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The changing epidemiology from Candida albicans to Non-albicans Candida along with increasing ant... more The changing epidemiology from Candida albicans to Non-albicans Candida along with increasing antifungal resistance is a matter of great concern in health care settings. The studies on Candida have largely been carried out by the morphological identification but to the best of my knowledge very little work has been done in Rajasthan to find out antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species. Keeping in view the above facts, this study was undertaken for identification and evaluation of antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital, Jaipur. A total of 51 candida species were isolated during a period from Jan 2017May 2017 and identified by standard microbiological procedures. Antifungal susceptibility testing was carried out on the basis of CLSI M44-A guidelines. Out of 51 Candida isolates, 23 were candida albicans and 28 were Nonalbicans candida. Among Non – Candida albicans, 17 isolates were C.tropicalis...
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, 2020
Candida albicans remains the most frequently isolated species, but an increase in the prevalence ... more Candida albicans remains the most frequently isolated species, but an increase in the prevalence of Non-albicans candida is a matter of concern for 1-3 various laboratories, as NAC show less susceptibility to antifungal agents particularly azoles . Routinely used conventional methods are cumbersome and time consuming. Hence the present study aimed at species identication of candida isolated from various clinical specimens and also to evaluate the usefulness of HiCrome Candida differential agar as compared to routine conventional method for speciation of candida. Atotal of 51 non repetitive clinical isolates of Candida were obtained from various clinical samples. Candida albicans was the major species accounting for 23 (45.10%) of the total isolates. Non albicans Candida constituted 17 (33.33%) of C. tropicalis, 9 (17.64%) of C. krusei and 2 (3.92%) of C. parasilosis. 49 Candida species which were correctly identied by HiCrome Candida agar except 2 species of C.parasilosis (identi...
International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies, 2019
INTRODUCTION: Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test is performed by the physicians to ... more INTRODUCTION: Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test is performed by the physicians to screen patients for syphilis and is still the most commonly used test all over the world for screening. Three basic methods has been described in screening for syphilis. These include direct observation of the T. pallidum by dark field microscopy, and nontreponemal and treponemal serologic antibody studies. Nonspecific (non tremonemal) tests like Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test use lipoidal antigens containing cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol, that flocculate with IgM and IgG. Positive tests occur from 21 days of exposure till about up to 6 weeks after infection. Serologic tests in syphilis only provide indirect evidence of syphilis and may be reactive in the absence of clinical or epidemiologic evidence of syphilis. The reactivity in these cases is usually in low dilutions (<1:8), however, in exceptional cases false reactivity is shown in very high titers up t...
International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies, 2019
INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in chi... more INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in children 5–15 years of age; but in regions where the disease is highly endemic, as in India, children younger than 5 years of age may have the highest infection rates. There are about 22 million new typhoid cases occur each year. Young children in poor, resource limited areas, who make up the majority of the new cases and there is a mortality figures of 215,000 deaths annually. A sharp decline in the rates of complications and mortality due to typhoid fever is observed as a result of introduction of effective antibiotic therapy since 1950s. MDR-ST became endemic in many areas of Asia, including India soon after multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (MDR-ST) that were resistant to all the three first-line drugs then in use, namely chloramphenicol, amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole emerged in early 1990s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Only blood culture or bone marrow culture...
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2017
Background: Rapid and accurate detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is... more Background: Rapid and accurate detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important role of clinical microbiology laboratories to avoid treatment failure. The aim of this study was to compare conventional methods against the cefoxitin disc diffusion method to determine the best phenotypic method. Methods: Study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jaipur (India), between July 2016 – December 2016. The methods included were Oxacillin E-test MIC, Oxacillin screen agar, Oxacillin disk diffusion, Cefoxitin disk diffusion and CHROMagar- MRSA methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility performed as per CLSI guidelines.Results: Out of 142 isolates of S. aureus, fifty three (37.32%) strains of MRSA were isolated from clinical specimen. E-MIC test was selected as gold standard method. The sensitivity and specificity of Oxacillin screen agar and CHROMagar-MRSA were same 98.07% and 97.80%, respectively. The s...
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Scrub typhus is a rickettsial disease caused by the organism Orientia tsutsugamushi. The overall ... more Scrub typhus is a rickettsial disease caused by the organism Orientia tsutsugamushi. The overall mortality varies from 7% to 30%, next only to malaria among infectious diseases5. This prospective study was conducted with an aim to know the prevalence of the disease, sex ratio signicance and impact of seasons in the disease outcome in Rajsamand, Rajasthan. A total of 515 samples were received from different clinical departments at Ananta Institute of Medical Sciences and research center, Rajsamand from December 2020-December 2021, in which 88 samples were IgM Antibody reactive by Rapid card test and positivity is 16.7%. Scrub typhus infection was found comparatively more in female patients i.e., 48[55%] than in male patients 40 [45%]. The female to male ratio was 1.2:1. In the present study, majority of the patients 29 (32%) were from the age group of 31-45 yrs and about 19 (22%) were between 16-30 yrs. Maximum cases 31(35%) had occurred in the month of September followed by 27(31%)...
The main antimicrobial used to treat MRSA infections which are life threatening is a glycopeptide... more The main antimicrobial used to treat MRSA infections which are life threatening is a glycopeptide antibiotic, Vancomycin. Inturn extensive use of vancomycin in various parts of the world lead to the a rise in Staphylococcus aureus strains which are resistant to vancomycin. Hence this study was carried out to detect vancomycin resistance in S.aureus isolated from various clinical samples. All 161 Staphylococcus aureus strains were screened for Vancomycin resistance by BHI Vancomycin screen agar [6μg/ml] and Vancomycin disc diffusion method [30μg/disc]. These were further confirmed by Etest. 82 (51%) strains were MRSA determined by Cefoxitin disc diffusion method and MRSA were maximally isolated from pus (61%). 45% strains were MDR-MRSA. Only 5 S.aureus strains showed resistance to Vancomycin by disc diffusion method, but all these strains were sensitive to Vancomycin by both Vancomycin screen agar [6μg/ml] and Etest, thus this study also showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for BH...
IP Innovative Publication Pvt. Ltd., Sep 1, 2017
The main antimicrobial used to treat MRSA infections which are life threatening is a glycopeptide... more The main antimicrobial used to treat MRSA infections which are life threatening is a glycopeptide antibiotic, Vancomycin. Inturn extensive use of vancomycin in various parts of the world lead to the a rise in Staphylococcus aureus strains which are resistant to vancomycin. (1,2) Hence this study was carried out to detect vancomycin resistance in S.aureus isolated from various clinical samples. All 161 Staphylococcus aureus strains were screened for Vancomycin resistance by BHI-Vancomycin screen agar [6µg/ml] and Vancomycin disc diffusion method [30µg/disc]. These were further confirmed by E-test. 82 (51%) strains were MRSA determined by Cefoxitin disc diffusion method and MRSA were maximally isolated from pus (61%). 45% strains were MDR-MRSA. Only 5 S.aureus strains showed resistance to Vancomycin by disc diffusion method, but all these strains were sensitive to Vancomycin by both Vancomycin screen agar [6µg/ml] and E-test, thus this study also showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for BHI –VSA (6µgm/ml). As current study only indicates the tip of iceberg. Hence we suggest, more and more studies should be undertaken in future to monitor the emergence of resistance to these antibiotic.
The changing epidemiology from Candida albicans to Non-albicans Candida along with increasing ant... more The changing epidemiology from Candida albicans to Non-albicans Candida along with increasing antifungal resistance is a matter of great concern in health care settings. The studies on Candida have largely been carried out by the morphological identification but to the best of my knowledge very little work has been done in Rajasthan to find out antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species. Keeping in view the above facts, this study was undertaken for identification and evaluation of antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital, Jaipur. A total of 51 candida species were isolated during a period from Jan 2017May 2017 and identified by standard microbiological procedures. Antifungal susceptibility testing was carried out on the basis of CLSI M44-A guidelines. Out of 51 Candida isolates, 23 were candida albicans and 28 were Nonalbicans candida. Among Non – Candida albicans, 17 isolates were C.tropicalis...
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, 2020
Candida albicans remains the most frequently isolated species, but an increase in the prevalence ... more Candida albicans remains the most frequently isolated species, but an increase in the prevalence of Non-albicans candida is a matter of concern for 1-3 various laboratories, as NAC show less susceptibility to antifungal agents particularly azoles . Routinely used conventional methods are cumbersome and time consuming. Hence the present study aimed at species identication of candida isolated from various clinical specimens and also to evaluate the usefulness of HiCrome Candida differential agar as compared to routine conventional method for speciation of candida. Atotal of 51 non repetitive clinical isolates of Candida were obtained from various clinical samples. Candida albicans was the major species accounting for 23 (45.10%) of the total isolates. Non albicans Candida constituted 17 (33.33%) of C. tropicalis, 9 (17.64%) of C. krusei and 2 (3.92%) of C. parasilosis. 49 Candida species which were correctly identied by HiCrome Candida agar except 2 species of C.parasilosis (identi...
International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies, 2019
INTRODUCTION: Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test is performed by the physicians to ... more INTRODUCTION: Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test is performed by the physicians to screen patients for syphilis and is still the most commonly used test all over the world for screening. Three basic methods has been described in screening for syphilis. These include direct observation of the T. pallidum by dark field microscopy, and nontreponemal and treponemal serologic antibody studies. Nonspecific (non tremonemal) tests like Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test use lipoidal antigens containing cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol, that flocculate with IgM and IgG. Positive tests occur from 21 days of exposure till about up to 6 weeks after infection. Serologic tests in syphilis only provide indirect evidence of syphilis and may be reactive in the absence of clinical or epidemiologic evidence of syphilis. The reactivity in these cases is usually in low dilutions (<1:8), however, in exceptional cases false reactivity is shown in very high titers up t...
International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies, 2019
INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in chi... more INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in children 5–15 years of age; but in regions where the disease is highly endemic, as in India, children younger than 5 years of age may have the highest infection rates. There are about 22 million new typhoid cases occur each year. Young children in poor, resource limited areas, who make up the majority of the new cases and there is a mortality figures of 215,000 deaths annually. A sharp decline in the rates of complications and mortality due to typhoid fever is observed as a result of introduction of effective antibiotic therapy since 1950s. MDR-ST became endemic in many areas of Asia, including India soon after multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (MDR-ST) that were resistant to all the three first-line drugs then in use, namely chloramphenicol, amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole emerged in early 1990s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Only blood culture or bone marrow culture...
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2017
Background: Rapid and accurate detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is... more Background: Rapid and accurate detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important role of clinical microbiology laboratories to avoid treatment failure. The aim of this study was to compare conventional methods against the cefoxitin disc diffusion method to determine the best phenotypic method. Methods: Study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jaipur (India), between July 2016 – December 2016. The methods included were Oxacillin E-test MIC, Oxacillin screen agar, Oxacillin disk diffusion, Cefoxitin disk diffusion and CHROMagar- MRSA methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility performed as per CLSI guidelines.Results: Out of 142 isolates of S. aureus, fifty three (37.32%) strains of MRSA were isolated from clinical specimen. E-MIC test was selected as gold standard method. The sensitivity and specificity of Oxacillin screen agar and CHROMagar-MRSA were same 98.07% and 97.80%, respectively. The s...
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Scrub typhus is a rickettsial disease caused by the organism Orientia tsutsugamushi. The overall ... more Scrub typhus is a rickettsial disease caused by the organism Orientia tsutsugamushi. The overall mortality varies from 7% to 30%, next only to malaria among infectious diseases5. This prospective study was conducted with an aim to know the prevalence of the disease, sex ratio signicance and impact of seasons in the disease outcome in Rajsamand, Rajasthan. A total of 515 samples were received from different clinical departments at Ananta Institute of Medical Sciences and research center, Rajsamand from December 2020-December 2021, in which 88 samples were IgM Antibody reactive by Rapid card test and positivity is 16.7%. Scrub typhus infection was found comparatively more in female patients i.e., 48[55%] than in male patients 40 [45%]. The female to male ratio was 1.2:1. In the present study, majority of the patients 29 (32%) were from the age group of 31-45 yrs and about 19 (22%) were between 16-30 yrs. Maximum cases 31(35%) had occurred in the month of September followed by 27(31%)...
The main antimicrobial used to treat MRSA infections which are life threatening is a glycopeptide... more The main antimicrobial used to treat MRSA infections which are life threatening is a glycopeptide antibiotic, Vancomycin. Inturn extensive use of vancomycin in various parts of the world lead to the a rise in Staphylococcus aureus strains which are resistant to vancomycin. Hence this study was carried out to detect vancomycin resistance in S.aureus isolated from various clinical samples. All 161 Staphylococcus aureus strains were screened for Vancomycin resistance by BHI Vancomycin screen agar [6μg/ml] and Vancomycin disc diffusion method [30μg/disc]. These were further confirmed by Etest. 82 (51%) strains were MRSA determined by Cefoxitin disc diffusion method and MRSA were maximally isolated from pus (61%). 45% strains were MDR-MRSA. Only 5 S.aureus strains showed resistance to Vancomycin by disc diffusion method, but all these strains were sensitive to Vancomycin by both Vancomycin screen agar [6μg/ml] and Etest, thus this study also showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for BH...
IP Innovative Publication Pvt. Ltd., Sep 1, 2017
The main antimicrobial used to treat MRSA infections which are life threatening is a glycopeptide... more The main antimicrobial used to treat MRSA infections which are life threatening is a glycopeptide antibiotic, Vancomycin. Inturn extensive use of vancomycin in various parts of the world lead to the a rise in Staphylococcus aureus strains which are resistant to vancomycin. (1,2) Hence this study was carried out to detect vancomycin resistance in S.aureus isolated from various clinical samples. All 161 Staphylococcus aureus strains were screened for Vancomycin resistance by BHI-Vancomycin screen agar [6µg/ml] and Vancomycin disc diffusion method [30µg/disc]. These were further confirmed by E-test. 82 (51%) strains were MRSA determined by Cefoxitin disc diffusion method and MRSA were maximally isolated from pus (61%). 45% strains were MDR-MRSA. Only 5 S.aureus strains showed resistance to Vancomycin by disc diffusion method, but all these strains were sensitive to Vancomycin by both Vancomycin screen agar [6µg/ml] and E-test, thus this study also showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for BHI –VSA (6µgm/ml). As current study only indicates the tip of iceberg. Hence we suggest, more and more studies should be undertaken in future to monitor the emergence of resistance to these antibiotic.