungkinan kecelakaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa kelelahan pada pegas daun untuk aplikasi industri alat berat dengan Metode Elemen Hingga. Pemodelan tersebut dilakukan dengan menghitung beban yang diberikan ke pegas daun, bahan pegas daun dan umur pegas daun yang sebenarnya. Setelah data dikumpulkan, analisis siklus pegas daun dilakukan untuk memberikan beberapa perbaikan. Dengan menggunakan FEA, analisis pertama adalah Von-Mises Stress dan dilanjutkan dengan analisis Life Cycle menggunakan ANSYS, kedua analisis tersebut dapat dihasilkan. Hasil Von-Mises Stress yang dihasilkan di dekat fatigue area adalah 3,923 x 108 Pa dan life cycle antara 91.000 -...
PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL FISIKA (E-JOURNAL) SNF2016 UNJ, 2016
Materials Science Forum, 2016
Silicon nitride with 50 mass zirconia ceramic matrix composites were processed by mechanical mill... more Silicon nitride with 50 mass zirconia ceramic matrix composites were processed by mechanical milling (MM) followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Two different of Si3N4 particle shapes for create harmonic microstructure were investigated. The microstructure of Si3N4-ZrO2 with initial Si3N4 shape is like coin/flakes after MM for 144 ks was failed to create the harmonic microstructure after SPS. With another sphere shape of Si3N4 after MM for 144 ks, the harmonic microstructure could be formed after SPS. Thus, the initial powders shape of Si3N4 have an effect in the formation of harmonic microstructure could be fully achieved. The highest mechanical properties of Si3N4-ZrO2 are on the powders with mechanical milling time for 144 ks. The Si3N4 ceramic with homogeneous fine grains of ZrO2 dispersed on its surface was obtained, and the mechanical properties were improved. The Vickers hardness obtained on 144 ks is 1031 MPa and the bending strength is 262 MPa. The main factors explainin...
Materials Science Forum, 2016
Microwave heating has been used to evaluate the zirconia dispersion in the silicon carbide-zircon... more Microwave heating has been used to evaluate the zirconia dispersion in the silicon carbide-zirconia composite. During the evaluation of ZrO 2 dispersions, the SiC with various ZrO 2 contents and milling time were prepared. The temperatures of the microwave were controlled by the forward power of 0.8kW and measured by an infrared radiation thermometer. The final compacts and the microstructures observed were compared to those of spark plasma and conventionally electric furnace heated materials. The ZrO 2 dispersion surrounding the outer surface of the SiC has been obtained for each specimen with and without mechanically milled using microwave heating. From the result of microstructure change, the relationship of ZrO 2 fraction area and heating time revealed that microwave heating could prevent the grain coarsening occurring during a constant 1273K temperature with a 1.80ks longest heating time.
This research examines a ceramic powder compact which used a single-mode applicator of microwave ... more This research examines a ceramic powder compact which used a single-mode applicator of microwave as a pressure-less sintering. In this research, pure SiC and the addition of ZrO2 by mechanical milling process was applied into the microwave sintering. Moreover, XRD, SEM and FE-SEM were used to characterize the ceramic powders. MM was also used to perform the dispersion ZrO2 with a bigger amount on the SiC surface and the various MM time of ceramic powders will be applied on this experiment. The results presented in this work have demonstrated that the effects of milling time produced dispersion of ZrO2 powder more throughout on the surface of SiC powder. As a result of microwave sintering, the effects of E field components of the microwave in the heating behavior of ceramic samples showed that powdered ceramic compacts were effectively heated in the E field but not in the H field.