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Papers by Anna Romanovskaya
Scientific Reports
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and transition to a new forest inventory system, Russia ha... more Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and transition to a new forest inventory system, Russia has reported almost no change in growing stock (+ 1.8%) and biomass (+ 0.6%). Yet remote sensing products indicate increased vegetation productivity, tree cover and above-ground biomass. Here, we challenge these statistics with a combination of recent National Forest Inventory and remote sensing data to provide an alternative estimate of the growing stock of Russian forests and to assess the relative changes in post-Soviet Russia. Our estimate for the year 2014 is 111 ± 1.3 × 109 m3, or 39% higher than the value in the State Forest Register. Using the last Soviet Union report as a reference, Russian forests have accumulated 1163 × 106 m3 yr-1 of growing stock between 1988–2014, which balances the net forest stock losses in tropical countries. Our estimate of the growing stock of managed forests is 94.2 × 109 m3, which corresponds to sequestration of 354 Tg C yr-1 in live biomass over 1988–...
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
This work aims to assess the dynamics of net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals, as well... more This work aims to assess the dynamics of net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals, as well as analyse the mitigation potential for managed lands in Russia, the country’s contributions to global GHG fluxes and global mitigation in agriculture, forestry and other land use required under the goals of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 21st Conference of the Parties (Paris Agreement). Russia is the fifth-largest GHG emitter in the world, yet information on its ecosystem-based emissions and related mitigation potential remains insufficient. In order to estimate annual GHG emissions and removals, the adapted methodologies and parameters of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) methodological reports were applied. Managed land in Russia exhibits a steady trend of increasing net GHG absorption from 1990 to 2016, reaching an absorption value of 553 Mt carbon dioxide (CO 2 -eq) in 2016 (compensating for about 4.6% of the current global net GHG emission from land use) from a net loss of 343 Mt CO 2 -eq in 1990 due to the decrease in forest harvesting rates and reduction in the organic and mineral fertilisation of croplands. The results obtained in our work are in accordance with the carbon fluxes (per hectare) of other countries, taking into account similarities and differences in climatic conditions. The total mitigation potential of managed land in Russia is estimated at about 545–940 Mt CO 2 -eq year −1 , which may compensate for an additional 4.5–7.8% of current global net GHG emissions from land use. Major mitigation measures in Russia comprise sustainable land management activities, such as land protection from fires, insect outbreaks and other natural disturbances, the reduction of carbon losses due to harvesting and wood production, the replacement of existing extensive agricultural management with intense farming, the prevention of soil erosion, reforestation and reclamation activities. Our research demonstrates that implementing these activities can provide general insights into land mitigation strategies and affect land management in other countries, particularly in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. On the global scale mitigation recommendations informed by our study include improved forest management, reforestation, cropland nutrient management and wetland restoration.
Thescientificworld, 2001
The intensity of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission was considered based on literature data on the si... more The intensity of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission was considered based on literature data on the single input of mineral N (nitrogen) fertilizers into different agricultural soil types in Russia. Ambient environmental factors exert a combined effect on the process of gaseous nitrogen formation from fertilizers applied. To reduce the uncertainty of estimates as much as possible, only experimental results obtained under conditions similar to natural were selected for the assessments. Mineral nitric fertilizers were applied to soil at a rate of 40 to 75 kg/ha and the N 2 O emissions were measured for approximately 140 days. Daily average emission values varied from 0.08 to 0.45% of fertilizer nitrogen. Correspondingly, 1.26 and 2.38% of fertilizer nitrogen were emitted as N 2 O from chernozems and soddy podzols. In 1990, the use of fertilizers in Russian agricultural practices for 53 Gg N 2 ON , which equates to approximately 6.1% of global nitrous oxide emissions from nitric fertilizers. Later, the emission dropped because of a decrease in the input of nitric fertilizers to agricultural crops, and in 1998, it constituted just 20.5% of the 1990 level. In the period from 2008 to 2012, the nitrous oxide emission is expected to vary from 0.5 to 65.0 Gg N 2 ON due to possible changes in national agricultural development. In the most likely scenario, the use of mineral fertilizers in Russia will account for approximately 34 to 40 Gg N 2 ON emissions annually from 2008-2012.
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
Nitrous oxide (N2O) atmospheric emission from differentagricultural soil types in Russia was eval... more Nitrous oxide (N2O) atmospheric emission from differentagricultural soil types in Russia was evaluated based on published data onsingle input of nitrogen (N) fertilizers. For most of experiments the rates offertilization varied from 40 to 75 and from 160 to 264 kg/ha in activematter and they were considered separately. The higher rates ofsynthetic fertilizers (160 to 264 kg/ha) reduced relative gaseous loss ofN as N2O (N2O-N). Evidently, if nitrate (NO3) concentrationswere high, the low content of organic carbon (C) and oxygen (O) restricted soilmicrobiological activity and consequently formation of N2O. Themajority of gaseous loss of N2O-N occurred within 140 days afterthe input of fertilizers. The N2O emission factors derived forchernozem and soddy podzolic soil are 0.0126 and 0.0238 kgN2O-N/kg N respectively. In 1990, the use of N fertilizers innational agriculture caused the release of 53 Gg N2O-N thatconstituted 6% of global N2O emission. Later on, the emissiondropped because o...
The dynamics of carbon pools in the live phytomass, necromass, and soil reservoirs have been ana ... more The dynamics of carbon pools in the live phytomass, necromass, and soil reservoirs have been ana lyzed in fallow arable lands of Novgorod oblast. The results show that the amounts of above and belowground necromass increase with the age of fallows, while the dynamics of live phytomass have no distinct trend. Com parisons with archival data show that the stocks of soil organic carbon in the studied ecosystems have decreased by 1.39 t C/ha since 1983, which is equivalent to an annual loss of 0.03 t C/ha. The main factors accounting for changes in the carbon stocks of fallow soils are the initial organic carbon contents in topsoil, the intensity of agromeliorative measures taken during the period of agricultural land use, and carbon con tents in soils of meadow communities typical for a given region (zone).
Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, 2014
Ab stract-Pres ented is the as sess ment of the con tri bu tion that such ma jor types of the lan... more Ab stract-Pres ented is the as sess ment of the con tri bu tion that such ma jor types of the land use in Russia as ar a ble lands, for age lands, set tle ments, and peatery make to anthropogenic fluxes of car bon di oxide CO 2 , meth ane CH 4 , and ni tro gen ox ide N 2 O. The as sess ment is based on the meth ods of com pu tation mon i tor ing car ried out in the pe riod from 2000 to 2011. The re sults of the study dem on strated that ev ery year ar a ble lands cause the emis sion of CO 2 and N 2 O of about 117.0 and 74.9 mil lion t CO 2 equiv, and peatery, 0.54 and 105.4 thou sand t CO 2 equiv, re spec tively. The bal ance of soil car bon in hay fields and pas tures is close to zero. The av er age emis sions of CH 4 and N 2 O from the ma nure of pas ture an imals amount to 0.2 and 5.0 mil lion t CO 2 equiv/year, and those from grass fires, 276.1 and 372.5 thousand t CO 2 equiv/year, re spec tively. The car bon bal ance in per ma nent soils of set tle ments is also al most close to zero, and newly built-up lands are the source of CO 2 (9.5 mil lion t/year). The nat u ral over growing of fal low lands leads to the ac cu mu la tion of the soil car bon (about 92.4 mil lion t CO 2 /year). It was re vealed that the in ten sity of CO 2 emis sion is de fined by the soil car bon bal ance and that of other gases, by the amount of ni tro gen fer til iz ers, plant res i dues, and ma nure com ing to the soil. The to tal emis sion from the land use is 106.9 mil lion t CO 2 equiv/year that makes up 4.9% of the to tal anthropogenic emission of green house gases in the Rus sian Fed er a tion. . The sources of emis sions of CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O taken into ac count for es ti mat ing the land use con tri bu tion to the to tal anthropogenic emis sion.
Global Change Biology, 2013
Feeding 9-10 billion people by 2050 and preventing dangerous climate change are two of the greate... more Feeding 9-10 billion people by 2050 and preventing dangerous climate change are two of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Both challenges must be met while reducing the impact of land management on ecosystem services that deliver vital goods and services, and support human health and well-being. Few studies to date have considered the interactions between these challenges. In this study we briefly outline the challenges, review the supply-and demand-side climate mitigation potential available in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFOLU sector and options for delivering food security. We briefly outline some of the synergies and trade-offs afforded by mitigation practices, before presenting an assessment of the mitigation potential possible in the AFOLU sector under possible future scenarios in which demand-side measures codeliver to aid food security. We conclude that while supply-side mitigation measures, such as changes in land management, might either enhance or negatively impact food security, demand-side mitigation measures, such as reduced waste or demand for livestock products, should benefit both food security and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Demand-side measures offer a greater potential (1.5-15.6 Gt CO 2 -eq. yr À1 ) in meeting both challenges than do supply-side measures (1.5-4.3 Gt CO 2 -eq. yr À1 at carbon prices between 20 and 100 US$ tCO 2 -eq. yr À1 ), but given the enormity of challenges, all options need to be considered. Supply-side measures should be implemented immediately, focussing on those that allow the production of more agricultural product per unit of input. For demand-side measures, given the difficulties in their implementation and lag in their effectiveness, policy should be introduced quickly, and should aim to codeliver to other policy agenda, such as improving environmental quality or improving dietary health. These problems facing humanity in the 21st Century are extremely challenging, and policy that addresses multiple objectives is required now more than ever.
Приведена методика расчетного мониторинга выбросов черного углерода от природных пожаров и провед... more Приведена методика расчетного мониторинга выбросов черного углерода от природных пожаров и проведен расчет для территории России за период 2007—2012 гг. Дано распределение выбросов черного углерода по типам
пожаров и по регионам. За рассматриваемый период среднее значение выброса черного углерода от природных пожаров составило 81,9 ± 37,2 тыс. т/год, межгодовые колебания — от 53,8 тыс. т в 2011 г. до 143,5 тыс. т в 2008 г. Среднее значение выброса черного углерода в лесах от верхового пожара составило 25,0 ±3 ,7 кг/га, от подземного пожара — 24,0 ± 0,1 кг/га, от низового пожара — 10,2 ± 1,2 кг/га, от пожара на нелесных и на непокрытых лесом землях — 4,1 ±0,3 кг/га.
Scientific Reports
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and transition to a new forest inventory system, Russia ha... more Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and transition to a new forest inventory system, Russia has reported almost no change in growing stock (+ 1.8%) and biomass (+ 0.6%). Yet remote sensing products indicate increased vegetation productivity, tree cover and above-ground biomass. Here, we challenge these statistics with a combination of recent National Forest Inventory and remote sensing data to provide an alternative estimate of the growing stock of Russian forests and to assess the relative changes in post-Soviet Russia. Our estimate for the year 2014 is 111 ± 1.3 × 109 m3, or 39% higher than the value in the State Forest Register. Using the last Soviet Union report as a reference, Russian forests have accumulated 1163 × 106 m3 yr-1 of growing stock between 1988–2014, which balances the net forest stock losses in tropical countries. Our estimate of the growing stock of managed forests is 94.2 × 109 m3, which corresponds to sequestration of 354 Tg C yr-1 in live biomass over 1988–...
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
This work aims to assess the dynamics of net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals, as well... more This work aims to assess the dynamics of net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals, as well as analyse the mitigation potential for managed lands in Russia, the country’s contributions to global GHG fluxes and global mitigation in agriculture, forestry and other land use required under the goals of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 21st Conference of the Parties (Paris Agreement). Russia is the fifth-largest GHG emitter in the world, yet information on its ecosystem-based emissions and related mitigation potential remains insufficient. In order to estimate annual GHG emissions and removals, the adapted methodologies and parameters of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) methodological reports were applied. Managed land in Russia exhibits a steady trend of increasing net GHG absorption from 1990 to 2016, reaching an absorption value of 553 Mt carbon dioxide (CO 2 -eq) in 2016 (compensating for about 4.6% of the current global net GHG emission from land use) from a net loss of 343 Mt CO 2 -eq in 1990 due to the decrease in forest harvesting rates and reduction in the organic and mineral fertilisation of croplands. The results obtained in our work are in accordance with the carbon fluxes (per hectare) of other countries, taking into account similarities and differences in climatic conditions. The total mitigation potential of managed land in Russia is estimated at about 545–940 Mt CO 2 -eq year −1 , which may compensate for an additional 4.5–7.8% of current global net GHG emissions from land use. Major mitigation measures in Russia comprise sustainable land management activities, such as land protection from fires, insect outbreaks and other natural disturbances, the reduction of carbon losses due to harvesting and wood production, the replacement of existing extensive agricultural management with intense farming, the prevention of soil erosion, reforestation and reclamation activities. Our research demonstrates that implementing these activities can provide general insights into land mitigation strategies and affect land management in other countries, particularly in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. On the global scale mitigation recommendations informed by our study include improved forest management, reforestation, cropland nutrient management and wetland restoration.
Thescientificworld, 2001
The intensity of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission was considered based on literature data on the si... more The intensity of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission was considered based on literature data on the single input of mineral N (nitrogen) fertilizers into different agricultural soil types in Russia. Ambient environmental factors exert a combined effect on the process of gaseous nitrogen formation from fertilizers applied. To reduce the uncertainty of estimates as much as possible, only experimental results obtained under conditions similar to natural were selected for the assessments. Mineral nitric fertilizers were applied to soil at a rate of 40 to 75 kg/ha and the N 2 O emissions were measured for approximately 140 days. Daily average emission values varied from 0.08 to 0.45% of fertilizer nitrogen. Correspondingly, 1.26 and 2.38% of fertilizer nitrogen were emitted as N 2 O from chernozems and soddy podzols. In 1990, the use of fertilizers in Russian agricultural practices for 53 Gg N 2 ON , which equates to approximately 6.1% of global nitrous oxide emissions from nitric fertilizers. Later, the emission dropped because of a decrease in the input of nitric fertilizers to agricultural crops, and in 1998, it constituted just 20.5% of the 1990 level. In the period from 2008 to 2012, the nitrous oxide emission is expected to vary from 0.5 to 65.0 Gg N 2 ON due to possible changes in national agricultural development. In the most likely scenario, the use of mineral fertilizers in Russia will account for approximately 34 to 40 Gg N 2 ON emissions annually from 2008-2012.
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
Nitrous oxide (N2O) atmospheric emission from differentagricultural soil types in Russia was eval... more Nitrous oxide (N2O) atmospheric emission from differentagricultural soil types in Russia was evaluated based on published data onsingle input of nitrogen (N) fertilizers. For most of experiments the rates offertilization varied from 40 to 75 and from 160 to 264 kg/ha in activematter and they were considered separately. The higher rates ofsynthetic fertilizers (160 to 264 kg/ha) reduced relative gaseous loss ofN as N2O (N2O-N). Evidently, if nitrate (NO3) concentrationswere high, the low content of organic carbon (C) and oxygen (O) restricted soilmicrobiological activity and consequently formation of N2O. Themajority of gaseous loss of N2O-N occurred within 140 days afterthe input of fertilizers. The N2O emission factors derived forchernozem and soddy podzolic soil are 0.0126 and 0.0238 kgN2O-N/kg N respectively. In 1990, the use of N fertilizers innational agriculture caused the release of 53 Gg N2O-N thatconstituted 6% of global N2O emission. Later on, the emissiondropped because o...
The dynamics of carbon pools in the live phytomass, necromass, and soil reservoirs have been ana ... more The dynamics of carbon pools in the live phytomass, necromass, and soil reservoirs have been ana lyzed in fallow arable lands of Novgorod oblast. The results show that the amounts of above and belowground necromass increase with the age of fallows, while the dynamics of live phytomass have no distinct trend. Com parisons with archival data show that the stocks of soil organic carbon in the studied ecosystems have decreased by 1.39 t C/ha since 1983, which is equivalent to an annual loss of 0.03 t C/ha. The main factors accounting for changes in the carbon stocks of fallow soils are the initial organic carbon contents in topsoil, the intensity of agromeliorative measures taken during the period of agricultural land use, and carbon con tents in soils of meadow communities typical for a given region (zone).
Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, 2014
Ab stract-Pres ented is the as sess ment of the con tri bu tion that such ma jor types of the lan... more Ab stract-Pres ented is the as sess ment of the con tri bu tion that such ma jor types of the land use in Russia as ar a ble lands, for age lands, set tle ments, and peatery make to anthropogenic fluxes of car bon di oxide CO 2 , meth ane CH 4 , and ni tro gen ox ide N 2 O. The as sess ment is based on the meth ods of com pu tation mon i tor ing car ried out in the pe riod from 2000 to 2011. The re sults of the study dem on strated that ev ery year ar a ble lands cause the emis sion of CO 2 and N 2 O of about 117.0 and 74.9 mil lion t CO 2 equiv, and peatery, 0.54 and 105.4 thou sand t CO 2 equiv, re spec tively. The bal ance of soil car bon in hay fields and pas tures is close to zero. The av er age emis sions of CH 4 and N 2 O from the ma nure of pas ture an imals amount to 0.2 and 5.0 mil lion t CO 2 equiv/year, and those from grass fires, 276.1 and 372.5 thousand t CO 2 equiv/year, re spec tively. The car bon bal ance in per ma nent soils of set tle ments is also al most close to zero, and newly built-up lands are the source of CO 2 (9.5 mil lion t/year). The nat u ral over growing of fal low lands leads to the ac cu mu la tion of the soil car bon (about 92.4 mil lion t CO 2 /year). It was re vealed that the in ten sity of CO 2 emis sion is de fined by the soil car bon bal ance and that of other gases, by the amount of ni tro gen fer til iz ers, plant res i dues, and ma nure com ing to the soil. The to tal emis sion from the land use is 106.9 mil lion t CO 2 equiv/year that makes up 4.9% of the to tal anthropogenic emission of green house gases in the Rus sian Fed er a tion. . The sources of emis sions of CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O taken into ac count for es ti mat ing the land use con tri bu tion to the to tal anthropogenic emis sion.
Global Change Biology, 2013
Feeding 9-10 billion people by 2050 and preventing dangerous climate change are two of the greate... more Feeding 9-10 billion people by 2050 and preventing dangerous climate change are two of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Both challenges must be met while reducing the impact of land management on ecosystem services that deliver vital goods and services, and support human health and well-being. Few studies to date have considered the interactions between these challenges. In this study we briefly outline the challenges, review the supply-and demand-side climate mitigation potential available in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFOLU sector and options for delivering food security. We briefly outline some of the synergies and trade-offs afforded by mitigation practices, before presenting an assessment of the mitigation potential possible in the AFOLU sector under possible future scenarios in which demand-side measures codeliver to aid food security. We conclude that while supply-side mitigation measures, such as changes in land management, might either enhance or negatively impact food security, demand-side mitigation measures, such as reduced waste or demand for livestock products, should benefit both food security and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Demand-side measures offer a greater potential (1.5-15.6 Gt CO 2 -eq. yr À1 ) in meeting both challenges than do supply-side measures (1.5-4.3 Gt CO 2 -eq. yr À1 at carbon prices between 20 and 100 US$ tCO 2 -eq. yr À1 ), but given the enormity of challenges, all options need to be considered. Supply-side measures should be implemented immediately, focussing on those that allow the production of more agricultural product per unit of input. For demand-side measures, given the difficulties in their implementation and lag in their effectiveness, policy should be introduced quickly, and should aim to codeliver to other policy agenda, such as improving environmental quality or improving dietary health. These problems facing humanity in the 21st Century are extremely challenging, and policy that addresses multiple objectives is required now more than ever.
Приведена методика расчетного мониторинга выбросов черного углерода от природных пожаров и провед... more Приведена методика расчетного мониторинга выбросов черного углерода от природных пожаров и проведен расчет для территории России за период 2007—2012 гг. Дано распределение выбросов черного углерода по типам
пожаров и по регионам. За рассматриваемый период среднее значение выброса черного углерода от природных пожаров составило 81,9 ± 37,2 тыс. т/год, межгодовые колебания — от 53,8 тыс. т в 2011 г. до 143,5 тыс. т в 2008 г. Среднее значение выброса черного углерода в лесах от верхового пожара составило 25,0 ±3 ,7 кг/га, от подземного пожара — 24,0 ± 0,1 кг/га, от низового пожара — 10,2 ± 1,2 кг/га, от пожара на нелесных и на непокрытых лесом землях — 4,1 ±0,3 кг/га.