Ansgar Sakaya - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ansgar Sakaya

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of Covid19 on the development of digital service capability for value co-creation: a mediating role of service ecosystem self-adjustment

Purpose-This study aims to examine the impact of Covid19 on service ecosystem self-adjustment (SE... more Purpose-This study aims to examine the impact of Covid19 on service ecosystem self-adjustment (SES_SA) and additionally to explore the mediating role of SES_SA on the relationship between the Covid19 pandemic and the development of digital service capability (DD_SC). Design/methodology/approach-Data were drawn from 384 business people with the help of a survey questionnaire. The interrelation of the model was examined with the help of structural equation modeling (SEM) using bootstrapping measures in Smart-partial least square (PLS). Three constructs (Covid19, DD_SC and SES_SA) were found with the help of exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Convergent and discriminant validity were obtained through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using statistical package for the social sciences-analysis of a moment structures (SPSS-AMOS)-V.23. Findings-There is a substantial impact of Covid19 on SES_SA and DD_SC. The investigation also discovered that SES_SA significantly impact DD_SC, whereas, Covid19 impact DD_SC indirectly through SES_SA. Age has a significant favorable influence on fear of Covid19. Research limitations/implications-There is scant literature linking SES_SA and the DD_SC. Practical implications-The study promotes understanding of the contribution of Covid19 and SES_SA in the DD_SC among business people to enhance value co-creation. Capitalizing on DD_SC will enhance customer experience, assist customers in decision-making, and foster digital economic growth. Originality/value-It enlightens on the digital capabilities needed for creating and co-creating value. Most studies in this area are qualitative/conceptually based and have not studied this kind of interrelation. Hence, it's the only quantitative study that has examined the interrelations among Covid19, SES_SA and DD_SC using SEM. This study also offers comprehension of all theories used in this context by relating Covid19 effects to DD_SC.

Research paper thumbnail of Fear of COVID-19 and green bank service purchase intention: the mediating effect of customer empowerment and customers’ perceived value of digital service transactions

Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, Feb 2, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Emancipation of Workers' and Management Thoughts for Leveraging Performance in the Public Sector

Social Science Research Network, Apr 10, 2020

The Journal of Economics and Business is an Open Access publication. It may be read, copied, and ... more The Journal of Economics and Business is an Open Access publication. It may be read, copied, and distributed free of charge according to the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

Research paper thumbnail of Customer’s Awareness on Genuine Versus Counterfeit Electronic Fiscal Device Receipts in Tanzania; A Case of Moshi Municipal

International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, Jan 24, 2020

Insufficient tax revenue collection is considered to be an expense in public expenditure that has... more Insufficient tax revenue collection is considered to be an expense in public expenditure that has been accelerated by poor transaction records realized from electronic device stemming from false transactions recorded and produced by EFD machine and reported to tax authority. The main intention of the paper is to assess customers" awareness on genuine versus counterfeit EFD (electronic fiscal device) receipts. A survey design was employed to 140 respondents; Purposive, stratified and simple random strategies were used to draw the sample size from the population. Data were collected via structured questionnaire and analyzed descriptively in hand with inferential statistics. The study found that, customers are not aware of genuine and counterfeit receipts. There is a huge laxity of behavior tendency among Tanzanians" of not asking and reading receipts. The problem of underestimating sales figure by traders is still practiced silently in this case. The following recommendations can be undertaken; TRA should take time to classify Item Tax Rates properly, TRA should list down the features of original receipts, TRA needs to work hard to change Tanzanians" attitude towards revenue collections via encouraging behavior changes, cognition, affects and change what was believed to be normal on tax collections. Sensitizing customers on keep hold of fiscal receipt and present them to authority in case they see any false facts on their receipts. Having Tax officers exchange program or use customers from other regains on regular base to do ghost shopping. The government can invest by fixing CCTV Cameras to monitor trader"s sales point and Sending a regular reminding SMS to every citizen possessing a mobile phone about asking for and reading receipt as well as reporting any misconduct.

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of Covid19 on the development of digital service capability for value co-creation: a mediating role of service ecosystem self-adjustment

Digital Transformation and Society

PurposeThis study aims to examine the impact of Covid19 on service ecosystem self-adjustment (SES... more PurposeThis study aims to examine the impact of Covid19 on service ecosystem self-adjustment (SES_SA) and additionally to explore the mediating role of SES_SA on the relationship between the Covid19 pandemic and the development of digital service capability (DD_SC).Design/methodology/approachData were drawn from 384 business people with the help of a survey questionnaire. The interrelation of the model was examined with the help of structural equation modeling (SEM) using bootstrapping measures in Smart-partial least square (PLS). Three constructs (Covid19, DD_SC and SES_SA) were found with the help of exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Convergent and discriminant validity were obtained through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using statistical package for the social sciences-analysis of a moment structures (SPSS-AMOS)-V.23.FindingsThere is a substantial impact of Covid19 on SES_SA and DD_SC. The investigation also discovered that SES_SA significantly impact DD_SC, whereas, Covid1...

Research paper thumbnail of Trend Analysis of Electronic Banking as the Catalyst of Commercial Banks Performance in Tanzania: Evidence from CRDB Bank Plc

Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2019

Electronic banking (E-banking) is one of the rapid global technological trends seen in the bankin... more Electronic banking (E-banking) is one of the rapid global technological trends seen in the banking industry. In developed countries, the adoption electronic banking in banking industry is at great pace. The empirical studies from developed countries are reporting great improvement in the banking industry due to adoption of E-banking in the industry. Comparing developing countries to developed ones, still the implementation pace and impacts of E-banking in African countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa is low. Tanzania is among of the developing country witnessing changes in banking industry at slow pace; though, most commercial banks in Tanzania have adopted some E-banking tools in their operations, the expectation is to improve both financial and non-financial performance of the bank. By using (SPSS), the study analysed both primary and secondary data of CRDB Bank Plc and its 1,000 randomly chosen sample of customers to measure the performance of the bank after the introducti...

Research paper thumbnail of Customer’s Awareness on Genuine Versus Counterfeit Electronic Fiscal Device Receipts in Tanzania; A Case of Moshi Municipal

International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 2020

Insufficient tax revenue collection is considered to be an expense in public expenditure that has... more Insufficient tax revenue collection is considered to be an expense in public expenditure that has been accelerated by poor transaction records realized from electronic device stemming from false transactions recorded and produced by EFD machine and reported to tax authority. The main intention of the paper is to assess customers’ awareness on genuine versus counterfeit EFD (electronic fiscal device) receipts. A survey design was employed to 140 respondents; Purposive, stratified and simple random strategies were used to draw the sample size from the population. Data were collected via structured questionnaire and analyzed descriptively in hand with inferential statistics. The study found that, customers are not aware of genuine and counterfeit receipts. There is a huge laxity of behavior tendency among Tanzanians’ of not asking and reading receipts. The problem of underestimating sales figure by traders is still practiced silently in this case. The following recommendations can be u...

Research paper thumbnail of Leverage Leadership Skills and Break through Sales Management Today a Literature Review

Finding and keeping talented and effective sales leader who can persistently drive up sales targe... more Finding and keeping talented and effective sales leader who can persistently drive up sales target is not an easy task. Most of businesses today are results oriented as such; they real pose a demand for effective sales leaders who is talented and energetic and risk takers. Failure to consider sales leadership traits during recruitment process has a greater chance to bring some challenges in executing daily sales task of the leader. Moreover, breaking through sales may be cost full if poor investment is dedicated to training and development of authentic sales management leadership.

Research paper thumbnail of Emancipation of Workers' and Management Thoughts for Leveraging Performance in the Public Sector

Journal of Economics and Business, Jun 30, 2020

The Journal of Economics and Business is an Open Access publication. It may be read, copied, and ... more The Journal of Economics and Business is an Open Access publication. It may be read, copied, and distributed free of charge according to the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

Research paper thumbnail of Perception of Local Made products among young Tanzanians: Evidence from Mzumbe University Mbeya Campus

Research in Business and Management, Mar 27, 2020

The study aimed at analyzing perception of local made products among young Tanzania consumers. Me... more The study aimed at analyzing perception of local made products among young Tanzania consumers. Methodology used was a survey design. Data were collected through structured questionnaire. Stratified and simple random sampling strategies were used. The sample size was 200. Data were analyzed by use of factor analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test as well as Pearson's correlation analysis. It has been found that, students have shown low level of beliefs despite having good spirits on domestic products. Product quality and fashions are major problems of locally made products. No significant factors are used by University students in judging foreign products purchase. Age and Sex have failed to support the phenomena of ethnocentrism among University Students. The study has recommended to marketers and local manufactures to modify their marketing mix specifically to product as quality was indicated to be a major problem for local products and improving local industries. Improvement in the areas of quality function deployment (QFD), Marketers should design adverts demonstrating the value of using home products for the purpose of changing people's attitude towards local made products, improvement of branding practices is also important. The government should rethink of reviving Technical schools, continue welcoming and encouraging foreign investors, investing in research and development also establishing online presence of locally made products and lastly is to practice a total or partial bun of those products imported often which are also produced in Tanzania.

Research paper thumbnail of Individual Savings Problems - An Analysis of Commercial Banks in Tanzania: Evidence from CRDB Bank Marangu Branch

European Journal of Business and Management, 2019

This study examines the reasons as to why people do not save. A survey design was employed on 130... more This study examines the reasons as to why people do not save. A survey design was employed on 130 respondents of CRDB Bank Marangu Branch. Purposive and random sampling techniques, questionnaire and Interview method were used for data collection. Again, data were analysed descriptively. Results of the study found that, CRDB bank has not yet been effective in the creation of financial capability and training programmes that would teach people best practices, such as basic budgeting, and separating money saved for different goals and uses. Individuals were found to have negative attitude toward saving with Bank due to opening and operating cost of the account. The efforts and resources placed by CRDB Bank in promoting savings are high compared to the saving rate as most of the opened accounts become dormant in one year after been opened and most of products available with the branch are not known well by majority, in hand with that, most of People residing in Marangu are low income earners and therefore they save much of their earnings informally and at shorter intermittent level. Lastly, interest rates and individual income were seen to impact levels of saving habit. Moreover, the study suggested that, bank staff need to be assisted in realizing their role in mobilizing individual saving, the bank should also create awareness to public on saving plan, a regular snap check of account opened, existing one to ensure their activeness and provide reason for any inactive account, as well as design new products or facility to promote savings, review cost, procedures and interest rates. Again the bank should motivate individual habit of participating in financial education workshops as well as promoting individual saving habit programmes by the bank to Primary, Secondary, College and University students to help them grow with the mentality of saving. The policy makers should try to sensitize the rural people of Marangu to diversify some of their land uses into non agricultural activities such as to conduct various business activities that would guarantee income generation so as to increase saving rate. The bank should design adverts demonstrating the value of having savings for the purpose of changing rural people's attitude towards saving.

Research paper thumbnail of Fear of COVID-19 and green bank service purchase intention: the mediating effect of customer empowerment and customers’ perceived value of digital service transactions

Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research

PurposeThe paper intends to show the role of fear of COVID-19 and the relevance of customer empow... more PurposeThe paper intends to show the role of fear of COVID-19 and the relevance of customer empowerment (CU_EMP) and customers’ perceived value of digital service transactions (CU_PV_DST) in promoting green bank service purchase intention (GBS_PI), despite the antagonistic impacts brought in other sectors and the relevance of customer empowerment (CU_EMP) and customers’ perceived value of digital service transactions (CU_PV_DST) as important mediating variables of the relation.Design/methodology/approachThe structured questionnaire helped collect survey data from 323 small business people. The model relationship was assessed through EFA, CFA by SPSS-AMOS and SEM using bootstrapping procedures in Smart-PLS.FindingsThe findings of this study show that there is a significant effect of fear of COVID-19 pandemic (F_COVID-19P) on CU_EMP and GBS_PI. CU_EMP influences GBS_PI, whereas F_COVID-19P influences GBS_PI indirectly via CU_EMP. Furthermore, there is a substantial effect of F_COVID-1...

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of Covid19 on the development of digital service capability for value co-creation: a mediating role of service ecosystem self-adjustment

Purpose-This study aims to examine the impact of Covid19 on service ecosystem self-adjustment (SE... more Purpose-This study aims to examine the impact of Covid19 on service ecosystem self-adjustment (SES_SA) and additionally to explore the mediating role of SES_SA on the relationship between the Covid19 pandemic and the development of digital service capability (DD_SC). Design/methodology/approach-Data were drawn from 384 business people with the help of a survey questionnaire. The interrelation of the model was examined with the help of structural equation modeling (SEM) using bootstrapping measures in Smart-partial least square (PLS). Three constructs (Covid19, DD_SC and SES_SA) were found with the help of exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Convergent and discriminant validity were obtained through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using statistical package for the social sciences-analysis of a moment structures (SPSS-AMOS)-V.23. Findings-There is a substantial impact of Covid19 on SES_SA and DD_SC. The investigation also discovered that SES_SA significantly impact DD_SC, whereas, Covid19 impact DD_SC indirectly through SES_SA. Age has a significant favorable influence on fear of Covid19. Research limitations/implications-There is scant literature linking SES_SA and the DD_SC. Practical implications-The study promotes understanding of the contribution of Covid19 and SES_SA in the DD_SC among business people to enhance value co-creation. Capitalizing on DD_SC will enhance customer experience, assist customers in decision-making, and foster digital economic growth. Originality/value-It enlightens on the digital capabilities needed for creating and co-creating value. Most studies in this area are qualitative/conceptually based and have not studied this kind of interrelation. Hence, it's the only quantitative study that has examined the interrelations among Covid19, SES_SA and DD_SC using SEM. This study also offers comprehension of all theories used in this context by relating Covid19 effects to DD_SC.

Research paper thumbnail of Fear of COVID-19 and green bank service purchase intention: the mediating effect of customer empowerment and customers’ perceived value of digital service transactions

Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, Feb 2, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Emancipation of Workers' and Management Thoughts for Leveraging Performance in the Public Sector

Social Science Research Network, Apr 10, 2020

The Journal of Economics and Business is an Open Access publication. It may be read, copied, and ... more The Journal of Economics and Business is an Open Access publication. It may be read, copied, and distributed free of charge according to the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

Research paper thumbnail of Customer’s Awareness on Genuine Versus Counterfeit Electronic Fiscal Device Receipts in Tanzania; A Case of Moshi Municipal

International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, Jan 24, 2020

Insufficient tax revenue collection is considered to be an expense in public expenditure that has... more Insufficient tax revenue collection is considered to be an expense in public expenditure that has been accelerated by poor transaction records realized from electronic device stemming from false transactions recorded and produced by EFD machine and reported to tax authority. The main intention of the paper is to assess customers" awareness on genuine versus counterfeit EFD (electronic fiscal device) receipts. A survey design was employed to 140 respondents; Purposive, stratified and simple random strategies were used to draw the sample size from the population. Data were collected via structured questionnaire and analyzed descriptively in hand with inferential statistics. The study found that, customers are not aware of genuine and counterfeit receipts. There is a huge laxity of behavior tendency among Tanzanians" of not asking and reading receipts. The problem of underestimating sales figure by traders is still practiced silently in this case. The following recommendations can be undertaken; TRA should take time to classify Item Tax Rates properly, TRA should list down the features of original receipts, TRA needs to work hard to change Tanzanians" attitude towards revenue collections via encouraging behavior changes, cognition, affects and change what was believed to be normal on tax collections. Sensitizing customers on keep hold of fiscal receipt and present them to authority in case they see any false facts on their receipts. Having Tax officers exchange program or use customers from other regains on regular base to do ghost shopping. The government can invest by fixing CCTV Cameras to monitor trader"s sales point and Sending a regular reminding SMS to every citizen possessing a mobile phone about asking for and reading receipt as well as reporting any misconduct.

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of Covid19 on the development of digital service capability for value co-creation: a mediating role of service ecosystem self-adjustment

Digital Transformation and Society

PurposeThis study aims to examine the impact of Covid19 on service ecosystem self-adjustment (SES... more PurposeThis study aims to examine the impact of Covid19 on service ecosystem self-adjustment (SES_SA) and additionally to explore the mediating role of SES_SA on the relationship between the Covid19 pandemic and the development of digital service capability (DD_SC).Design/methodology/approachData were drawn from 384 business people with the help of a survey questionnaire. The interrelation of the model was examined with the help of structural equation modeling (SEM) using bootstrapping measures in Smart-partial least square (PLS). Three constructs (Covid19, DD_SC and SES_SA) were found with the help of exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Convergent and discriminant validity were obtained through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using statistical package for the social sciences-analysis of a moment structures (SPSS-AMOS)-V.23.FindingsThere is a substantial impact of Covid19 on SES_SA and DD_SC. The investigation also discovered that SES_SA significantly impact DD_SC, whereas, Covid1...

Research paper thumbnail of Trend Analysis of Electronic Banking as the Catalyst of Commercial Banks Performance in Tanzania: Evidence from CRDB Bank Plc

Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2019

Electronic banking (E-banking) is one of the rapid global technological trends seen in the bankin... more Electronic banking (E-banking) is one of the rapid global technological trends seen in the banking industry. In developed countries, the adoption electronic banking in banking industry is at great pace. The empirical studies from developed countries are reporting great improvement in the banking industry due to adoption of E-banking in the industry. Comparing developing countries to developed ones, still the implementation pace and impacts of E-banking in African countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa is low. Tanzania is among of the developing country witnessing changes in banking industry at slow pace; though, most commercial banks in Tanzania have adopted some E-banking tools in their operations, the expectation is to improve both financial and non-financial performance of the bank. By using (SPSS), the study analysed both primary and secondary data of CRDB Bank Plc and its 1,000 randomly chosen sample of customers to measure the performance of the bank after the introducti...

Research paper thumbnail of Customer’s Awareness on Genuine Versus Counterfeit Electronic Fiscal Device Receipts in Tanzania; A Case of Moshi Municipal

International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 2020

Insufficient tax revenue collection is considered to be an expense in public expenditure that has... more Insufficient tax revenue collection is considered to be an expense in public expenditure that has been accelerated by poor transaction records realized from electronic device stemming from false transactions recorded and produced by EFD machine and reported to tax authority. The main intention of the paper is to assess customers’ awareness on genuine versus counterfeit EFD (electronic fiscal device) receipts. A survey design was employed to 140 respondents; Purposive, stratified and simple random strategies were used to draw the sample size from the population. Data were collected via structured questionnaire and analyzed descriptively in hand with inferential statistics. The study found that, customers are not aware of genuine and counterfeit receipts. There is a huge laxity of behavior tendency among Tanzanians’ of not asking and reading receipts. The problem of underestimating sales figure by traders is still practiced silently in this case. The following recommendations can be u...

Research paper thumbnail of Leverage Leadership Skills and Break through Sales Management Today a Literature Review

Finding and keeping talented and effective sales leader who can persistently drive up sales targe... more Finding and keeping talented and effective sales leader who can persistently drive up sales target is not an easy task. Most of businesses today are results oriented as such; they real pose a demand for effective sales leaders who is talented and energetic and risk takers. Failure to consider sales leadership traits during recruitment process has a greater chance to bring some challenges in executing daily sales task of the leader. Moreover, breaking through sales may be cost full if poor investment is dedicated to training and development of authentic sales management leadership.

Research paper thumbnail of Emancipation of Workers' and Management Thoughts for Leveraging Performance in the Public Sector

Journal of Economics and Business, Jun 30, 2020

The Journal of Economics and Business is an Open Access publication. It may be read, copied, and ... more The Journal of Economics and Business is an Open Access publication. It may be read, copied, and distributed free of charge according to the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

Research paper thumbnail of Perception of Local Made products among young Tanzanians: Evidence from Mzumbe University Mbeya Campus

Research in Business and Management, Mar 27, 2020

The study aimed at analyzing perception of local made products among young Tanzania consumers. Me... more The study aimed at analyzing perception of local made products among young Tanzania consumers. Methodology used was a survey design. Data were collected through structured questionnaire. Stratified and simple random sampling strategies were used. The sample size was 200. Data were analyzed by use of factor analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test as well as Pearson's correlation analysis. It has been found that, students have shown low level of beliefs despite having good spirits on domestic products. Product quality and fashions are major problems of locally made products. No significant factors are used by University students in judging foreign products purchase. Age and Sex have failed to support the phenomena of ethnocentrism among University Students. The study has recommended to marketers and local manufactures to modify their marketing mix specifically to product as quality was indicated to be a major problem for local products and improving local industries. Improvement in the areas of quality function deployment (QFD), Marketers should design adverts demonstrating the value of using home products for the purpose of changing people's attitude towards local made products, improvement of branding practices is also important. The government should rethink of reviving Technical schools, continue welcoming and encouraging foreign investors, investing in research and development also establishing online presence of locally made products and lastly is to practice a total or partial bun of those products imported often which are also produced in Tanzania.

Research paper thumbnail of Individual Savings Problems - An Analysis of Commercial Banks in Tanzania: Evidence from CRDB Bank Marangu Branch

European Journal of Business and Management, 2019

This study examines the reasons as to why people do not save. A survey design was employed on 130... more This study examines the reasons as to why people do not save. A survey design was employed on 130 respondents of CRDB Bank Marangu Branch. Purposive and random sampling techniques, questionnaire and Interview method were used for data collection. Again, data were analysed descriptively. Results of the study found that, CRDB bank has not yet been effective in the creation of financial capability and training programmes that would teach people best practices, such as basic budgeting, and separating money saved for different goals and uses. Individuals were found to have negative attitude toward saving with Bank due to opening and operating cost of the account. The efforts and resources placed by CRDB Bank in promoting savings are high compared to the saving rate as most of the opened accounts become dormant in one year after been opened and most of products available with the branch are not known well by majority, in hand with that, most of People residing in Marangu are low income earners and therefore they save much of their earnings informally and at shorter intermittent level. Lastly, interest rates and individual income were seen to impact levels of saving habit. Moreover, the study suggested that, bank staff need to be assisted in realizing their role in mobilizing individual saving, the bank should also create awareness to public on saving plan, a regular snap check of account opened, existing one to ensure their activeness and provide reason for any inactive account, as well as design new products or facility to promote savings, review cost, procedures and interest rates. Again the bank should motivate individual habit of participating in financial education workshops as well as promoting individual saving habit programmes by the bank to Primary, Secondary, College and University students to help them grow with the mentality of saving. The policy makers should try to sensitize the rural people of Marangu to diversify some of their land uses into non agricultural activities such as to conduct various business activities that would guarantee income generation so as to increase saving rate. The bank should design adverts demonstrating the value of having savings for the purpose of changing rural people's attitude towards saving.

Research paper thumbnail of Fear of COVID-19 and green bank service purchase intention: the mediating effect of customer empowerment and customers’ perceived value of digital service transactions

Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research

PurposeThe paper intends to show the role of fear of COVID-19 and the relevance of customer empow... more PurposeThe paper intends to show the role of fear of COVID-19 and the relevance of customer empowerment (CU_EMP) and customers’ perceived value of digital service transactions (CU_PV_DST) in promoting green bank service purchase intention (GBS_PI), despite the antagonistic impacts brought in other sectors and the relevance of customer empowerment (CU_EMP) and customers’ perceived value of digital service transactions (CU_PV_DST) as important mediating variables of the relation.Design/methodology/approachThe structured questionnaire helped collect survey data from 323 small business people. The model relationship was assessed through EFA, CFA by SPSS-AMOS and SEM using bootstrapping procedures in Smart-PLS.FindingsThe findings of this study show that there is a significant effect of fear of COVID-19 pandemic (F_COVID-19P) on CU_EMP and GBS_PI. CU_EMP influences GBS_PI, whereas F_COVID-19P influences GBS_PI indirectly via CU_EMP. Furthermore, there is a substantial effect of F_COVID-1...