Annie Kearns - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Annie Kearns

Research paper thumbnail of Doping Prevalence Among Elite U.S. Athletes

Research Square (Research Square), Oct 5, 2023

Background: Determining the prevalence of doping within an elite athlete population is challengin... more Background: Determining the prevalence of doping within an elite athlete population is challenging due to the extreme sensitivity of the topic, however understanding true doping prevalence is important when designing anti-doping programs and measuring their effectiveness. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of doping among Olympic, Paralympic, World and National-level competitive athletes in the United States subject to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List. This study used a web-delivered survey and direct questioning approach to collect data from athletes in the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) Registered Testing Pool or Clean Athlete Program. For the rst time, a prevalence survey of elite athletes used the WADA Prohibited List to assess prevalence in each speci c category of banned substance / method. Results: Of 1,425 respondents, overall doping prevalence among U.S. elite athletes in the 12 months prior to survey administration ranged from an estimated 6.7-9.2% depending on the method of calculation. Speci c doping prevalence rates for each individual substance category ranged from 0.1% (diuretics or masking agents) to 4.1% for cannabinoids (in-competition). Conclusion: By measuring doping prevalence down to speci c performance enhancing substances and methods, as well as coupling with individual athlete personality characteristics such as attitudes, motivators and norms, a clearer picture of the use of speci c prohibited substances in-and out ofcompetition, attitudes toward doping, beliefs about testing and most effective deterrents can be identi ed. By understanding doping prevalence, anti-doping programs can be tailored to increase deterrence and overall program effectiveness.

Research paper thumbnail of Nonsuicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt among collegiate athletes: Findings from the National College Health Assessment

Journal of American College Health, Jun 18, 2019

Abstract Objective To evaluate whether collegiate athletes and nonathlete college students differ... more Abstract Objective To evaluate whether collegiate athletes and nonathlete college students differ in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and help-seeking behaviors. Participants: 165,210 respondents to the American College Health Association’s National College Health Assessment (NCHA), a survey administered to college students by participating institutions during Fall 2011 to Spring 2015. Methods: Single-level binary logistic regression with equality of coefficients tests and chi-square analyses. Results: The models for NSSI and suicide attempt differed slightly between student-athletes and nonathletes. Most notably, stress is a stronger correlate of NSSI (Z = 3.03, p < .01) for nonathletes while difficulties with social relationships is a stronger correlate of suicide attempt for student-athletes (Z=–3.13, p < .01). Conclusion: Our findings highlight the salience of relationship problems as a correlate with suicide attempts in student-athletes. Difficulty in romantic or other social relationships could be a marker of risk or an identifiable, actionable target for preventing future suicidal behaviors among collegiate athletes.

Research paper thumbnail of Mental health and substance use of sexual minority college athletes

Journal of American College Health, Mar 4, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Helping Students Rise to the Challenge: What We Are Learning from College Access and Success Programs

2019 APPAM Fall Research Conference, Nov 7, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of College Advising on Non-Academic Outcomes in Young Adults: Follow-up to the 2014-2015 Bottom Line RCT

Research paper thumbnail of Reclaiming the educational purpose of sport: The InSideOut Initiative (ISO) logic model

Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Doping Prevalence among U.S. Elite Athletes Subject to Drug Testing under the World Anti-Doping Code

Sports medicine - open/Sports medicine - Open, May 20, 2024

Background Determining the prevalence of doping within an elite athlete population is challenging... more Background Determining the prevalence of doping within an elite athlete population is challenging due to the extreme sensitivity of the topic; however, understanding true doping prevalence is important when designing antidoping programs and measuring their effectiveness. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of doping among Olympic, Paralympic, World, and National-level competitive athletes in the United States subject to the World Anti-Doping Code. All athletes who were subject to the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency's Protocol for Olympic and Paralympic Movement Testing, a World Anti-Doping Code ("Code")-compliant anti-doping program, were invited to complete a web-delivered survey. Using a direct questioning approach, the survey items asked athletes whether they had used each specific category of banned substance / method on the World Anti-Doping Agency's Prohibited List. Multiple strategies to encourage honest reporting (e.g., protecting anonymity by collecting minimal demographic information; using an outside organization to administer the survey) and to detect inconsistent responses were used. Results Depending on the method of calculation, 6.5-9.2% of the 1,398 respondents reported using one or more prohibited substances or methods in the 12 months prior to survey administration. Specific doping prevalence rates for each individual substance / method categories ranged from 0.1% (for both diuretics / masking agents and stem cell / gene editing) to 4.2% for in-competition use of cannabinoids. Conclusion Determining the prevalence of doping within different athlete populations is critical so that sport governing bodies can evaluate their anti-doping efforts and better tailor their programming. By measuring doping prevalence of specific categories of substances and methods, rather than just the overall prevalence of doping, this study also highlights where sport governing bodies should focus their future educational and detection efforts. Key Points • Estimated doping prevalence among U.S. elite athletes ranged from 6.5 to 9.2%. • The most prevalent category of doping was in-competition use of cannabinoids (at 4.2%), whereas the least prevalent categories of doping were diuretics or masking agents (0.1%), stem cell or gene editing (0.1%), narcotics (0.2%), and hormone and metabolic modulators (0.2%). • Of the athletes who reported doping, most reported using only one substance or method.

Research paper thumbnail of Transformational coaching and leadership: athletic administrators' novel application of social and emotional competencies in high school sports

Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning

PurposeThe coach−athlete relationship mediates the relationship between sports participation and ... more PurposeThe coach−athlete relationship mediates the relationship between sports participation and student-athlete character, health and well-being outcomes. High school athletic administrators (AAs) can provide critical leadership, mentorship and direction for coaches to optimize student-athlete performance and human development. Social and emotional learning (SEL) is an evidence-based approach to developing adult and student competencies for holistic development across the lifespan that has been primarily performed and researched in the classroom. The purpose of this research is to capture the lived experiences of AAs applying a novel SEL-based curriculum (InSideOut Initiative, ISOI) with coaches and student-athletes in high school sports.Design/methodology/approachInterviews of 10 AAs captured their lived experiences of applying SEL-based leadership and coaching and their perception of its impact on coaches and student-athletes in high school athletics.FindingsAAs described leaders...

Research paper thumbnail of Doping Prevalence Among Elite U.S. Athletes

Research Square (Research Square), Oct 5, 2023

Background: Determining the prevalence of doping within an elite athlete population is challengin... more Background: Determining the prevalence of doping within an elite athlete population is challenging due to the extreme sensitivity of the topic, however understanding true doping prevalence is important when designing anti-doping programs and measuring their effectiveness. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of doping among Olympic, Paralympic, World and National-level competitive athletes in the United States subject to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List. This study used a web-delivered survey and direct questioning approach to collect data from athletes in the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) Registered Testing Pool or Clean Athlete Program. For the rst time, a prevalence survey of elite athletes used the WADA Prohibited List to assess prevalence in each speci c category of banned substance / method. Results: Of 1,425 respondents, overall doping prevalence among U.S. elite athletes in the 12 months prior to survey administration ranged from an estimated 6.7-9.2% depending on the method of calculation. Speci c doping prevalence rates for each individual substance category ranged from 0.1% (diuretics or masking agents) to 4.1% for cannabinoids (in-competition). Conclusion: By measuring doping prevalence down to speci c performance enhancing substances and methods, as well as coupling with individual athlete personality characteristics such as attitudes, motivators and norms, a clearer picture of the use of speci c prohibited substances in-and out ofcompetition, attitudes toward doping, beliefs about testing and most effective deterrents can be identi ed. By understanding doping prevalence, anti-doping programs can be tailored to increase deterrence and overall program effectiveness.

Research paper thumbnail of Nonsuicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt among collegiate athletes: Findings from the National College Health Assessment

Journal of American College Health, Jun 18, 2019

Abstract Objective To evaluate whether collegiate athletes and nonathlete college students differ... more Abstract Objective To evaluate whether collegiate athletes and nonathlete college students differ in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and help-seeking behaviors. Participants: 165,210 respondents to the American College Health Association’s National College Health Assessment (NCHA), a survey administered to college students by participating institutions during Fall 2011 to Spring 2015. Methods: Single-level binary logistic regression with equality of coefficients tests and chi-square analyses. Results: The models for NSSI and suicide attempt differed slightly between student-athletes and nonathletes. Most notably, stress is a stronger correlate of NSSI (Z = 3.03, p < .01) for nonathletes while difficulties with social relationships is a stronger correlate of suicide attempt for student-athletes (Z=–3.13, p < .01). Conclusion: Our findings highlight the salience of relationship problems as a correlate with suicide attempts in student-athletes. Difficulty in romantic or other social relationships could be a marker of risk or an identifiable, actionable target for preventing future suicidal behaviors among collegiate athletes.

Research paper thumbnail of Mental health and substance use of sexual minority college athletes

Journal of American College Health, Mar 4, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Helping Students Rise to the Challenge: What We Are Learning from College Access and Success Programs

2019 APPAM Fall Research Conference, Nov 7, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of College Advising on Non-Academic Outcomes in Young Adults: Follow-up to the 2014-2015 Bottom Line RCT

Research paper thumbnail of Reclaiming the educational purpose of sport: The InSideOut Initiative (ISO) logic model

Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Doping Prevalence among U.S. Elite Athletes Subject to Drug Testing under the World Anti-Doping Code

Sports medicine - open/Sports medicine - Open, May 20, 2024

Background Determining the prevalence of doping within an elite athlete population is challenging... more Background Determining the prevalence of doping within an elite athlete population is challenging due to the extreme sensitivity of the topic; however, understanding true doping prevalence is important when designing antidoping programs and measuring their effectiveness. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of doping among Olympic, Paralympic, World, and National-level competitive athletes in the United States subject to the World Anti-Doping Code. All athletes who were subject to the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency's Protocol for Olympic and Paralympic Movement Testing, a World Anti-Doping Code ("Code")-compliant anti-doping program, were invited to complete a web-delivered survey. Using a direct questioning approach, the survey items asked athletes whether they had used each specific category of banned substance / method on the World Anti-Doping Agency's Prohibited List. Multiple strategies to encourage honest reporting (e.g., protecting anonymity by collecting minimal demographic information; using an outside organization to administer the survey) and to detect inconsistent responses were used. Results Depending on the method of calculation, 6.5-9.2% of the 1,398 respondents reported using one or more prohibited substances or methods in the 12 months prior to survey administration. Specific doping prevalence rates for each individual substance / method categories ranged from 0.1% (for both diuretics / masking agents and stem cell / gene editing) to 4.2% for in-competition use of cannabinoids. Conclusion Determining the prevalence of doping within different athlete populations is critical so that sport governing bodies can evaluate their anti-doping efforts and better tailor their programming. By measuring doping prevalence of specific categories of substances and methods, rather than just the overall prevalence of doping, this study also highlights where sport governing bodies should focus their future educational and detection efforts. Key Points • Estimated doping prevalence among U.S. elite athletes ranged from 6.5 to 9.2%. • The most prevalent category of doping was in-competition use of cannabinoids (at 4.2%), whereas the least prevalent categories of doping were diuretics or masking agents (0.1%), stem cell or gene editing (0.1%), narcotics (0.2%), and hormone and metabolic modulators (0.2%). • Of the athletes who reported doping, most reported using only one substance or method.

Research paper thumbnail of Transformational coaching and leadership: athletic administrators' novel application of social and emotional competencies in high school sports

Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning

PurposeThe coach−athlete relationship mediates the relationship between sports participation and ... more PurposeThe coach−athlete relationship mediates the relationship between sports participation and student-athlete character, health and well-being outcomes. High school athletic administrators (AAs) can provide critical leadership, mentorship and direction for coaches to optimize student-athlete performance and human development. Social and emotional learning (SEL) is an evidence-based approach to developing adult and student competencies for holistic development across the lifespan that has been primarily performed and researched in the classroom. The purpose of this research is to capture the lived experiences of AAs applying a novel SEL-based curriculum (InSideOut Initiative, ISOI) with coaches and student-athletes in high school sports.Design/methodology/approachInterviews of 10 AAs captured their lived experiences of applying SEL-based leadership and coaching and their perception of its impact on coaches and student-athletes in high school athletics.FindingsAAs described leaders...