Aparna Parmar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Aparna Parmar

International journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2012

Enterococci are among the leading cause of several human infections including bacteraemia, septic... more Enterococci are among the leading cause of several human infections including bacteraemia, septicaemia, endocarditis, Urinary tract infections ,wound infections, neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Enterococci are frequently associated with the late onset septicemia in premature neonates. Most human clinical isolates are due to either E.faecalis (74 90%) or E.faecium (5 16%). Risk factors for development of bacteremia include immunosuppression, diabetes, malignancy, deep seated infections, prior instrumentation, long term hospitalization and use of broad spectrum antibiotics. In addition, to natural resistance, enterococci have developed plasmid and transposon mediated resistance The problem of multidrug resistant enterococci continues to create new therapeutic problems and dilemmas in neonatal septicemia.

Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2021

Diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis (OATB) exhibits serious challenges owing to paucibacilla... more Diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis (OATB) exhibits serious challenges owing to paucibacillary nature of specimens and localization of disease at sites that are difficult to access. We recently developed indirect immuno‐PCR (I‐PCR) and real‐time I‐PCR (RT‐I‐PCR) assays for the detection of mycobacterial antigen 85 complex (Ag85) in OATB patients. Detection limits for the purified Ag85 protein were found to be 1 and 41 fg ml−1 by I‐PCR and RT‐I‐PCR, respectively, which were at least 105‐fold lower than respective ELISA. While spiking synovial fluids of non‐TB control subjects with the purified Ag85 protein, LODs of 100 and 120 fg ml−1 were obtained by I‐PCR and RT‐I‐PCR, respectively, thus demonstrating the sample matrix effect. Sensitivities of 87·5 and 70·5% were observed in bodily fluids of confirmed (n = 8) and clinically suspected (n = 51) OATB cases, respectively, by I‐PCR, with a specificity of 93·9% (n = 33). Markedly, the sensitivities obtained by I‐PCR/RT‐I‐PCR were significantly higher (P < 0·05–0·01) than ELISA and GeneXpert assay (n = 30). However, no substantial difference in sensitivity was observed between the I‐PCR and RT‐I‐PCR assays. After further improving the accuracy of I‐PCR, this test may lead to development of an attractive diagnostic kit.

Indian journal of medical microbiology

Uropathogenic strains from inpatient and outpatient departments were studied from April 1997 to M... more Uropathogenic strains from inpatient and outpatient departments were studied from April 1997 to March 1999 for their susceptibility profiles. The various isolates were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumanii and Enterococcus faecalis. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these isolates revealed that for outpatients, first generation cephalosporins, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin/ciprofloxacin were effective for treatment of urinary tract infection but for inpatients, parenteral therapy with newer aminoglycosides and third generation cephalosporins need to be advocated as the organisms for nosocomial UTI exhibit a high degree of drug resistance. Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole combination was not found to be effective for the treatment of urinary tract infections as all the uropathogens from inpatients and outpatients showed high degree of resistance to co-trimoxazole. Culture and sensitivity of the isolates from urin...

ijpbs.net

Purpose: Candida spp. are increasingly important pathogens in neonatal intensive care units (NICU... more Purpose: Candida spp. are increasingly important pathogens in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Prior colonisation is a major risk factor for candidemia, but few studies have focused on risk factors for colonisation, particularly in NICU patients

International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research [IJCMR], Nov 1, 2019

Introduction: Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) is common and serious complication of patie... more Introduction: Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) is common and serious complication of patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites, without an apparent surgically treatable intra abdominal source of infection. Its prevalence ranges from 10% to 30%. Mortality rate was earlier reported more than 90%, but it has now reduced to 30%-50% as a result of rapid diagnosis and prompt initiation of antibiotics. The present study was done to evaluate the various non culture methods for the diagnosis of SBP. Material and Methods: Ascitic fluid sample were collected aseptically from 100 cirrhotic patients with ascites. PMN (polymorphonuclear leukocyte) count was determined by Neubauer's manual counting chamber and Leishman's stain for differential PMN cell counts. Granulocyte esterase activity was detected using LER (Leukocyte esterase reagent) dipstick strips. Results: Out of 100 samples processed, PMN cell count > 250 cells/mm 3 was found in 91% samples by conventional light microscopy. Scale of > 2+ by LER strip was found in 61 samples. Reading of PMN cell count of > 250 cells/mm 3 matched in 60 samples and < 250 cells/mm 3 matched in 8 cells by both microscopy and LER strip test. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of LER strip test was 65.9%, 88.89%, 98.36% and 20.51% respectively. Conclusion: LER strips as a screening tool for SBP have advantage of speed, low cost, availability at odd hours, requires no technical expertise and can be performed everywhere. Its high specificity and PPV may help in early institution of empirical antibiotic therapy in patients.

Future Microbiology, 2019

Aim: There is an urgent need to design a reliable diagnostic test for tuberculosis (TB). Methods:... more Aim: There is an urgent need to design a reliable diagnostic test for tuberculosis (TB). Methods: Real-time immuno-PCR (RT-I-PCR) assay was devised for the quantitative detection of a cocktail of mycobacterial MPT64 (Rv1980c) and PstS1 (Rv0934) in TB patients. Results: A broad dynamic range of 0.95 pg/ml–95 ng/ml of MPT64+PstS1 was detected in TB patients. In smear-positive (n = 59) and smear-negative (n = 42) pulmonary TB cases, sensitivities of 93.2 and 83.3% were observed, respectively with 92.8% specificity, whereas a sensitivity of 77.9% and a specificity of 91.3% were observed in extrapulmonary TB cases (n = 86). Furthermore, significantly reduced MPT64+PstS1 concentrations (p < 0.001) were noticed in patients on therapy by RT-I-PCR as compared with untreated patients. Conclusion: Our RT-I-PCR assay revealed high sensitivity especially for the rapid diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary TB and paucibacillary extrapulmonary TB samples, which could also monitor the dynamics o...

Future microbiology, Mar 1, 2018

Diagnosis of pleural TB poses serious challenges due to paucibacillary nature of specimens and th... more Diagnosis of pleural TB poses serious challenges due to paucibacillary nature of specimens and there is an urgent need to devise a reliable diagnostic test. We compared GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampin assay and the multiplex PCR (M-PCR) targeting mpb64 (Rv1980c) and IS6110 in pleural fluids (n = 78) of pleural TB patients and non-TB controls. The sensitivities of 89.6 and 33.3%, and specificities of 96.7 and 100%, were observed with M-PCR and Xpert assay, respectively. M-PCR showed superiority over Xpert assay and may facilitate an efficient diagnosis of pleural TB.

Yonsei medical journal, 2016

Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) poses serious challenges. A careful selection of ... more Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) poses serious challenges. A careful selection of appropriate gene targets is essential for designing a multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) assay. We compared several gene targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including IS6110, devR, and genes encoding MPB-64 (mpb64), 38kDa (pstS1), 65kDa (hsp65), 30kDa (fbpB), ESAT-6 (esat6), and CFP-10 (cfp10) proteins, using PCR assays on 105 EPTB specimens. From these data, we chose the two best gene targets to design an M-PCR. Among all gene targets tested, mpb64 showed the highest sensitivity (84% in confirmed cases and 77.5% in clinically suspected cases), followed by IS6110, hsp65, 38kDa, 30kDa, esat6, cfp10, and devR. We used mpb64+IS6110 for designing an M-PCR assay. Our M-PCR assay demonstrated a high sensitivity of 96% in confirmed EPTB cases and 88.75% in clinically suspected EPTB cases with a high specificity of 100%, taking clinical diagnosis as the gold standard. These M-PCR res...

Future Microbiology

Aim: Diagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) is difficult and there is an immediate need to d... more Aim: Diagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) is difficult and there is an immediate need to develop a reliable diagnostic test. Methods: A real-time immuno-PCR (RT-I-PCR) was developed to identify a cocktail of MPT-64 + ESAT-6 in both male/female UGTB patients comprising five confirmed cases, 40 clinically suspected cases and 37 non-TB controls, from whom mid-stream urine specimens were collected, while endometrial biopsies of female patients were obtained on day 1 of their menstrual cycle. Results obtained by RT-I-PCR were compared with I-PCR/ELISA and GeneXpert. Results: A wide range (500 fg/ml–10 ng/ml) of MPT-64 + ESAT-6 was detected in UGTB specimens by RT-I-PCR, although ELISA showed a narrow range (2.5–11 ng/ml). Sensitivities of 80% and 82.2% were obtained by RT-I-PCR in clinically suspected and total UGTB cases, respectively, whereas 94.6% specificity was obtained. Concurrently, RT-I-PCR revealed significantly higher (p < 0.05–0.001) sensitivity than I-PCR/ELISA and ...

DOI: 10.21276/sjpm.2018.3.10.16 Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes ... more DOI: 10.21276/sjpm.2018.3.10.16 Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of Blood Stream infections (BSI), skin and wound infections, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and nosocomial infections, especially pneumonia, surgical site infections (SSI), and continue to be a major cause of community-acquired infections. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of community and hospital acquired infections. MRSA are mainly nosocomial and are increasingly reported from many countries worldwide. The purpose of present study was to determine the sensitivity of S. aureus isolated from infected patients to methicillin and to evaluate the possible presence of VRSA in our tertiary care hospital. Staphylococci were isolated and identified by standard microbiological procedures. Methicillin resistance was detected by using cefoxitin (30 μgm) by disc diffusion method. MRSA strains detected were then subjected to vancomycin agar screen test and E tes...

Aims and objectives: (1) To detect biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureu... more Aims and objectives: (1) To detect biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. (2) To know the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the isolates and correlation with biofilm production. Methodology: The present study was done to detect biofilm formation in 50 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from blood and indwelling devices. For detection of biofilm formation, the clinical isolates were screened by Modified Tissue Culture Plate method (MTCP) and Tube Method (TM).Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by using KirbyBauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 50 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 46% were biofilm positive by MTCP and 38% by TM. The biofilm producers were multi drug resistant as compared to the non producers. Interpretation: The effective control for staphylococcal infections will require a concerted effort to develop therapeutic agents that target the biofilm phenotype.

International journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2010

The problem of infection has been persistent in the surgical world even after the introduction of... more The problem of infection has been persistent in the surgical world even after the introduction of antibiotics. Pathogens that infect surgical wounds can be part of normal flora or acquired from the hospital environment or other infected patients. Staphylococcus aureus , being the normal microbial flora of the skin is one of the commonest causes of wound infection. A total of 1088 pus samples from surgical wounds were received in the Department of Microbiology, Pt.B.D.S,UHS, Rohtak over a period of one year. The isolates were identified using standard laboratory procedures. All the isolates were tested for susceptibility to various commonly used antibiotics and screened for oxacillin susceptibility according to CLSI guidelines.Out of 1088 pus samples received, 833(76.5%) were culture positive. S.aureus accounted for 10.6% of surgical wound infections. Methicillin resistance was documented in 54 (60.6%) of the S.aureus isolates. Highest efficacy was observed with linezolid (100%). The...

Future Microbiology, 2021

Aim: Diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis (OATB) is quite challenging and there is an urgent ... more Aim: Diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis (OATB) is quite challenging and there is an urgent need to design a prompt and precise diagnostic test. Methods: We developed a multi-targeted loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay using mpt64 (Rv1980c) and pstS1 (Rv0934) targets for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in OATB patients. Results: The sensitivities of 100 and 82.4% were obtained in confirmed (n = 10) and suspected (n = 57) OATB cases, respectively by multi-targeted LAMP with a specificity of 96.9% (n = 33). Moreover, the sensitivities attained by multi-targeted LAMP in total OATB cases were significantly higher (p < 0.05–0.01) than multiplex PCR ( mpt64 + pstS1) and GeneXpert assay. Conclusion: Our LAMP is simple, reliable and cost-effective method, which may develop into an attractive diagnostic kit for early detection of OATB cases.

Journal of Pediatric Critical Care, 2020

The novel coronavirus (CoV), termed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome related CoV-2 (SARS CoV-2),... more The novel coronavirus (CoV), termed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome related CoV-2 (SARS CoV-2), responsible for an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China is a testimony to the risk the CoVs pose to the public health. In this review, a brief introduction of the human CoVs (hCoV), along with the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the infection caused by the hCoVs, especially the SARS-CoV-2, shall help in the understanding of the COVID-19.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020

Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas, 2009

As populações microbianas que colonizam os dentes e os tecidos periodontais são uma fonte importa... more As populações microbianas que colonizam os dentes e os tecidos periodontais são uma fonte importante de patógenos responsáveis por infecções dentárias, incluindo infecções orais, cárie, gengivite, periodontite, etc. A cárie dentária é uma doença infecciosa e multifatorial, resultante da interação de três diferentes aspectos, tais como: dieta com açúcar, esmalte dentário e cavidade oral sensível à colonização microbiana. Placas onde há cárie ativa têm uma proporção significativamente mais elevada de ter Streptococcus mutans (princípio: produtor de ácido), com pH de 5,0 ou menor. O enfraquecimento dentário ocorre quando há um distúrbio na desmineralização e remineralização do dente. Por outro lado, a forma mais comum da gengivite é a crônica ou a longa permanência da placa, enquanto a gengivite aguda, ulcerativa necrotizante, é a mais agressiva. O desenvolvimento da gengivite está associado a um número crescente de Actinomyces gengivite israeli, enquanto que o sangramento está associa...

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2017

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health concern worldwide. Extra pulmonary tuberculo... more Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health concern worldwide. Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in India accounts up to 20% of all tuberculosis cases. EPTB often remains undetected and untreated due to variable clinical presentation and lack of diagnostic means. Early detection of TB and drug resistance is important in the management of TB. The aim of present study was to assess the role of cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test in rapid diagnosis of tubercular pleural effusion.Methods: The study screened 211 symptomatic patients. The patients with clinical and radiological presentations suggestive of pleural effusion were analyzed using light’s criteria to make a diagnosis of tubercular pleural effusion; these patients submitted pleural fluid sample for smear microscopy after concentration for presence of acid fast bacilli under light emitting diode based fluorescent microscopy (LED-FM), and for cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) using GX4...

BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis are leading causes of parasitic intestinal diseases.... more BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis are leading causes of parasitic intestinal diseases. There are various methods to detect them including iodine-saline wet mount for Giardia, Modified Acid fast (MAF) staining for Cryptosporidia and Direct Fluorescent Antigen detection (DFA) method. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to compare three methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in fecal samples. METHOD: 44 stool specimens from patients with history of diarrhea were examined for Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum by using a direct immunofluorescent-monoclonal antibody stain (for unspun specimens), Iodine-saline wet mount method for Giardia cysts & trophozoites and Modified acid-fast for Cryptosporidium oocysts. RESULTS: From the total of 44 specimens; 29 (65.9 %) Cryptosporidia oocysts were isolated and 6 (13.6%) Giardia cysts by all the Iodine-Saline wet mount, MAF, DFA methods. The direct immunofluorescent-monoclonal antibody method resulted in a significantly increased detection of both Giardia cysts (5 versus 1 specimens, p value =0.01) and Cryptosporidium oocysts (19 versus 10 specimens, p value=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: DFA is a sensitive method for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in fecal samples whereas MAF is a reliable screening method.

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets, 2015

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2014