Brooks Applegate - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Brooks Applegate

Journal of American College Health, 2022

STUDY PURPOSE This study was undertaken to establish if the Holistic Wellness Assessment (HWA) ca... more STUDY PURPOSE This study was undertaken to establish if the Holistic Wellness Assessment (HWA) can detect intra-individual changes following a 12-week undergraduate course in holistic wellness (N = 235). METHODS A single-group pretest post-test non-experimental design was used to evaluate changes in the eight HWA factors; concurrent collection of demographic variables enabled a limited moderation analysis. RESULTS Dependent t-tests adjusted for a false discovery rate revealed significant changes in six of the eight HWA factors indicating curriculum sensitivity in these HWA factors. CONCLUSIONS Interpretations are offered at the HWA factor level that discuss relationships between curriculum activities and student artifacts with changes in factor and item responses over time. Using the HWA as a pre/post-test instrument helps instructors and students evaluate the changes that have been made as a result of the curriculum.

Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation, 1998

Both heads of the gastrocnemius muscle contribute to ankle plantar flexion. This study utilized i... more Both heads of the gastrocnemius muscle contribute to ankle plantar flexion. This study utilized integrated electromyography to investigate whether the percent electrical activity contributed by each head remained constant or changed during isometric contractions at five different resistance levels. Fifty healthy volunteers ranging in age from 19 to 34 years, with no history of musculoskeletal or neuromuscular disorders involving the right lower extremity, were studied. All tasks were performed in the prone position, knee in extension, with the leg and foot in neutral with respect to rotation. Motor points of the medial head and lateral head were identified and surface electrodes were placed just distal to them. The subjects maintained 20° of plantar flexion under five conditions: a maximal isometric plantar flexion contraction (one trial only), and with a 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-lb cuff weight attached to the right foot (three trials each). EMG recordings, 8 s in length, were taken duri...

Spinal Cord, 1995

Many long term wheelchair users develop shoulder pain. The purpose of this study was to examine t... more Many long term wheelchair users develop shoulder pain. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI), an instrument which measures shoulder pain associated with the functional activities of wheelchair users. This 15-item functional index was developed to assess shoulder pain during transfers, self care, wheelchair mobility and general activities. To establish test-retest reliability, the index was administered twice in the same day to 16 long term wheelchair users and their scores for the two administrations were compared by intraclass correlation. To establish concurrent validity, the index was administered to 64 long term wheelchair users and index scores were compared to shoulder range of motion measurements. Results showed that intraclass correlation for test-retest reliability of the total index score was 0.99. There were statistically significant negative correlations of total index scores to range of motion measurements of shoulder abduction (r =-0.485), flexion (r =-0.479) and shoulder extension (r =-0.304), indicating that there is a significant relationship of total index score to loss of shoulder range of motion in this sample. The Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index shows high levels of reliability and internal consistency, as well as concurrent validity with loss of shoulder range of motion. As a valid and reliable instrument, this tool may be useful to both clinicians and researchers in documenting baseline shoulder dysfunction and for periodic measurement in longitudinal studies of musculoskeletal complications in wheelchair users.

Accountability seems forever engrained into the K-12 environment, as has been the expectation of ... more Accountability seems forever engrained into the K-12 environment, as has been the expectation of delivering quality education to school aged children and adolescents. Yet, repeated failure of this expectation has focused the public's and policy maker's attention on the limitations of major accountability systems. This paper explores applications of machine learning, predictive analytics, and data visualization to student information available to educational decision makers. In particular, we demonstrate how to use individual academic performance histories to identify "at-risk" students in real time for advising, academic coaching, and other support services and how to aggregate longitudinal data at the school or district level for system modeling, profiling, comparison, and intervention evaluation. OBJECTIVE This research demonstrates how predictive analytics applied to school student information system (SIS) records can be used to (1) greatly benefit student advising and activities such as academic coaching/mentoring for at-risk students, (2) assess and evaluate the impact of newly introduced educational interventions, and (3) provide tools for longitudinal assessment and evaluation of schools and/or school districts.

Psychological Reports, Feb 1, 1986

The journal of physician assistant education, Aug 1, 2022

Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between instructional peda... more Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between instructional pedagogy and changes in physician assistant (PA) students’ learning styles during a 2-year master’s program. Methods Two parallel curricular tracks were established in the didactic year, one using problem-based learning (PBL) and the other lecture-based learning (LBL) for 6 years. Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory (LSI) was administered to both groups at matriculation and at the end of the first and second years. Multivariate analyses, including logarithmic transformations of LSI data because of its ipsative nature, were conducted to evaluate differences and changes in students’ learning style. Results A majority of students changed learning styles during the program. Despite considerable movement within and between learning styles, the percentage distribution of LBL students’ learning styles changed little during the program, whereas there was a significant increase in PBL students having a Convergent learning style after 2 years. PBL students preferred more transformation than prehension in information processing than LBL students. About a third of LBL students, compared to a fifth of PBL students, had reverted to close to their matriculation learning style by the end of the clinical year. Discussion Primary care physicians and PAs tend to have a Convergent learning style. Little movement towards this learning style was seen with LBL students, whereas a significant increase in the number of PBL students had adopted this learning style by the end of the program.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 1995

Prosthetics and Orthotics International, Dec 28, 2022

Background: The literature comparing bone-anchored prosthesis (BAP) with socket prosthesis (SP) c... more Background: The literature comparing bone-anchored prosthesis (BAP) with socket prosthesis (SP) consistently reports improvement in physical health and quality of life using primarily patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Objective: To determine the differences in mobility and balance using performance-based outcome measures and PROMs in people with transfemoral amputations (TFAs) fitted with BAP vs. SP. Study design: Causal comparative. Methods: Two groups of people with TFAs were recruited: one using a BAP (N = 11; mean age ± standard deviation, 44 ± 14.9 years; mean residual limb length as a percentage of the intact femur, 68% ± 15.9) and another group using a SP (N = 11; mean age ± standard deviation, 49.6 ± 16.0 years; mean residual limb length as a percentage of the intact femur, 81% ± 13.9), and completed the 10-meter walk test, component timed-up-and-go, Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility™ 12-item, and Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the BAP and SP groups in temporal spatial gait parameters and prosthetic mobility as measured by the 10-meter walk test and component timed-up-and-go, yet large effect sizes were found for several variables. In addition, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale and Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility™ scores were not statistically different between the BAP and SP groups, yet a large effect sizes were found for both variables. Conclusions: This study found that people with TFA who use a BAP can demonstrate similar temporal spatial gait parameters and prosthetic mobility, as well as self-perceived balance confidence and prosthetic mobility as SP users. Therefore, suggesting that the osseointegration reconstruction surgical procedure provides an alternative option for a specific population with TFA who cannot wear nor have limitations with a SP. Future research with a larger sample and other performance-based outcome measures and PROMs of prosthetic mobility and balance would further determine the differences between the prosthetic options.

This study describes a well-defined data-driven diagnostic identification and selection procedure... more This study describes a well-defined data-driven diagnostic identification and selection procedure for choosing students at-risk of academic failure for appropriate academic support services. This algorithmic procedure has been validated both by historical quantitative studies of student precedents and outcomes as well as by current qualitative comparisons with existing school procedures and efforts to accomplish the same goal through committee work and recommendations. Results indicate it is both possible and feasible using readily available school student information system data to identify who appears to be at substantial academic risk, what some of those risks are, and who appears likely to benefit from specific academic support service interventions. OBJECTIVES OR PURPOSES OF STUDY Nationally, graduation rates for students in urban high schools are at 53 percent. In 2008, more than one-quarter million students did not receive a diploma (Swanson, 2003, 2008). Studies show retention problems may begin in middle school (Jackson & Davis, 2000). Therefore, as part of a major GEAR UP intervention serving almost 3,500 students, we developed academic case management programs targeting students in middle grades (Kretovics, 2005-2011). Since these programs were effective at reversing downward trajectories of at-risk children on track for failure in middle schools (Van Kannel-Ray, Lacefield, & Zeller, 2008, 2009), this model was revised, as graduation coaching, incorporating strategies appropriate to developmental needs of students progressing into high school.

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, Dec 18, 2014

The Holistic Wellness Assessment (HWA) is a relatively new assessment instrument based on an emer... more The Holistic Wellness Assessment (HWA) is a relatively new assessment instrument based on an emergent transdisciplinary model of wellness. This study validated the factor structure identified via exploratory factor analysis (EFA), assessed test–retest reliability, and investigated concurrent validity of the HWA in three separate samples. The hypothesized eight-factor structure was validated via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), individually for each factor and overall in a multifactor analysis. Test–retest reliability estimates over a 1- to 3-week interval were appropriate for this assessment type. Concurrent validity estimates indicated that the HWA measures were similar, but not redundant, to wellness constructs found in other wellness instruments, specifically the TestWell® and Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle, Version S (WEL-S). As young adults are exposed to a broader base of wellness in educational and related contexts, the use of the wellness assessments such as the HWA can identify areas of personal need for balance and healthy choice making.

The journal of physician assistant education, 2003

Medical schools throughout the world are increasingly adopting problem-based learning (PBL) pedag... more Medical schools throughout the world are increasingly adopting problem-based learning (PBL) pedagogies. PBL is a student-centered model that stimulates clinical reasoning, promotes the application and retention of knowledge, and encourages self-directed, lifelong learning. Few physician assistant (PA) programs have adopted this innovative methodology, perhaps owing to the lack of research on the efficacy of PBL in PA education. HRSA funding was obtained to address this deficit. A research project was designed and implemented, in which a PBL curricular track was established in parallel with a traditional lecture-based learning (LBL) curricular track during the first year of a master's degree program. Evaluation data will be collected over a 5-year period to compare the educational outcomes of the PBL and LBL tracks. The present article describes the rationale behind PBL, its advantages and disadvantages, the PBL model chosen for this comparative study; and the evaluation plan adopted.

Current psychological research & reviews, Sep 1, 1996

Edmonds (1967) developed the Marital Conventionalization Scale to measure an apparent social desi... more Edmonds (1967) developed the Marital Conventionalization Scale to measure an apparent social desirability bias in marital quality measurement at the individual level. The original conceptualization of marital conventionalization has not been supported by subsequent research and conventionalization appears to represent another aspect of marital quality. This study investigated whether marital satisfaction and conventionalization are best conceptualized at the individual or couple level. A series of analyses suggest that these constructs must be interpreted as dyadic variables rather than simply as individual perceptions of marriage. Husbands and wives tend to report similar levels of marital satisfaction and conventionalization, especially among dissatisfied couples and couples with a high level of satisfaction.

Pediatric Pulmonology, 2000

The increase in the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of asthma among children over the last d... more The increase in the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of asthma among children over the last decade has been well documented, especially among low-income minority children. Hypotheses for the increases in morbidity and mortality include limited access to primary care services and the failure to recognize the presence and severity of asthma. The University of Miami Pediatric Mobile Clinic (Mobile Clinic) Asthma Intervention Program is designed to identify underserved asthmatic children at school and offer them culturally sensitive care. Nine elementary schools with low income, predominantly Hispanic and African-American populations regularly served by the Mobile Clinic, were chosen for study participation. All 5,800 students who were enrolled in kindergarten through third grade were given letters at the time of registration by their homeroom teachers about the asthma program. Caretakers who returned the questionnaire and reported that the student had asthma symptoms were invited to have the student undergo a medical evaluation in the Mobile Clinic. Over a 2-year period, caretakers of 423 students (7.3% of all students) expressed an interest in further evaluating their child&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s respiratory health. Of these, we enrolled and evaluated 154 in the Mobile Clinic&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s Asthma Intervention Program. The Mobile Clinic physicians identified 145 of the enrollees as having asthma. These results indicate that in elementary schools serving predominantly low-income minority populations, a large fraction of the asthmatic population (estimated prevalence, 6-10%) can be identified by a school-based letter. Further, in a subset of asthmatic students (children of interested caretakers), there is good agreement between caretaker responses and physician diagnosis of asthma. Since school attendance is mandatory, school-based methods may be an effective method for identifying low-income children with asthma.

Knee, May 1, 2001

Ž. Ž. Since both the medial head MH and lateral head LH of the hamstring muscles contribute to kn... more Ž. Ž. Since both the medial head MH and lateral head LH of the hamstring muscles contribute to knee flexion, this study investigated whether the relative electrical activity of these heads remained constant with respect to each other or changed during isometric contractions at five different resistance levels. The relative electrical activity of these two heads was Ž. determined by comparing their integrated EMG iEMG. Forty-two volunteers with no history of right lower extremity injury or disease, between the ages of 18 and 35, were studied. Following motor point location, surface electrodes were placed over the MH and LH. Subjects, positioned prone, flexed the knee to 45Њ using a sawhorse as a tactile cue to help maintain this position. Three recordings, 8 s in length, were taken at each subject's maximum isometric contraction and then using cuff weights of 1, 3, 5, and 7% of their body weight. The average of the three recordings was used in the analysis. During maximum Ž. Ž. isometric contraction at 45Њ of knee flexion , the LH contributes a significantly greater percent of the total iEMG 63.4% Ž. than the MH P-0.0001. Furthermore, within the four submaximal levels tested, the LH's contribution was significantly Ž. greater than the MH P-0.01. During submaximal isometric contractions, the LH percent contribution to total iEMG was less than its contribution during maximal isometric contraction, all P values-0.005. As a result, during these same submaximal isometric contractions, the MH contribution to total iEMG was greater than its contribution during maximal. isometric contraction, all P values-0.005 .

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Nov 1, 1998

The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is one of the most commonly used anthropometric measures to indicate... more The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is one of the most commonly used anthropometric measures to indicate a central obesity pattern and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in normal-weight women. Although the American Heart Association has reported that a WHR > 0.80 be used to indicate increased risk of cardiovascular disease in women, the present study assessed the WHR above which is seen elevations in cardiovascular disease risk factors in a sample of overweight women. Using data from 240 women aged 27.5-47.5 y enrolled in a university weight-loss program, we determined WHR quartiles: < 0.80, 0.80 to < 0.84, 0.84 to < 0.90, and ≥ 0.90. Subjects were placed into high-risk categories for cardiovascular disease on the basis of age-and population-defined norms. Women had an increased likelihood of elevated VLDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, diastolic blood pressure, and composite risk (ie, having ≥ 4 cardiovascular disease risk factors) and an increased risk of having low concentrations of HDL at a WHR ≥ 0.90. All aforementioned variables had a significant odds ratio at a WHR ≥ 0.90 after adjustment for smoking, whereas elevated VLDL, triacylglycerol, and diastolic blood pressure were observed at this WHR after adjustment for a body mass index (in kg/m 2) < or ≥ 35. Only 2 variables, VLDL and triacylglycerol, had a significant odds ratio at a WHR < 0.90 before and after adjustment for BMI and smoking. These data suggest an upward shift in the critical threshold for WHR to ≥ 0.90, at which point there was an elevation in cardiovascular disease risk factors in already overweight women. This trend persisted regardless of whether the women smoked or whether their body mass index was < or ≥ 35.

Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, Mar 1, 2010

Objective In this study, the authors investigated the psychometric properties of a modified versi... more Objective In this study, the authors investigated the psychometric properties of a modified version of the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC)-a self-report instrument designed to measure the extent to which patients with chronic illness receive care congruent with the chronic care model. Research design and method Five hundred and twenty-nine (529) type 2 diabetics were surveyed with a modified-PACIC. Results An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted that accounted for the ordinal nature of the PACIC items. Ordinal alpha (0.972) and omega (0.973) reliability coefficients were calculated on the latent factor underlying the modified-PACIC. Correlation analyses were used to investigate the relationship between the modified-PACIC and numerous clinical labs related to diabetes. Validity for the original five-factor structure proposed by developers of the PACIC could not be confirmed. Conclusions More research focusing on the instrument's psychometric properties is necessary before researchers use it to investigate the chronic care model and patient health. Researchers will need to ensure that the composite scores underlying the instrument are normally distributed and correlated with behavioural and health indexes.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, May 1, 1994

We tested the predictive utility of symptoms for proposed DSM-IV definitions of the disruptive be... more We tested the predictive utility of symptoms for proposed DSM-IV definitions of the disruptive behavior disorders using indices corrected for symptom and diagnosis base rates. The field trials sample consisted of 440 clinic-referred youths who were consecutive referrals to a heterogeneous group of mental health clinics. Multiple informants were interviewed to determine the presence of symptoms and diagnoses. Some symptoms which were either not in DSM-III or DSM-III-R, or were modifications of DSM-III-R symptoms, had greater diagnostic efficiency than did several existing symptoms. Symptom utility estimates were generally similar for different ages and genders, although some interesting age and sex trends emerged for a few symptoms. The results supported the inclusion of more restricted definitions of "lying" and "truancy" to increase their association with a conduct disorder diagnosis and they supported the elimination of "swearing" in the oppositional defiant disorder criteria. In addition to their relevance for developing optimal criteria for DSM-IV, these results can aid DSM-IV users by providing a useful guide to the relative efficiency of individual symptoms based on data from a large heterogeneous clinic population.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sep 1, 1997

To examine the validity of the DSM-IV requirement of an age of onset of impairment due to symptom... more To examine the validity of the DSM-IV requirement of an age of onset of impairment due to symptoms before 7 years of age for the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The validity of this criterion was examined in a clinic sample of 380 youths aged 4 through 17 years by comparing youths who met symptom criteria for ADHD and either did or did not display impairment before age 7 years. Nearly all youths who met symptom criteria for the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype also met the age of onset of impairment criterion, but 18% of youths who met symptom criteria for the combined type, and 43% of youths who met symptom criteria for the predominantly inattentive type, did not manifest impairment before 7 years. For the latter two subtypes, requiring impairment before age 7 years reduced the accuracy of identification of currently impaired cases of ADHD and reduced agreement with clinicians' judgments. These findings raise questions about the validity of the DSM-IV definition of age of onset of ADHD. Marked differences in the ages of onset of both symptoms and impairment for the three subtypes of ADHD support the validity of distinguishing among these subtypes in DSM-IV.