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Papers by Annette Heinzel

Research paper thumbnail of Compatibility of a Zircaloy in Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Heavyliquid Metal

Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) is a coolant of one of main candidates for the future nuclear ... more Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) is a coolant of one of main candidates for the future nuclear reactor in the world (Generation IV reactors) i.e. LFR (Lead alloy-cooled Fast Reactor), and also a spallation target material for ADS (Accelerator Driven Transmutation System). The liquid has several advantages from neutronic, thermal-hydraulic, and inert characteristic with water and air. Nevertheless, the liquid LBE has the corrosive characteristic to metals as constituent materials of fuel cladding and structural of the reactors. Therefore, development of fuel cladding and structural materials in lead-bismuth eutectic environment is one of key issues for the deployment of LFR and ADS. A zirconium alloy material i.e. ZrNbMoGe has been developed in the Center for Technology of Nuclear IndustryMaterials (PTBIN)-BATAN. In order to explore the characteristics of the zircaloy, investigation of compatibility of ZrNbMoGe in liquid LBE has been done using COSTA apparatus facility at Pulsed Po...

Research paper thumbnail of AFA-steels for Lead alloy cooled nuclear reactors – an overview of the European activities in the GEMMA project

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Sep 12, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Corrosion Investigations of Materials in Antimony–Tin and Antimony–Bismuth Alloys for Liquid Metal Batteries

TMS 2021 150th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, 2021

Liquid metal batteries are discussed as stationary electrical energy storage for renewable energi... more Liquid metal batteries are discussed as stationary electrical energy storage for renewable energies, in order to compensate their fluctuating supply of energy. A liquid metal battery consists of three different liquid, which stay segregated due to density differences and mutual immiscibility. The negative electrode is the low density liquid metal, in our case sodium, a medium density molten salt is the electrolyte and positive electrode is a high density liquid metal. For the latter Sb-Sn and Sn-Bi alloys are selected. However, one issue is the compatibility of the structural materials with the used liquids. In a first step the behaviour of potential structural materials in Sb3Sn7 and SbBi9 at the temperature of 450 °C up to 750h were tested. The result showed that the corrosion in SbBi9 was significantly less than in Sb3Sn7 and the most promising materials were molybdenum and Max-phase coatings.

Research paper thumbnail of First results on T91 claddings with and without modified FeCrAlY coatings exposed in PbBi under varying conditions

Research paper thumbnail of Surface treatment of steels for nuclear systems materials using pulsed electron beam technique

Research paper thumbnail of Status on liquid metal corrosion, mechanical properties and corrosion protection research at FZK and in collaboration with partners

Research paper thumbnail of Renewable Energy (RE): Bioenergy -Feedstocks and Pretreatment

The Department for Pulsed Power Technology is focusing on research and development of pulsed powe... more The Department for Pulsed Power Technology is focusing on research and development of pulsed power technologies and related applications. The applications involves the electroporation of biological cells for extraction of cell contents (PEF- process), dewatering and drying of green biomass, pre-treatment of micro algae for energetic use and sustainable reduction of bacteria in contaminated effluents. Another key research topic is devoted to the development of corrosion barriers and materials for improved compatibility of structural materials in contact with liquid metal coolants. This year's report focuses primarily on the activities and results of ongoing third-party funded projects of the department.

Research paper thumbnail of Critical AI content required to form a protective alumina layer on Fe-Cr-Al alloys exposed to oxygen-containing molten lead

Research paper thumbnail of Long-term corrosion tests of Ti 3 SiC 2 and Ti 2 AlC in oxygen containing LBE at temperatures up to 700 °C

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2016

Abstract Two MAX-phase materials, Ti 3 SiC and Ti 2 AlC, were tested at 550 °C, 650 °C and 700 °C... more Abstract Two MAX-phase materials, Ti 3 SiC and Ti 2 AlC, were tested at 550 °C, 650 °C and 700 °C up to 10 000 h in LBE (lead-bismuth-eutectic) containing of 10 −6 and 10 −8 wt% oxygen. It was found that secondary phases have a strong influence on corrosion effects. Ti 3 SiC showed a surface disintegration at 550°C/10 −6 wt% oxygen after longer exposure, while a 4–7 μm thick TiO 2 layer with Pb-Bi inclusions was detected on Ti 2 AlC. However, Ti 3 SiC is protected by a double layered oxide with an outer part of TiO 2 and a mixed inner layer of SiO 2 and TiO 2 at the higher temperatures. Ti 2 AlC formed a TiO 2 surface layer containing Al 2 O 3 . Some defects could be observed on the Ti 3 SiC surface in LBE containing 10 −8 wt% oxygen at 550 °C and 650 °C. The secondary phases between the Ti 3 SiC grains showed strong oxidation at 700 °C. Due to the high Al solubility in LBE, Ti 2 AlC experienced strong dissolution attack after longer exposure times at 650 and 700 °C.

Research paper thumbnail of Corrosion behavior of Al-containing MAX-phase coatings exposed to oxygen containing molten Pb at 600 °C

Research paper thumbnail of Production of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polyamide filaments for microwave additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has been developed for mor... more Additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has been developed for more than 30 years for potential applications in aerospace, automotive and medical treatment. Benefiting from the computer-aided design, numerical and automatic control, the 3D printing becomes a burgeoning method and may lead to a revolution in the manufacturing industry. Continuous carbon fibers are promising reinforcement materials to improve stiffness and strength properties of the 3D printed plastics. Traditional additive manufacturing methods of fused filament fabrication (FFF) have a slow printing speed of small diameter continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) filaments, because of the low efficiency and contact needed heat transfer disadvantages of the resistive heating approach. The microwave additive manufacturing by using instantaneous, selective and volumetric microwave heating, can fabricate large diameter CFRTP filaments with higher speed than the state-of-the-art printing methods. In this paper, the production process of large diameter continuous carbon fiber reinforced polyamide filaments is introduced. The polyamide sizing agent is applied to improve the bonding strength between carbon fiber and matrix resin. Carbon fiber volume frication and voids of the filaments are investigated.

Research paper thumbnail of Liquid metal technology for concentrated solar power systems: Contributions by the German research program

AIMS Energy, 2014

Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems can play a major role as a renewable energy source with th... more Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems can play a major role as a renewable energy source with the inherent possibility of including a thermal energy storage subsystem for improving the plant dispatchability. Next-generation CSP systems have to provide an increased overall efficiency at reduced specific costs and they will require higher operating temperatures and larger heat flux densities. In that context, liquid metals are proposed as advanced high temperature heat transfer fluids, particularly for central receiver systems. Their main advantages are chemical stability at temperatures up to 900 °C and even beyond, as well as largely improved heat transfer when compared to conventional fluids like oil or salt mixtures, primarily due to their superior thermal conductivity. However, major issues here are the corrosion protection of structural materials and the development of technology components and control systems, as well as the development of indirect storage solutions, to circumvent the relatively small heat capacity of liquid metals. On the other hand, using liquid metals might enable alternative technologies like direct thermal-electric conversion or use of solar high-temperature heat in chemical processes. This article aims at describing research areas and research needs to be addressed for fully evaluating and subsequently utilizing the potential of liquid metals in CSP systems. A second aim of the article is a brief overview of the liquid metal research capabilities of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), their background and their relation to CSP and the aforementioned research pathways.

Research paper thumbnail of Compatibility of structural materials with lead-bismuth eutectic and lead: Standardisation of data, corrosion mechanism and rate

Research paper thumbnail of Development of CO₂-free production of hydrogen by methane decarbonisation based on liquid metal technology

Research paper thumbnail of Fabrication process and basic investigation of 9 and 12 Cr ODS steel

Research paper thumbnail of GESA, pulsed electron beam facility - Surface modification, surface alloying - Applications

Research paper thumbnail of Corrosion behaviour of Fe-Cr-Al model alloys exposed at 400-600⁰C in oxygen containing molten lead

Research paper thumbnail of Advanced corrosion barriers and fretting issues in liquid Pb alloys

Research paper thumbnail of Kompatibilitas Paduan Zirkonium Pad Acairan Logam Berat Lead-Bismuth Eutectic

KOMPATIBILITAS PADUAN ZIRKONIUM PAD ACAIRAN LOGAM BERAT LEAD-BISMUTH EUTECTIC . Cairan Lead Bismu... more KOMPATIBILITAS PADUAN ZIRKONIUM PAD ACAIRAN LOGAM BERAT LEAD-BISMUTH EUTECTIC . Cairan Lead Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) merupakan pendingin salah satu kandidat utama reaktor masa depan di dunia (Generation IV reactors) yaitu Lead alloy-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) sekaligusmerupakan material target spalasi untuk Accelerator Driven Transmutation System (ADS). Cairan ini memiliki berbagai keunggulan dari segi netronik, termalhidrolik maupun sifat yang inert terhadap air dan udara. Namun cairan LBE ini bersifat korosif pada logam-logam yang menjadi penyusun material kelongsong bahan bakar dan struktur reaktor. Oleh karena itu pengembangan material kelongsong bahan bakar dan struktur reaktor dalamlingkungan LBE merupakan salah satu kunci utama dalam pengembangan LFR dan ADS. Telah dikembangkan paduan zirkonium yaitu ZrNbMoGe di Pusat Teknologi Bahan Industri Nuklir (PTBIN)-BATAN. Dalam rangka untuk mengeksplorasi karakteristik paduan zirkonium ini dilakukan investigasi kompatibilitas bahan padu...

Research paper thumbnail of FeCrAl-based coatings for improving corrosion resistance of steels exposed to molten Pb

Research paper thumbnail of Compatibility of a Zircaloy in Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Heavyliquid Metal

Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) is a coolant of one of main candidates for the future nuclear ... more Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) is a coolant of one of main candidates for the future nuclear reactor in the world (Generation IV reactors) i.e. LFR (Lead alloy-cooled Fast Reactor), and also a spallation target material for ADS (Accelerator Driven Transmutation System). The liquid has several advantages from neutronic, thermal-hydraulic, and inert characteristic with water and air. Nevertheless, the liquid LBE has the corrosive characteristic to metals as constituent materials of fuel cladding and structural of the reactors. Therefore, development of fuel cladding and structural materials in lead-bismuth eutectic environment is one of key issues for the deployment of LFR and ADS. A zirconium alloy material i.e. ZrNbMoGe has been developed in the Center for Technology of Nuclear IndustryMaterials (PTBIN)-BATAN. In order to explore the characteristics of the zircaloy, investigation of compatibility of ZrNbMoGe in liquid LBE has been done using COSTA apparatus facility at Pulsed Po...

Research paper thumbnail of AFA-steels for Lead alloy cooled nuclear reactors – an overview of the European activities in the GEMMA project

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Sep 12, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Corrosion Investigations of Materials in Antimony–Tin and Antimony–Bismuth Alloys for Liquid Metal Batteries

TMS 2021 150th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, 2021

Liquid metal batteries are discussed as stationary electrical energy storage for renewable energi... more Liquid metal batteries are discussed as stationary electrical energy storage for renewable energies, in order to compensate their fluctuating supply of energy. A liquid metal battery consists of three different liquid, which stay segregated due to density differences and mutual immiscibility. The negative electrode is the low density liquid metal, in our case sodium, a medium density molten salt is the electrolyte and positive electrode is a high density liquid metal. For the latter Sb-Sn and Sn-Bi alloys are selected. However, one issue is the compatibility of the structural materials with the used liquids. In a first step the behaviour of potential structural materials in Sb3Sn7 and SbBi9 at the temperature of 450 °C up to 750h were tested. The result showed that the corrosion in SbBi9 was significantly less than in Sb3Sn7 and the most promising materials were molybdenum and Max-phase coatings.

Research paper thumbnail of First results on T91 claddings with and without modified FeCrAlY coatings exposed in PbBi under varying conditions

Research paper thumbnail of Surface treatment of steels for nuclear systems materials using pulsed electron beam technique

Research paper thumbnail of Status on liquid metal corrosion, mechanical properties and corrosion protection research at FZK and in collaboration with partners

Research paper thumbnail of Renewable Energy (RE): Bioenergy -Feedstocks and Pretreatment

The Department for Pulsed Power Technology is focusing on research and development of pulsed powe... more The Department for Pulsed Power Technology is focusing on research and development of pulsed power technologies and related applications. The applications involves the electroporation of biological cells for extraction of cell contents (PEF- process), dewatering and drying of green biomass, pre-treatment of micro algae for energetic use and sustainable reduction of bacteria in contaminated effluents. Another key research topic is devoted to the development of corrosion barriers and materials for improved compatibility of structural materials in contact with liquid metal coolants. This year's report focuses primarily on the activities and results of ongoing third-party funded projects of the department.

Research paper thumbnail of Critical AI content required to form a protective alumina layer on Fe-Cr-Al alloys exposed to oxygen-containing molten lead

Research paper thumbnail of Long-term corrosion tests of Ti 3 SiC 2 and Ti 2 AlC in oxygen containing LBE at temperatures up to 700 °C

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2016

Abstract Two MAX-phase materials, Ti 3 SiC and Ti 2 AlC, were tested at 550 °C, 650 °C and 700 °C... more Abstract Two MAX-phase materials, Ti 3 SiC and Ti 2 AlC, were tested at 550 °C, 650 °C and 700 °C up to 10 000 h in LBE (lead-bismuth-eutectic) containing of 10 −6 and 10 −8 wt% oxygen. It was found that secondary phases have a strong influence on corrosion effects. Ti 3 SiC showed a surface disintegration at 550°C/10 −6 wt% oxygen after longer exposure, while a 4–7 μm thick TiO 2 layer with Pb-Bi inclusions was detected on Ti 2 AlC. However, Ti 3 SiC is protected by a double layered oxide with an outer part of TiO 2 and a mixed inner layer of SiO 2 and TiO 2 at the higher temperatures. Ti 2 AlC formed a TiO 2 surface layer containing Al 2 O 3 . Some defects could be observed on the Ti 3 SiC surface in LBE containing 10 −8 wt% oxygen at 550 °C and 650 °C. The secondary phases between the Ti 3 SiC grains showed strong oxidation at 700 °C. Due to the high Al solubility in LBE, Ti 2 AlC experienced strong dissolution attack after longer exposure times at 650 and 700 °C.

Research paper thumbnail of Corrosion behavior of Al-containing MAX-phase coatings exposed to oxygen containing molten Pb at 600 °C

Research paper thumbnail of Production of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polyamide filaments for microwave additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has been developed for mor... more Additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has been developed for more than 30 years for potential applications in aerospace, automotive and medical treatment. Benefiting from the computer-aided design, numerical and automatic control, the 3D printing becomes a burgeoning method and may lead to a revolution in the manufacturing industry. Continuous carbon fibers are promising reinforcement materials to improve stiffness and strength properties of the 3D printed plastics. Traditional additive manufacturing methods of fused filament fabrication (FFF) have a slow printing speed of small diameter continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) filaments, because of the low efficiency and contact needed heat transfer disadvantages of the resistive heating approach. The microwave additive manufacturing by using instantaneous, selective and volumetric microwave heating, can fabricate large diameter CFRTP filaments with higher speed than the state-of-the-art printing methods. In this paper, the production process of large diameter continuous carbon fiber reinforced polyamide filaments is introduced. The polyamide sizing agent is applied to improve the bonding strength between carbon fiber and matrix resin. Carbon fiber volume frication and voids of the filaments are investigated.

Research paper thumbnail of Liquid metal technology for concentrated solar power systems: Contributions by the German research program

AIMS Energy, 2014

Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems can play a major role as a renewable energy source with th... more Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems can play a major role as a renewable energy source with the inherent possibility of including a thermal energy storage subsystem for improving the plant dispatchability. Next-generation CSP systems have to provide an increased overall efficiency at reduced specific costs and they will require higher operating temperatures and larger heat flux densities. In that context, liquid metals are proposed as advanced high temperature heat transfer fluids, particularly for central receiver systems. Their main advantages are chemical stability at temperatures up to 900 °C and even beyond, as well as largely improved heat transfer when compared to conventional fluids like oil or salt mixtures, primarily due to their superior thermal conductivity. However, major issues here are the corrosion protection of structural materials and the development of technology components and control systems, as well as the development of indirect storage solutions, to circumvent the relatively small heat capacity of liquid metals. On the other hand, using liquid metals might enable alternative technologies like direct thermal-electric conversion or use of solar high-temperature heat in chemical processes. This article aims at describing research areas and research needs to be addressed for fully evaluating and subsequently utilizing the potential of liquid metals in CSP systems. A second aim of the article is a brief overview of the liquid metal research capabilities of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), their background and their relation to CSP and the aforementioned research pathways.

Research paper thumbnail of Compatibility of structural materials with lead-bismuth eutectic and lead: Standardisation of data, corrosion mechanism and rate

Research paper thumbnail of Development of CO₂-free production of hydrogen by methane decarbonisation based on liquid metal technology

Research paper thumbnail of Fabrication process and basic investigation of 9 and 12 Cr ODS steel

Research paper thumbnail of GESA, pulsed electron beam facility - Surface modification, surface alloying - Applications

Research paper thumbnail of Corrosion behaviour of Fe-Cr-Al model alloys exposed at 400-600⁰C in oxygen containing molten lead

Research paper thumbnail of Advanced corrosion barriers and fretting issues in liquid Pb alloys

Research paper thumbnail of Kompatibilitas Paduan Zirkonium Pad Acairan Logam Berat Lead-Bismuth Eutectic

KOMPATIBILITAS PADUAN ZIRKONIUM PAD ACAIRAN LOGAM BERAT LEAD-BISMUTH EUTECTIC . Cairan Lead Bismu... more KOMPATIBILITAS PADUAN ZIRKONIUM PAD ACAIRAN LOGAM BERAT LEAD-BISMUTH EUTECTIC . Cairan Lead Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) merupakan pendingin salah satu kandidat utama reaktor masa depan di dunia (Generation IV reactors) yaitu Lead alloy-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) sekaligusmerupakan material target spalasi untuk Accelerator Driven Transmutation System (ADS). Cairan ini memiliki berbagai keunggulan dari segi netronik, termalhidrolik maupun sifat yang inert terhadap air dan udara. Namun cairan LBE ini bersifat korosif pada logam-logam yang menjadi penyusun material kelongsong bahan bakar dan struktur reaktor. Oleh karena itu pengembangan material kelongsong bahan bakar dan struktur reaktor dalamlingkungan LBE merupakan salah satu kunci utama dalam pengembangan LFR dan ADS. Telah dikembangkan paduan zirkonium yaitu ZrNbMoGe di Pusat Teknologi Bahan Industri Nuklir (PTBIN)-BATAN. Dalam rangka untuk mengeksplorasi karakteristik paduan zirkonium ini dilakukan investigasi kompatibilitas bahan padu...

Research paper thumbnail of FeCrAl-based coatings for improving corrosion resistance of steels exposed to molten Pb