Annette Tomal - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Annette Tomal
How College Students View the Christian’s Role in the Business World: A Longitudinal Study
This longitudinal study adapts Niebuhr’s Christ and Culture typology to develop a survey that ass... more This longitudinal study adapts Niebuhr’s Christ and Culture typology to develop a survey that assesses Christian college students ’ opinions about Christians working in the business world. Students, who completed the survey as freshmen and then three years later as seniors, provided their level of agreement with four different statements using a Likert scale and then indicated with which of the four statements they most agreed and most disagreed. The four statements were: Christians should try to avoid working in a non-Christian business (Christian values are not explicitly incorporated into company decisions). Christians who work in a non-Christian business should view the organization as a place to succeed and grow professionally, as long as their faith is not compromised or weakened. Christians who work in a non-Christian business should view the organization as a “mission field ” in which they can share their faith with co-workers, etc., when opportunities arise. Christians who ...
Gender Stereotyping Among Christian Students
Perceptions of student and professor competence and respect were investigated through a survey of... more Perceptions of student and professor competence and respect were investigated through a survey of 2042 students from 77 liberal arts colleges, both Christian and non-Christian. The Christian schools are part of the CCCU (Council for Christian Colleges and Universities); CCCU responses were 78.5 percent of the total. Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine if gender and type of college affected students ’ responses. Two conclusions can be made about student competence and value: (1) male CCCU students are most likely to believe that male students are viewed as more competent than female students and (2) non-CCCU students are more likely to believe that male and female student opinions and questions are valued equally. Regarding faculty gender differences, two conclusions can be made: (1) non-CCCU males are most likely to believe that female and male professors are treated with equal respect, and (2) CCCU female students are least likely to believe that female and mal...
Student views of the role of women in the family were compared with results from a National Surve... more Student views of the role of women in the family were compared with results from a National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH). Freshmen and seniors from an evangelical Christian college were surveyed with 498 responses. e college students were more likely to support traditional gender roles than the NSFH respondents. Freshmen (41%) were more supportive of traditional gender roles than seniors (22%). Senior females (71%) were least supportive of traditional gender roles, compared with freshman males (31%). Seniors (35%) were more likely than freshmen (24%) to approve of mothers of preschoolers working full-time. Senior females (43%) were most supportive of working mothers, compared with freshman males (20%). Almost 60% of the students lived in families with a stay-athome mother; just over 10% of the students had full-time working mothers during their school years. About 50% of freshman females and 25% of senior females hope to be stay-at-home mothers, compared with about 60% of the male students preferring a stay-at-home wife. e paper also provides a historical and theological discussion of the changing roles of mothers in the family throughout history.
County-level abortion rates were regressed against parental involvement laws, religious membershi... more County-level abortion rates were regressed against parental involvement laws, religious membership levels, and several demographic and socioeconomic variables. The sample size was all 781 counties in the 12 states that provide abortion data for five age groups from 15-34. Parental involvement laws were significantly related to lower abortion rates for all age groups. Religious membership levels were used for the three major categories of religious adherence in the U.S. – Catholic/Orthodox, Mainline Protestant, and Non-Mainline Protestant. Religious affiliation with Catholic/Orthodox was positively related to abortion rates for all age groups, as was Non-Mainline Protestant affiliation for ages 25-34. Mainline Protestant was minimally related to higher abortion rates for two of five age groups. Lower abortion rates were related to married-couple families (for all but minor teens), increased White population, and prevalence of families in poverty for ages 15-24. Higher abortion rates ...
Perceptions of student and professor competence and respect were investigated through a survey of... more Perceptions of student and professor competence and respect were investigated through a survey of 2042 students from 77 liberal arts colleges, both Christian and non-Christian. The Christian schools are part of the CCCU (Council for Christian Colleges and Universities); CCCU responses were 78.5 percent of the total. ChiSquare and Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine if gender and type of college affected students’ responses. Two conclusions can be made about student competence and value: (1) male CCCU students are most likely to believe that male students are viewed as more competent than female students and (2) non-CCCU students are more likely to believe that male and female student opinions and questions are valued equally. Regarding faculty gender differences, two conclusions can be made: (1) nonCCCU males are most likely to believe that female and male professors are treated with equal respect, and (2) CCCU female students are least likely to believe that female and male p...
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2001
Religious membership can be related to teen abortion rates both directly, through antiabortion se... more Religious membership can be related to teen abortion rates both directly, through antiabortion sentiment, and indirectly, through the higher probability of parental involvement laws being enacted in states with high levels of religious membership. Using data from the 1,024 counties in the 18 states that report teen abortion numbers, counties with high levels of religious membership were more likely to be in a state with a parental involvement law. In weighted regressions with several control variables-restrictive public funding, unemployment rate, per capita income, population density, percent white population, percent of families headed by a married couple, and regional indicators-both the religious membership level and a parental involvement law were negatively related to teen abortion rates. The coefficients for both variables were smaller when both variables were included in the model, indicating an interaction effect between religious membership and parental involvement laws on teen abortion rates.
Bring Performance Appraisals into the Classroom
Discusses the importance of developing positive work behaviors in students. Includes a performanc... more Discusses the importance of developing positive work behaviors in students. Includes a performance appraisal form that can be used to evaluate their classroom behavior. (JOW)
Cultural Comparison of Economic Values Education
Journal of Education for Business, 1987
American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 1999
Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 2009
The paper reviews the literature on the education, gender, and religion nexuses and identifies pl... more The paper reviews the literature on the education, gender, and religion nexuses and identifies plausible hypotheses that religion adversely affects female education. The link between major religions and female educational attainment is examined using the Barro-Lee data set for a sample of 97 countries. The estimates include control variables for colonial heritage, urbanization, labor force participation, and young adult mortality. The estimates show powerful negative links between female educational attainment and the proportion of ethnoreligions, Hindu, and Muslim adherents in a country, with similar results for the gender gap. The paper offers some interpretative thoughts and research agendas.
Hierarchical Religions and Female Education
Journal of Human Capital
The paper examines education, gender, and hierarchical religions, building on work by La Porta an... more The paper examines education, gender, and hierarchical religions, building on work by La Porta and colleagues, who document perverse economic effects for hierarchical religions. Using the Barro-Lee data set for 97 countries and including religion and control variables, we find few effects for hierarchical religions on female education but negative effects on female education and the gender gap for the proportions of ethnoreligious, Hindu, and Muslim adherents in the sample countries. Similar results hold for panel data for 1970–99. The paper offers some interpretative thoughts and research agendas.
The relationship between hospital mortality rates, and hospital, market and patient characteristics
Applied Economics, 1998
ABSTRACT
Earnings Determinants for Self-Employed Women and Men in the Informal Economy: The Case of Bogota, Colombia
International Social Science Review, Mar 22, 2008
Perceptions of student and professor competence and respect were investigated through a survey of... more Perceptions of student and professor competence and respect were investigated through a survey of 2042 students from 77 liberal arts colleges, both Christian and non-Christian. The Christian schools are part of the CCCU (Council for Christian Colleges and Universities); CCCU responses were 78.5 percent of the total. Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine if gender and type of college affected students' responses.
Parental Involvement Laws and Minor and Non-Minor Teen Abortion and Birth Rates
Day Care & Early Education, 1999
The effects of parental notice and consent laws on abortion and birth rates were analyzed for two... more The effects of parental notice and consent laws on abortion and birth rates were analyzed for two groups of teens: those 15 to 17 years old (i.e., minor teens) and those 18 to 19 years old (i.e., non-minor teens). Twelve states report abortion and birth statistics at the county level for these two age groups. The sample consists of 597
Human Resource Development Quarterly, 1994
Do economic incentive systems really improve quality, or are we just ludding ourselves? With fier... more Do economic incentive systems really improve quality, or are we just ludding ourselves? With fierce competition existing today, the challenge to meet high standards of quality becomes paramount. Human resource (HR) managers have played a part in improving overall product quality through the use of a variety of economic incentive systems. However, people are begnning to view many of these systems with skepticism .
Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 2009
The paper reviews the literature on the education, gender, and religion nexuses and identifies pl... more The paper reviews the literature on the education, gender, and religion nexuses and identifies plausible hypotheses that religion adversely affects female education. The link between major religions and female educational attainment is examined using the Barro-Lee data set for a sample of 97 countries. The estimates include control variables for colonial heritage, urbanization, labor force participation, and young adult mortality. The estimates show powerful negative links between female educational attainment and the proportion of ethnoreligions, Hindu, and Muslim adherents in a country, with similar results for the gender gap. The paper offers some interpretative thoughts and research agendas.
How College Students View the Christian’s Role in the Business World: A Longitudinal Study
This longitudinal study adapts Niebuhr’s Christ and Culture typology to develop a survey that ass... more This longitudinal study adapts Niebuhr’s Christ and Culture typology to develop a survey that assesses Christian college students ’ opinions about Christians working in the business world. Students, who completed the survey as freshmen and then three years later as seniors, provided their level of agreement with four different statements using a Likert scale and then indicated with which of the four statements they most agreed and most disagreed. The four statements were: Christians should try to avoid working in a non-Christian business (Christian values are not explicitly incorporated into company decisions). Christians who work in a non-Christian business should view the organization as a place to succeed and grow professionally, as long as their faith is not compromised or weakened. Christians who work in a non-Christian business should view the organization as a “mission field ” in which they can share their faith with co-workers, etc., when opportunities arise. Christians who ...
Gender Stereotyping Among Christian Students
Perceptions of student and professor competence and respect were investigated through a survey of... more Perceptions of student and professor competence and respect were investigated through a survey of 2042 students from 77 liberal arts colleges, both Christian and non-Christian. The Christian schools are part of the CCCU (Council for Christian Colleges and Universities); CCCU responses were 78.5 percent of the total. Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine if gender and type of college affected students ’ responses. Two conclusions can be made about student competence and value: (1) male CCCU students are most likely to believe that male students are viewed as more competent than female students and (2) non-CCCU students are more likely to believe that male and female student opinions and questions are valued equally. Regarding faculty gender differences, two conclusions can be made: (1) non-CCCU males are most likely to believe that female and male professors are treated with equal respect, and (2) CCCU female students are least likely to believe that female and mal...
Student views of the role of women in the family were compared with results from a National Surve... more Student views of the role of women in the family were compared with results from a National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH). Freshmen and seniors from an evangelical Christian college were surveyed with 498 responses. e college students were more likely to support traditional gender roles than the NSFH respondents. Freshmen (41%) were more supportive of traditional gender roles than seniors (22%). Senior females (71%) were least supportive of traditional gender roles, compared with freshman males (31%). Seniors (35%) were more likely than freshmen (24%) to approve of mothers of preschoolers working full-time. Senior females (43%) were most supportive of working mothers, compared with freshman males (20%). Almost 60% of the students lived in families with a stay-athome mother; just over 10% of the students had full-time working mothers during their school years. About 50% of freshman females and 25% of senior females hope to be stay-at-home mothers, compared with about 60% of the male students preferring a stay-at-home wife. e paper also provides a historical and theological discussion of the changing roles of mothers in the family throughout history.
County-level abortion rates were regressed against parental involvement laws, religious membershi... more County-level abortion rates were regressed against parental involvement laws, religious membership levels, and several demographic and socioeconomic variables. The sample size was all 781 counties in the 12 states that provide abortion data for five age groups from 15-34. Parental involvement laws were significantly related to lower abortion rates for all age groups. Religious membership levels were used for the three major categories of religious adherence in the U.S. – Catholic/Orthodox, Mainline Protestant, and Non-Mainline Protestant. Religious affiliation with Catholic/Orthodox was positively related to abortion rates for all age groups, as was Non-Mainline Protestant affiliation for ages 25-34. Mainline Protestant was minimally related to higher abortion rates for two of five age groups. Lower abortion rates were related to married-couple families (for all but minor teens), increased White population, and prevalence of families in poverty for ages 15-24. Higher abortion rates ...
Perceptions of student and professor competence and respect were investigated through a survey of... more Perceptions of student and professor competence and respect were investigated through a survey of 2042 students from 77 liberal arts colleges, both Christian and non-Christian. The Christian schools are part of the CCCU (Council for Christian Colleges and Universities); CCCU responses were 78.5 percent of the total. ChiSquare and Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine if gender and type of college affected students’ responses. Two conclusions can be made about student competence and value: (1) male CCCU students are most likely to believe that male students are viewed as more competent than female students and (2) non-CCCU students are more likely to believe that male and female student opinions and questions are valued equally. Regarding faculty gender differences, two conclusions can be made: (1) nonCCCU males are most likely to believe that female and male professors are treated with equal respect, and (2) CCCU female students are least likely to believe that female and male p...
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2001
Religious membership can be related to teen abortion rates both directly, through antiabortion se... more Religious membership can be related to teen abortion rates both directly, through antiabortion sentiment, and indirectly, through the higher probability of parental involvement laws being enacted in states with high levels of religious membership. Using data from the 1,024 counties in the 18 states that report teen abortion numbers, counties with high levels of religious membership were more likely to be in a state with a parental involvement law. In weighted regressions with several control variables-restrictive public funding, unemployment rate, per capita income, population density, percent white population, percent of families headed by a married couple, and regional indicators-both the religious membership level and a parental involvement law were negatively related to teen abortion rates. The coefficients for both variables were smaller when both variables were included in the model, indicating an interaction effect between religious membership and parental involvement laws on teen abortion rates.
Bring Performance Appraisals into the Classroom
Discusses the importance of developing positive work behaviors in students. Includes a performanc... more Discusses the importance of developing positive work behaviors in students. Includes a performance appraisal form that can be used to evaluate their classroom behavior. (JOW)
Cultural Comparison of Economic Values Education
Journal of Education for Business, 1987
American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 1999
Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 2009
The paper reviews the literature on the education, gender, and religion nexuses and identifies pl... more The paper reviews the literature on the education, gender, and religion nexuses and identifies plausible hypotheses that religion adversely affects female education. The link between major religions and female educational attainment is examined using the Barro-Lee data set for a sample of 97 countries. The estimates include control variables for colonial heritage, urbanization, labor force participation, and young adult mortality. The estimates show powerful negative links between female educational attainment and the proportion of ethnoreligions, Hindu, and Muslim adherents in a country, with similar results for the gender gap. The paper offers some interpretative thoughts and research agendas.
Hierarchical Religions and Female Education
Journal of Human Capital
The paper examines education, gender, and hierarchical religions, building on work by La Porta an... more The paper examines education, gender, and hierarchical religions, building on work by La Porta and colleagues, who document perverse economic effects for hierarchical religions. Using the Barro-Lee data set for 97 countries and including religion and control variables, we find few effects for hierarchical religions on female education but negative effects on female education and the gender gap for the proportions of ethnoreligious, Hindu, and Muslim adherents in the sample countries. Similar results hold for panel data for 1970–99. The paper offers some interpretative thoughts and research agendas.
The relationship between hospital mortality rates, and hospital, market and patient characteristics
Applied Economics, 1998
ABSTRACT
Earnings Determinants for Self-Employed Women and Men in the Informal Economy: The Case of Bogota, Colombia
International Social Science Review, Mar 22, 2008
Perceptions of student and professor competence and respect were investigated through a survey of... more Perceptions of student and professor competence and respect were investigated through a survey of 2042 students from 77 liberal arts colleges, both Christian and non-Christian. The Christian schools are part of the CCCU (Council for Christian Colleges and Universities); CCCU responses were 78.5 percent of the total. Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine if gender and type of college affected students' responses.
Parental Involvement Laws and Minor and Non-Minor Teen Abortion and Birth Rates
Day Care & Early Education, 1999
The effects of parental notice and consent laws on abortion and birth rates were analyzed for two... more The effects of parental notice and consent laws on abortion and birth rates were analyzed for two groups of teens: those 15 to 17 years old (i.e., minor teens) and those 18 to 19 years old (i.e., non-minor teens). Twelve states report abortion and birth statistics at the county level for these two age groups. The sample consists of 597
Human Resource Development Quarterly, 1994
Do economic incentive systems really improve quality, or are we just ludding ourselves? With fier... more Do economic incentive systems really improve quality, or are we just ludding ourselves? With fierce competition existing today, the challenge to meet high standards of quality becomes paramount. Human resource (HR) managers have played a part in improving overall product quality through the use of a variety of economic incentive systems. However, people are begnning to view many of these systems with skepticism .
Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 2009
The paper reviews the literature on the education, gender, and religion nexuses and identifies pl... more The paper reviews the literature on the education, gender, and religion nexuses and identifies plausible hypotheses that religion adversely affects female education. The link between major religions and female educational attainment is examined using the Barro-Lee data set for a sample of 97 countries. The estimates include control variables for colonial heritage, urbanization, labor force participation, and young adult mortality. The estimates show powerful negative links between female educational attainment and the proportion of ethnoreligions, Hindu, and Muslim adherents in a country, with similar results for the gender gap. The paper offers some interpretative thoughts and research agendas.