Annalisa Liprino - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Annalisa Liprino

Research paper thumbnail of Fertility specialists’ views, behavior, and attitudes towards the use of endometrial scratching in Italy

BMC Women's Health

Background Endometrial scratching (ES) or injury is intentional damage to the endometrium perform... more Background Endometrial scratching (ES) or injury is intentional damage to the endometrium performed to improve reproductive outcomes for infertile women desiring pregnancy. Moreover, recent systematic reviews with meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials demonstrated that ES is not effective, data on the safety are limited, and it should not be recommended in clinical practice. The aim of the current study was to assess the view and behavior towards ES among fertility specialists throughout infertility centers in Italy, and the relationship between these views and the attitudes towards the use of ES as an add-on in their commercial setting. Methods Online survey among infertility centers, affiliated to Italian Society of Human Reproduction (SIRU), was performed using a detailed questionnaire including 45 questions with the possibility to give “closed” multi-choice answers for 41 items and “open” answers for 4 items. Online data from the websites of the infertility centers resu...

Research paper thumbnail of Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of hE-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V. c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’

<p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of hE-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.... more <p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of hE-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V. c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated BM-MSCs, at 10 D.I.V. evaluated by immunostaining for a) GFAP, b) Nestin, c) Neurofilaments, respectively

<p>Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated BM-MSCs, at 10 D.I.V.... more <p>Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated BM-MSCs, at 10 D.I.V. evaluated by immunostaining for a) GFAP, b) Nestin, c) Neurofilaments, respectively.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated AF-MSCs at 10 D.I.V. assessed by immunostaining for a) GFAP, b) Nestin, c) Neurofilaments, respectively

<p>Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated AF-MSCs at 10 D.I.V. ... more <p>Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated AF-MSCs at 10 D.I.V. assessed by immunostaining for a) GFAP, b) Nestin, c) Neurofilaments, respectively.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Immunostaining picture coupled with bright field image, obtained for the neural markers NESTIN, from AF-MSCs, 10 D.I.V. of neural differentiation treatment

<p>Immunostaining picture coupled with bright field image, obtained for the neural markers ... more <p>Immunostaining picture coupled with bright field image, obtained for the neural markers NESTIN, from AF-MSCs, 10 D.I.V. of neural differentiation treatment.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Value percentage of the expression of CD 34/90/105/133/15/24/29/44 for each stem cell source analyzed

<p>Value percentage of the expression of CD 34/90/105/133/15/24/29/44 for each stem cell so... more <p>Value percentage of the expression of CD 34/90/105/133/15/24/29/44 for each stem cell source analyzed.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of AF-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V, c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’d-e) Light Microscopy images at 100X magnification of AF-MSC at 10 D.I.V. in presence of neural differe...

<p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of AF-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.... more <p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of AF-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V, c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’d-e) Light Microscopy images at 100X magnification of AF-MSC at 10 D.I.V. in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Fattori di rischio,clinica e management della minaccia di parto pretermine

Research paper thumbnail of Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of BM-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V, c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’

<p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of BM-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.... more <p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of BM-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V, c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Na+ current traces evoked by a series 15mV voltage steps recorded from amniotic fluid differentiated neural-like stem cells

<p>Na+ current traces evoked by a series 15mV voltage steps recorded from amniotic fluid di... more <p>Na+ current traces evoked by a series 15mV voltage steps recorded from amniotic fluid differentiated neural-like stem cells.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Representative flowcytometry diagrams of the CD34, CD90, CD105, CD133 CD surface markers expression in mesenchymal stem cells from, Cord Blood, Human Endometrium, Amniotic Fluid

<p>The fluorescence intensity as number of counts and the distribution diagram of positive ... more <p>The fluorescence intensity as number of counts and the distribution diagram of positive cells are reported in ordinate and in abscissa respectively. Data represent means +/- SE of 3 independent experiments.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated CB-MSCs evaluated by immunostaining for a) GFAP, b) nestin c) Neurofilaments, respectively

<p>Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated CB-MSCs evaluated by ... more <p>Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated CB-MSCs evaluated by immunostaining for a) GFAP, b) nestin c) Neurofilaments, respectively.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Representative flowcytometry diagrams of the CD34, CD90, CD105 and CD133 surface markers expression in mesenchymal stem cells from Bone Marrow

<p>The fluorescence intensity as number of counts and the distribution diagram of positive ... more <p>The fluorescence intensity as number of counts and the distribution diagram of positive cells are reported in ordinate and in abscissa respectively. Data represent means +/- SE of 3 independent experiments.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of CB-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V, c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’

<p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of CB-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.... more <p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of CB-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V, c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’.</p

Research paper thumbnail of More blastocysts are produced from fewer oocytes in ICSI  compared to IVF – results from a sibling oocytes study and definition of a new key performance indicator

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 2021

Background Which fertilization method, between ICSI and IVF in split insemination treatments, has... more Background Which fertilization method, between ICSI and IVF in split insemination treatments, has the highest clinical efficiency in producing clinically usable blastocyst? Methods 211 infertile couples underwent split insemination treatments for a non-severe male factor. 1300 metaphase II (MII) oocytes were inseminated by conventional IVF and 1302 MII oocytes were micro-injected with the same partner’s semen. Embryo development until blastocyst stage on day V and clinical outcomes were valuated trough conventional key performance indicators (KPI), and new KPIs such as blastocyst rate per used MII oocytes and the number of MII oocytes to produce one clinically usable blastocyst from ICSI and IVF procedures. Results The results were globally analyzed and according to ovarian stimulation protocol, infertility indication, and female age. The conventional KPI were online with the expected values from consensus references. From global results, 2.3 MII oocyte was needed to produce one cl...

Research paper thumbnail of Ipertensione in Gravidanza. Nostra Esperienza

CONGRESSO FIOG 2009, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of Universal strategy for preimplantation genetic testing for cystic fibrosis based on next-generation sequencing

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 2019

Purpose We developed and applied a universal strategy for preimplantation genetic testing for all... more Purpose We developed and applied a universal strategy for preimplantation genetic testing for all cystic fibrosis gene mutations (PGT-CF) based on next-generation sequencing (NGS). Methods A molecular protocol was designed to diagnose all CF mutations at preimplantation stage. The detection of CF mutations was performed by direct gene sequencing and linkage strategy testing 38 specific SNPs located upstream and inside the gene for PGT-CF. Seventeen couples at risk of CF transmission decided to undergo PGT-CF. Trophectoderm cell biopsies were performed on day 5-6 blastocysts. PGT for aneuploidy (PGT-A) was performed from the same samples. Tested embryos were transferred on further natural cycles. Results PGT was performed on 109 embryos. Fifteen CF mutations were tested. PGT-CF and PGT-A were conclusive for respectively 92.7% and 95.3% of the samples. A mean of 24.1 SNPs was informative per couple. After a single embryo transfer on natural cycle, 81.3% of the transferred tested embryos were implanted. Conclusions The present protocol based on the entire CFTR gene together with informative SNPs outside and inside the gene can be applied to diagnose all CF mutations at preimplantation stage.

Research paper thumbnail of The true panel of Cystic Fibrosis mutations in the Sicilian population

Background: the aim was to establish the true risk of having an affected child with Cystic Fibros... more Background: the aim was to establish the true risk of having an affected child with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) in the Sicilian infertile population. Methods: a longitudinal CFTR screening of 1,279 Sicilian infertile patients for all CFTR mutations sequencing the entire gene by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was performed from patient ‘blood. Results: one patient out of 16 was a carrier of a CFTR mutation. Twenty-four mutations were found. Theoretically one couple out of 256 was at risk of CF transmission. Conclusions: the risk of CF transmission is unexpectedly high in Sicily and with a high heterogeneity. Sequencing an entire and long gene such as CFTR makes accessible the real panel of mutations in a specific population and helps better to understand the true risk of having an affected child.

Research paper thumbnail of The accumulation of vitrified oocytes is a strategy to increase the number of euploid available blastocysts for transfer after preimplantation genetic testing

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 2017

Purpose In a preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy (PGD-A) program, the more embryos a... more Purpose In a preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy (PGD-A) program, the more embryos available for biopsy, consequently increases the chances of obtaining euploid embryos to transfer. The aim was to increase the number of viable euploid blastocysts in patients undergoing PGD-A using fresh oocytes together with previously accumulated vitrified oocytes. Methods Sixty-nine patients with normal ovarian reserve underwent PGD-A for repeated implantation failure or recurrent pregnancy loss indication. After several cycles of ovarian stimulation, 591 accumulated vitrified oocytes and 463 fresh oocytes were micro-injected with the same partner's semen sample. PGD-A was completed on 134 blastocysts from vitrified/ warmed oocytes and 130 blastocysts from fresh oocytes. Results A mean of 9.6% euploid blastocyst per micro-injected vitrified/warmed oocytes and 11.4% euploid blastocyst per micro-injected fresh oocyte were obtained (p > 0.05). The euploidy and aneuploidy rates were comparable in blastocysts obtained from micro-injected vitrified/warmed oocytes and fresh oocytes (42.5 versus 40.8% and 57.5 versus 59.2%, p > 0.05). Implantation rates of euploid blastocysts were comparable between the two sources of oocytes (56.0% from vitrified/ warmed oocytes versus 60.9% from fresh oocytes, p > 0.05). Conclusions Oocyte vitrification and warming do not generate aneuploidy in blastocysts. The number of viable euploid embryos for transfer can be increased by using accumulated vitrified oocytes together with fresh oocytes in ICSI. Trial registration NCT02820415 ClinicalTrials.gov

Research paper thumbnail of Different Tissue-Derived Stem Cells: A Comparison of Neural Differentiation Capability

Research paper thumbnail of Fertility specialists’ views, behavior, and attitudes towards the use of endometrial scratching in Italy

BMC Women's Health

Background Endometrial scratching (ES) or injury is intentional damage to the endometrium perform... more Background Endometrial scratching (ES) or injury is intentional damage to the endometrium performed to improve reproductive outcomes for infertile women desiring pregnancy. Moreover, recent systematic reviews with meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials demonstrated that ES is not effective, data on the safety are limited, and it should not be recommended in clinical practice. The aim of the current study was to assess the view and behavior towards ES among fertility specialists throughout infertility centers in Italy, and the relationship between these views and the attitudes towards the use of ES as an add-on in their commercial setting. Methods Online survey among infertility centers, affiliated to Italian Society of Human Reproduction (SIRU), was performed using a detailed questionnaire including 45 questions with the possibility to give “closed” multi-choice answers for 41 items and “open” answers for 4 items. Online data from the websites of the infertility centers resu...

Research paper thumbnail of Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of hE-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V. c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’

<p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of hE-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.... more <p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of hE-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V. c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated BM-MSCs, at 10 D.I.V. evaluated by immunostaining for a) GFAP, b) Nestin, c) Neurofilaments, respectively

<p>Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated BM-MSCs, at 10 D.I.V.... more <p>Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated BM-MSCs, at 10 D.I.V. evaluated by immunostaining for a) GFAP, b) Nestin, c) Neurofilaments, respectively.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated AF-MSCs at 10 D.I.V. assessed by immunostaining for a) GFAP, b) Nestin, c) Neurofilaments, respectively

<p>Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated AF-MSCs at 10 D.I.V. ... more <p>Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated AF-MSCs at 10 D.I.V. assessed by immunostaining for a) GFAP, b) Nestin, c) Neurofilaments, respectively.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Immunostaining picture coupled with bright field image, obtained for the neural markers NESTIN, from AF-MSCs, 10 D.I.V. of neural differentiation treatment

<p>Immunostaining picture coupled with bright field image, obtained for the neural markers ... more <p>Immunostaining picture coupled with bright field image, obtained for the neural markers NESTIN, from AF-MSCs, 10 D.I.V. of neural differentiation treatment.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Value percentage of the expression of CD 34/90/105/133/15/24/29/44 for each stem cell source analyzed

<p>Value percentage of the expression of CD 34/90/105/133/15/24/29/44 for each stem cell so... more <p>Value percentage of the expression of CD 34/90/105/133/15/24/29/44 for each stem cell source analyzed.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of AF-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V, c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’d-e) Light Microscopy images at 100X magnification of AF-MSC at 10 D.I.V. in presence of neural differe...

<p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of AF-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.... more <p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of AF-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V, c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’d-e) Light Microscopy images at 100X magnification of AF-MSC at 10 D.I.V. in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Fattori di rischio,clinica e management della minaccia di parto pretermine

Research paper thumbnail of Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of BM-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V, c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’

<p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of BM-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.... more <p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of BM-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V, c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Na+ current traces evoked by a series 15mV voltage steps recorded from amniotic fluid differentiated neural-like stem cells

<p>Na+ current traces evoked by a series 15mV voltage steps recorded from amniotic fluid di... more <p>Na+ current traces evoked by a series 15mV voltage steps recorded from amniotic fluid differentiated neural-like stem cells.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Representative flowcytometry diagrams of the CD34, CD90, CD105, CD133 CD surface markers expression in mesenchymal stem cells from, Cord Blood, Human Endometrium, Amniotic Fluid

<p>The fluorescence intensity as number of counts and the distribution diagram of positive ... more <p>The fluorescence intensity as number of counts and the distribution diagram of positive cells are reported in ordinate and in abscissa respectively. Data represent means +/- SE of 3 independent experiments.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated CB-MSCs evaluated by immunostaining for a) GFAP, b) nestin c) Neurofilaments, respectively

<p>Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated CB-MSCs evaluated by ... more <p>Expression of neural-like cells specific markers in differentiated CB-MSCs evaluated by immunostaining for a) GFAP, b) nestin c) Neurofilaments, respectively.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Representative flowcytometry diagrams of the CD34, CD90, CD105 and CD133 surface markers expression in mesenchymal stem cells from Bone Marrow

<p>The fluorescence intensity as number of counts and the distribution diagram of positive ... more <p>The fluorescence intensity as number of counts and the distribution diagram of positive cells are reported in ordinate and in abscissa respectively. Data represent means +/- SE of 3 independent experiments.</p

Research paper thumbnail of Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of CB-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V, c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’

<p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of CB-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.... more <p>Light Microscopy images at 40X magnification of CB-MSC at 2 D.I.V a), 6 D.I.V. b), 10 D.I.V, c), in presence of neural differentiation factors as reported in the section: ‘Materials and Methods’.</p

Research paper thumbnail of More blastocysts are produced from fewer oocytes in ICSI  compared to IVF – results from a sibling oocytes study and definition of a new key performance indicator

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 2021

Background Which fertilization method, between ICSI and IVF in split insemination treatments, has... more Background Which fertilization method, between ICSI and IVF in split insemination treatments, has the highest clinical efficiency in producing clinically usable blastocyst? Methods 211 infertile couples underwent split insemination treatments for a non-severe male factor. 1300 metaphase II (MII) oocytes were inseminated by conventional IVF and 1302 MII oocytes were micro-injected with the same partner’s semen. Embryo development until blastocyst stage on day V and clinical outcomes were valuated trough conventional key performance indicators (KPI), and new KPIs such as blastocyst rate per used MII oocytes and the number of MII oocytes to produce one clinically usable blastocyst from ICSI and IVF procedures. Results The results were globally analyzed and according to ovarian stimulation protocol, infertility indication, and female age. The conventional KPI were online with the expected values from consensus references. From global results, 2.3 MII oocyte was needed to produce one cl...

Research paper thumbnail of Ipertensione in Gravidanza. Nostra Esperienza

CONGRESSO FIOG 2009, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of Universal strategy for preimplantation genetic testing for cystic fibrosis based on next-generation sequencing

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 2019

Purpose We developed and applied a universal strategy for preimplantation genetic testing for all... more Purpose We developed and applied a universal strategy for preimplantation genetic testing for all cystic fibrosis gene mutations (PGT-CF) based on next-generation sequencing (NGS). Methods A molecular protocol was designed to diagnose all CF mutations at preimplantation stage. The detection of CF mutations was performed by direct gene sequencing and linkage strategy testing 38 specific SNPs located upstream and inside the gene for PGT-CF. Seventeen couples at risk of CF transmission decided to undergo PGT-CF. Trophectoderm cell biopsies were performed on day 5-6 blastocysts. PGT for aneuploidy (PGT-A) was performed from the same samples. Tested embryos were transferred on further natural cycles. Results PGT was performed on 109 embryos. Fifteen CF mutations were tested. PGT-CF and PGT-A were conclusive for respectively 92.7% and 95.3% of the samples. A mean of 24.1 SNPs was informative per couple. After a single embryo transfer on natural cycle, 81.3% of the transferred tested embryos were implanted. Conclusions The present protocol based on the entire CFTR gene together with informative SNPs outside and inside the gene can be applied to diagnose all CF mutations at preimplantation stage.

Research paper thumbnail of The true panel of Cystic Fibrosis mutations in the Sicilian population

Background: the aim was to establish the true risk of having an affected child with Cystic Fibros... more Background: the aim was to establish the true risk of having an affected child with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) in the Sicilian infertile population. Methods: a longitudinal CFTR screening of 1,279 Sicilian infertile patients for all CFTR mutations sequencing the entire gene by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was performed from patient ‘blood. Results: one patient out of 16 was a carrier of a CFTR mutation. Twenty-four mutations were found. Theoretically one couple out of 256 was at risk of CF transmission. Conclusions: the risk of CF transmission is unexpectedly high in Sicily and with a high heterogeneity. Sequencing an entire and long gene such as CFTR makes accessible the real panel of mutations in a specific population and helps better to understand the true risk of having an affected child.

Research paper thumbnail of The accumulation of vitrified oocytes is a strategy to increase the number of euploid available blastocysts for transfer after preimplantation genetic testing

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 2017

Purpose In a preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy (PGD-A) program, the more embryos a... more Purpose In a preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy (PGD-A) program, the more embryos available for biopsy, consequently increases the chances of obtaining euploid embryos to transfer. The aim was to increase the number of viable euploid blastocysts in patients undergoing PGD-A using fresh oocytes together with previously accumulated vitrified oocytes. Methods Sixty-nine patients with normal ovarian reserve underwent PGD-A for repeated implantation failure or recurrent pregnancy loss indication. After several cycles of ovarian stimulation, 591 accumulated vitrified oocytes and 463 fresh oocytes were micro-injected with the same partner's semen sample. PGD-A was completed on 134 blastocysts from vitrified/ warmed oocytes and 130 blastocysts from fresh oocytes. Results A mean of 9.6% euploid blastocyst per micro-injected vitrified/warmed oocytes and 11.4% euploid blastocyst per micro-injected fresh oocyte were obtained (p > 0.05). The euploidy and aneuploidy rates were comparable in blastocysts obtained from micro-injected vitrified/warmed oocytes and fresh oocytes (42.5 versus 40.8% and 57.5 versus 59.2%, p > 0.05). Implantation rates of euploid blastocysts were comparable between the two sources of oocytes (56.0% from vitrified/ warmed oocytes versus 60.9% from fresh oocytes, p > 0.05). Conclusions Oocyte vitrification and warming do not generate aneuploidy in blastocysts. The number of viable euploid embryos for transfer can be increased by using accumulated vitrified oocytes together with fresh oocytes in ICSI. Trial registration NCT02820415 ClinicalTrials.gov

Research paper thumbnail of Different Tissue-Derived Stem Cells: A Comparison of Neural Differentiation Capability