Anoosha Khan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
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Cureus
Introduction Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a common disorder associated with type 2 diabetes. ... more Introduction Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a common disorder associated with type 2 diabetes. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetic patients requires further assessment to understand the etiology, and the possible consequences, complications, and treatment This study aims to highlight the testosterone level in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, it further emphasizes the association of testosterone with the duration of DM. Materials and method This case-control survey was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021 in the outpatient department of internal medicine in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. The experiment group included 200 diabetic male participants aged between 30 and 69 years. In the control group, 200 participants without DM were enrolled in the study. The venous blood sample was collected via phlebotomy and sent to the laboratory to test for total testosterone level. Results The mean total testosterone level was significantly lower in diabetic patients compared to the non-diabetic patients (8.9 ± 5.1 mmol/L vs. 14.1 ± 7.2 mmol/L; p-value: <0.0001) and the prevalence of androgen deficiency was significantly higher in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients (45.5% vs. 20.5%; p-value: <0.00001). For each age group, the mean total testosterone level was significantly higher in the diabetic group compared to the non-diabetic group. There was a significant decline in mean total testosterone level as the duration of diabetes increased (p-value: 0.01). Conclusion Strong interlink between type 2 DM and low testosterone level has once again highlighted the importance of a broader approach toward men presenting in the diabetic clinic and provided a huge ground for prescribing testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men with DM.
The purpose of the present study is to explore the impact of the indicators of external sector su... more The purpose of the present study is to explore the impact of the indicators of external sector such as trade openness, foreign direct investment and external debt on economic growth of Pakistan by employing ARDL approach on time series data over the period of 1980 –2013. Some control variables i.e., education, labor force participation and physical capital have also been included in the model because they have a key role in explaining the economic growth as suggested by various growth theories. To check long run dynamics we used ARDL approach and to find out short run dynamics we used error correction model (ECM). The study concluded that there exists a long run as well short run relationship between indicators of external sector and the economic growth. Foreign direct investment and trade openness positively affect economic growth while the external debt negatively effects economic growth of Pakistan. The variable physical capital has significant positive impact on economic growth ...
Cureus
Introduction Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a common disorder associated with type 2 diabetes. ... more Introduction Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a common disorder associated with type 2 diabetes. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetic patients requires further assessment to understand the etiology, and the possible consequences, complications, and treatment This study aims to highlight the testosterone level in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, it further emphasizes the association of testosterone with the duration of DM. Materials and method This case-control survey was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021 in the outpatient department of internal medicine in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. The experiment group included 200 diabetic male participants aged between 30 and 69 years. In the control group, 200 participants without DM were enrolled in the study. The venous blood sample was collected via phlebotomy and sent to the laboratory to test for total testosterone level. Results The mean total testosterone level was significantly lower in diabetic patients compared to the non-diabetic patients (8.9 ± 5.1 mmol/L vs. 14.1 ± 7.2 mmol/L; p-value: <0.0001) and the prevalence of androgen deficiency was significantly higher in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients (45.5% vs. 20.5%; p-value: <0.00001). For each age group, the mean total testosterone level was significantly higher in the diabetic group compared to the non-diabetic group. There was a significant decline in mean total testosterone level as the duration of diabetes increased (p-value: 0.01). Conclusion Strong interlink between type 2 DM and low testosterone level has once again highlighted the importance of a broader approach toward men presenting in the diabetic clinic and provided a huge ground for prescribing testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men with DM.
The purpose of the present study is to explore the impact of the indicators of external sector su... more The purpose of the present study is to explore the impact of the indicators of external sector such as trade openness, foreign direct investment and external debt on economic growth of Pakistan by employing ARDL approach on time series data over the period of 1980 –2013. Some control variables i.e., education, labor force participation and physical capital have also been included in the model because they have a key role in explaining the economic growth as suggested by various growth theories. To check long run dynamics we used ARDL approach and to find out short run dynamics we used error correction model (ECM). The study concluded that there exists a long run as well short run relationship between indicators of external sector and the economic growth. Foreign direct investment and trade openness positively affect economic growth while the external debt negatively effects economic growth of Pakistan. The variable physical capital has significant positive impact on economic growth ...