Arash Jahandideh - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Arash Jahandideh

Journal of Polymers and the Environment

Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science

Polymers for Advanced Technologies

Today every single step toward green chemistry is a high priority to avoid global warming and env... more Today every single step toward green chemistry is a high priority to avoid global warming and environmental contaminations. In this regard, conductive, asymmetric star‐shaped, bio‐based structures, comprising tetramers of aniline (SSB‐TA) was synthesized from bio‐sourced resin using microwave irradiation. The hydroxyl‐functional SSB‐TA was characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and the thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of oligomer and its hybrid with poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate), (HEMA) were measured by TGA, DMTA and four probe conductometer. Results show that SSB‐TA is highly thermal‐stable conductive biobased oligomer (T50% = 452°C [higher than tetraniline] and σ = 8.9 × 10−4 S cm−1) and 2.5% SSB‐TA is the optimum content to improve thermal properties up to 62% and enhance the level of electrical conductivity of poly (HEMA) 12 times. This functional structure can be considered as a suitable candidate to be employed in tissue engineering and biobased adhesives con...

Polymer Chemistry

Molecular Design and Synthesis of Linear and Star-shaped π-conjugated Oligoanilines with reversib... more Molecular Design and Synthesis of Linear and Star-shaped π-conjugated Oligoanilines with reversible optoelectrochemical properties.

Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment, 2018

Sustainable Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites, 2019

This chapter introduces and discusses the nanocomposite hydrogels, based on inorganic particles, ... more This chapter introduces and discusses the nanocomposite hydrogels, based on inorganic particles, including inorganic ceramics (clays), and nanofillers of carbon, silicon, metal, and metal oxide. Various nanoparticle preparation methods will be presented in brief. Depending on the inorganic particle types, assorted preparation methods for nanocomposite hydrogels, and their corresponding characterization methods will be assessed. Inorganic particles not only improve the mechanical strength of these soft materials (gels) but also confer specific properties into the gel networks; stimuli-responsive hydrogels are good examples. Nanocomposite hydrogels have been engineered to be used in various applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, water treatment, conductive materials, optoelectronic, and supercapacitors. Furthermore, stimuli-responsiveness feature, the ability of bio-fabrication, and the capability of 3D printing introduce them as potential candidates for the fabric...

Sustainable Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites, 2019

This chapter seeks to explore different types of self-healable biocomposites and their promising ... more This chapter seeks to explore different types of self-healable biocomposites and their promising aspects regarding increasing the lifetime of products. From the interaction point of view, self-healable biocomposites use covalent (such as hydrogen bonding, metal-ligand interaction, and so forth) and covalent bonding (Diels-Alder and Schiff-base reaction). These covalent and non-covalent bonds in a polymer matrix make the biocomposites intrinsically self-healable. Another category of healable biocomposites is extrinsic self-healable biocomposites in which incorporating certain external healing agents such as microcapsules lead to healing in cracked regions. The superiority of intrinsic healing compared to the extrinsic method is that it can be repeated frequently in the crack region. But for microencapsulation, the healing occurs upon the rupture of microcapsules and it can impart self-healing properties to different types of matrixes as well. Also, this chapter summarizes the studies...

, for sharing their expertise on star-shaped thermosets. To Nima Esmaeili from University of Bolt... more , for sharing their expertise on star-shaped thermosets. To Nima Esmaeili from University of Bolton, UK, for his consultants and guidance on thermomechanical and characterization aspects of my project. To Dr. Gary Anderson for his smart insights on thermomechanical properties and statistical analysis of my work. To Dr. Halaweish for helping me with the NMR analysis. To Dr. Bishnu Karki for her insights and valuable time. To Dr. Tylor Johnson, for his advices, and help throughout lots of my projects. To my dear friends, Sepehr Nesaei and Samaneh Amiri. To Dr. Reza Ahmadi and Dr. Forough Jahandideh of university of Alberta for their kind help. I would particularly thank Dr. Asma Rashki of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, for critical evaluation of biomedical part of my dissertation. I also want to extend my deepest gratitude to Zari Alishiri and Dr. Ali Salehnia for their unconditional love, supports and help throughout these past three years. I extend my sincere appreciation to the entire faculty and staff in the department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at South Dakota State University for their kind help and supports. Lastly and most importantly, I would like to express gratitude to my parents for making me feel unconditionally supported in every step I have taken. v

Biopolymers and their Industrial Applications, 2021

2017 Spokane, Washington July 16 - July 19, 2017, 2017

Abstract. This study uses the life cycle assessment framework to compare the effects on human hea... more Abstract. This study uses the life cycle assessment framework to compare the effects on human health and the environment of drop-in biofuels produced from switchgrass and prairie cordgrass using a variety of low-input farming methods. Biofuel scenarios were developed using experimental data from South Dakota State University's Felt Farm, pretreatment and biomass conversion testing through South Dakota State University, and process models of biomass catalytic fast pyrolysis to biogasoline and biodiesel from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. In particular, we examined the influence of low-input cropping systems, biomass densification and pretreatment (such as pelleting and AFEX) at regional biomass preprocessing depots, and transportation distance on net greenhouse gas emissions, human health, and ecotoxicity. Results show that greenhouse gas emissions from biogasoline from catalytic fast pyrolysis of prairie grasses provide emissions reductions of up to 80% compared to fossil fuels, though the extent of emissions reductions vary greatly by scenario. Biomass pretreatment and preprocessing steps, particularly drying biomass prior to catalytic fast pyrolysis, can have large contributions to net greenhouse gas emissions. Notably, differences in biomass composition between crop species could play a large role in the energy requirements, fuel yield, and carbon balance of catalytic fast pyrolysis. We conclude that biogasoline from both prairie cordgrass and switchgrass has potential to provide substantial emissions reductions. Catalytic fast pyrolysis is the primary contributor to human health and ecotoxicity metrics. This conversion process, for which little data is available, should be a key target for improved modeling of environmental outcomes from drop-in biofuels.

Polymer Bulletin, 2020

Antibacterial absorbent fabrics were prepared through by the immersion of polyester polyester–cot... more Antibacterial absorbent fabrics were prepared through by the immersion of polyester polyester–cotton fabrics in a soaking media, containing novel functional acrylic monomers and various antibacterial agents. 2-acrylamido 2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and a novel functional star-shaped oligomer (FSO) were used as monomers for inducing the absorbency and compatibility to the fabric. FSO in two steps and employing condensation reaction between glycerol and lactic acid via multi-step microwave irradiation was synthesized. Bio-based materials, such as gallic acid and tannic acid, were used as antibacterial agents to induce antibacterial activity to the cotton fabric. ATR-FTIR, H NMR, SEM, contact angle, as well as antibacterial activity, absorbency in distilled water and saline solution have been employed for further evaluation. The swelling capacity of the modified absorbent fabric H1 (AMPS/FSO: 50:/50 wt%) was up to 21.1 g/g−1 in distilled water, and 6.1 g/g−1 in saline solution. Antibacterial properties tests of these absorbent fabrics showed a good antibacterial behavior, against Staphylococcus aureus.

Journal of Medical Virology, 2020

The 2019 novel‐coronavirus (COVID‐19) has affected 181 countries with approximately 1197405 confi... more The 2019 novel‐coronavirus (COVID‐19) has affected 181 countries with approximately 1197405 confirmed cases (by 5th April). Understanding the transmission dynamics of the infection in each country which got affected on a daily basis and evaluating the effectiveness of control policies are critical for our further actions. To date, the statistics of COVID‐19 reported cases show that more than 80% of infected are mild cases of disease, around 14% of infected have severe complications, and about 5% are categorized as critical disease victims. Today's report (5th April 2020; daily updates in the prepared website) shows that the confirmed cases of COVID‐19 in the United States, Spain, Italy, and Germany are 308850, 126168, 124632, and 96092, respectively. Calculating the total case fatality rate (CFR) of Italy (4th April 2020), about 13.3% of confirmed cases have passed away. Compared with South Korea's rate of 1.8% (seven times lower than Italy) and China's 4% (69% lower tha...

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2020

A bio‐based reactive diluent (BRD) was synthesized from succinic acid and glycerol, and successfu... more A bio‐based reactive diluent (BRD) was synthesized from succinic acid and glycerol, and successfully copolymerized with epoxy acrylate (EA). Chemical structure of BRD was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared. The performance of vinyl ester resin compositions has been examined through differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis, as well as tensile and flexural tests. Results demonstrated good compatibility between EA and the BRD. Compared to styrene, the BRD contribution of 50 wt% enhanced the elastic modulus (~40%). Samples copolymerized with BRD or styrene, have shown a similar thermal stability. Mechanical properties of cured blends, containing up to 25 wt% of BRD, found to be superior than styrene‐diluted compartments. Viscosities of EA–BRD blends were in range of 3.25–0.43 Pa/s at 30°C. Inexpensive bio‐based source, good thermomechanical and rheological properties, and great compatibility with EA ...

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2019

Solvent-resistant, biobased anaerobic adhesives have been engineered, employing star-shaped glyce... more Solvent-resistant, biobased anaerobic adhesives have been engineered, employing star-shaped glycerol-lactic acid oligomers (SLAOs). For optimization of the performance, first, the best combination set of the comonomer and accelerators were achieved (i.e., amidosulfunic acid and methylmethacrylate); second, the effect of the arm length of SLAO on the adhesive properties was evaluated; and; finally, the impacts of SLAO content on the performance of the adhesives were assessed. Adhesives containing oligomers with 4 and 6 lactic units showed maximum adhesion; and the best performance was achieved on the steel substrates. The adhesives were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, rotational viscometer, single lap shear (LSS), and breakaway torque tests. Heat of the curing reaction, a function of arm lengths of the employed SLAOs, reduced from 238 J•g −1 for oligomers with two lactic units, to 74 J• g −1 for oligomers with ten lactic units. In an attempt to reduce the nonrenewable portion of the adhesives, up to 95 wt % of the adhesives was substituted by SLAO. These green adhesives present tunable viscosities (in the range of 20−510 cP), along with promising thermal−mechanical properties (LSS: 8.62 MPa, T deg : 370°C); moreover, they outperformed in various aspects, including providing a higher breakaway torque strength (∼7−27 N•m), better solvent resistance, and lower environmental impacts.

Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2019

Recent researches focus on the synthesis of new cross‐linkers from natural resources. In the curr... more Recent researches focus on the synthesis of new cross‐linkers from natural resources. In the current work, functionalized tannic acid was employed as a replacement of petroleum‐based cross‐linkers because of its outstanding biochemical properties. Alkene‐ and epoxy‐functionalized tannic acids were synthesized as internal and external cross‐linkers, respectively. Cross‐linker structures were characterized with Ft‐IR and 1HNMR analysis. Different amounts, as well as different numbers of alkene functional group, were incorporated during the superabsorbent synthesis. Moreover, the internal cross‐linked superabsorbent was surface cross‐linked with different amounts of epoxy‐functionalized tannic acid and increased the absorbency under load about 10 g g−1. Free absorption properties in water and saline solution, absorbency under load, and rheological properties of superabsorbents were investigated. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the internal and external cross‐linked superabso...

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019

Superabsorbent hydrogels usually offer great free-swelling capacity, but often fail in terms of m... more Superabsorbent hydrogels usually offer great free-swelling capacity, but often fail in terms of mechanical properties. Suggested strategies for enhancing the gels toughness usually hamper its water absorbency. Herein, the synthesis of super-swelling hydrogel sheets with superior mechanical properties is reported. The hydrogels have been prepared by the employment of star-shaped lactic acid-based interior crosslinking agents. The hydrophobic interactions, associated to these bio-based sustainable crosslinkers, conferred viscoelasticity and stretchability of up to 1100% to the gels. These transparent sheets were capable of considerable stretching at the swollen state. The employment of these crosslinkers also conferred self-healing characteristic to the modified hydrogels, while acceptable saline-absorbency under load was also preserved. Similar mechanical properties of self-healed films and the pristine films is an evidence of successful healing. The superior properties of the modified superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are probably attributed to the hydrophobic associations of the crosslinker and a more uniform distribution of stress within the network.

Sustainable Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites, 2019

This chapter seeks to explore different types of self-healable biocomposites and their promising ... more This chapter seeks to explore different types of self-healable biocomposites and their promising aspects regarding increasing the lifetime of products. From the interaction point of view, self-healable biocomposites use covalent (such as hydrogen bonding, metal-ligand interaction, and so forth) and covalent bonding (Diels-Alder and Schiff-base reaction). These covalent and non-covalent bonds in a polymer matrix make the biocomposites intrinsically self-healable. Another category of healable biocomposites is extrinsic self-healable biocomposites in which incorporating certain external healing agents such as microcapsules lead to healing in cracked regions. The superiority of intrinsic healing compared to the extrinsic method is that it can be repeated frequently in the crack region. But for microencapsulation, the healing occurs upon the rupture of microcapsules and it can impart self-healing properties to different types of matrixes as well. Also, this chapter summarizes the studies published regarding the preparation of self-healable biocomposites and the mechanisms by which the healing occurs.

Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2018

The glycerol‐lactic acid‐based star‐shaped modifier (SM) were synthesized and employed for surfac... more The glycerol‐lactic acid‐based star‐shaped modifier (SM) were synthesized and employed for surface modification of hygienic superabsorbent polymer (SAP) hydrogels for the first time. Surface crosslinking was carried out to increase the saline‐absorbency under load (AUL) and the swollen gel strength. The surface treatment process was analyzed employing free absorbency and AUL tests, salt sensitivity, attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), oscillatory rheometry, as well as scanning electron microscopy analysis. The effect of the branched architecture and the contents of SM on the properties of the modified SAPs were studied. The implementation of surface treatment leads to increase up to a 28% in the AUL of the modified SAP. Moreover, the loss modulus was surprisingly increased, while the storage modulus was enhanced (possibly due to the star architecture of oligomers). Mc and crosslink density values have been estimated based on modified rubb...

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials, 2019

The mechanical strength of superabsorbents is an important practical factor that can be character... more The mechanical strength of superabsorbents is an important practical factor that can be characterized by measuring the absorbency of the superabsorbent under load. In the last decades, many efforts have been devoted to enhancing the mechanical strength of superabsorbents. Herein, as an attempt to increase the superabsorbent mechanical strength, two types of starshaped bio-based modifiers were designed and synthesized via condensation reaction between acids and alcohols. The chemical structures of the bio-based modifiers were characterized via FT-IR and 1 H NMR analysis. Glycerin, lactic acid, succinic acid, and itaconic acid used for the synthesis of the star-shaped modifier, which further used in different ratios in the bulk of the superabsorbent. Moreover, another modifier was synthesized from glycerin, lactic acid, and methacrylic anhydride, and successfully used as a surface modifier for superabsorbents in different ratios. The absorption analysis showed that the employment of the optimum amount of the bulk modifier (4.75 wt.%) increases the AUL almost 4 units, without significant impacts on the water and NaCl solution absorbencies. Also, the incorporation of the optimum amount of the surface modifier increases the AUL about 3 units. As a result, the AUL value of the acrylic acid-sodium acrylate superabsorbent enhanced~7 units by the incorporation of these bio-based modifiers-from 17.3 for the pristine superabsorbent to 24.2.

Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2018

Novel star-shaped thermosetting resins were synthesized by condensation-reaction of itaconic acid... more Novel star-shaped thermosetting resins were synthesized by condensation-reaction of itaconic acid and glycerol, followed by treatment of the oligomers, by methanol and allyl alcohol. Employing 1 H and 13 C NMR and FT-IR, the chemical structures of the resins were studied. The thermomechanical properties were evaluated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Viscometry and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were also employed to study the rheological and thermal properties of samples. The viscosity of the methanol-treated resin was 4.2 Pa.s at 25 °C, which dropped to 0.25 Pa.s at 70 °C. The allyl alcohol-treated resin showed a lower viscosity (1.8 Pa.s at room temperature, and 0.14 Pa.s at 70 °C). A substantially higher glass temperature (T g) was recorded for methanol-treated resin (150 °C) compared to that of the allyl alcohol-treated resin (93 °C). Compared to the allyl alcoholtreated resin, very good mechanical properties for the methanol-treated resin was achieved, in

Journal of Polymers and the Environment

Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science

Polymers for Advanced Technologies

Today every single step toward green chemistry is a high priority to avoid global warming and env... more Today every single step toward green chemistry is a high priority to avoid global warming and environmental contaminations. In this regard, conductive, asymmetric star‐shaped, bio‐based structures, comprising tetramers of aniline (SSB‐TA) was synthesized from bio‐sourced resin using microwave irradiation. The hydroxyl‐functional SSB‐TA was characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and the thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of oligomer and its hybrid with poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate), (HEMA) were measured by TGA, DMTA and four probe conductometer. Results show that SSB‐TA is highly thermal‐stable conductive biobased oligomer (T50% = 452°C [higher than tetraniline] and σ = 8.9 × 10−4 S cm−1) and 2.5% SSB‐TA is the optimum content to improve thermal properties up to 62% and enhance the level of electrical conductivity of poly (HEMA) 12 times. This functional structure can be considered as a suitable candidate to be employed in tissue engineering and biobased adhesives con...

Polymer Chemistry

Molecular Design and Synthesis of Linear and Star-shaped π-conjugated Oligoanilines with reversib... more Molecular Design and Synthesis of Linear and Star-shaped π-conjugated Oligoanilines with reversible optoelectrochemical properties.

Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment, 2018

Sustainable Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites, 2019

This chapter introduces and discusses the nanocomposite hydrogels, based on inorganic particles, ... more This chapter introduces and discusses the nanocomposite hydrogels, based on inorganic particles, including inorganic ceramics (clays), and nanofillers of carbon, silicon, metal, and metal oxide. Various nanoparticle preparation methods will be presented in brief. Depending on the inorganic particle types, assorted preparation methods for nanocomposite hydrogels, and their corresponding characterization methods will be assessed. Inorganic particles not only improve the mechanical strength of these soft materials (gels) but also confer specific properties into the gel networks; stimuli-responsive hydrogels are good examples. Nanocomposite hydrogels have been engineered to be used in various applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, water treatment, conductive materials, optoelectronic, and supercapacitors. Furthermore, stimuli-responsiveness feature, the ability of bio-fabrication, and the capability of 3D printing introduce them as potential candidates for the fabric...

Sustainable Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites, 2019

This chapter seeks to explore different types of self-healable biocomposites and their promising ... more This chapter seeks to explore different types of self-healable biocomposites and their promising aspects regarding increasing the lifetime of products. From the interaction point of view, self-healable biocomposites use covalent (such as hydrogen bonding, metal-ligand interaction, and so forth) and covalent bonding (Diels-Alder and Schiff-base reaction). These covalent and non-covalent bonds in a polymer matrix make the biocomposites intrinsically self-healable. Another category of healable biocomposites is extrinsic self-healable biocomposites in which incorporating certain external healing agents such as microcapsules lead to healing in cracked regions. The superiority of intrinsic healing compared to the extrinsic method is that it can be repeated frequently in the crack region. But for microencapsulation, the healing occurs upon the rupture of microcapsules and it can impart self-healing properties to different types of matrixes as well. Also, this chapter summarizes the studies...

, for sharing their expertise on star-shaped thermosets. To Nima Esmaeili from University of Bolt... more , for sharing their expertise on star-shaped thermosets. To Nima Esmaeili from University of Bolton, UK, for his consultants and guidance on thermomechanical and characterization aspects of my project. To Dr. Gary Anderson for his smart insights on thermomechanical properties and statistical analysis of my work. To Dr. Halaweish for helping me with the NMR analysis. To Dr. Bishnu Karki for her insights and valuable time. To Dr. Tylor Johnson, for his advices, and help throughout lots of my projects. To my dear friends, Sepehr Nesaei and Samaneh Amiri. To Dr. Reza Ahmadi and Dr. Forough Jahandideh of university of Alberta for their kind help. I would particularly thank Dr. Asma Rashki of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, for critical evaluation of biomedical part of my dissertation. I also want to extend my deepest gratitude to Zari Alishiri and Dr. Ali Salehnia for their unconditional love, supports and help throughout these past three years. I extend my sincere appreciation to the entire faculty and staff in the department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at South Dakota State University for their kind help and supports. Lastly and most importantly, I would like to express gratitude to my parents for making me feel unconditionally supported in every step I have taken. v

Biopolymers and their Industrial Applications, 2021

2017 Spokane, Washington July 16 - July 19, 2017, 2017

Abstract. This study uses the life cycle assessment framework to compare the effects on human hea... more Abstract. This study uses the life cycle assessment framework to compare the effects on human health and the environment of drop-in biofuels produced from switchgrass and prairie cordgrass using a variety of low-input farming methods. Biofuel scenarios were developed using experimental data from South Dakota State University's Felt Farm, pretreatment and biomass conversion testing through South Dakota State University, and process models of biomass catalytic fast pyrolysis to biogasoline and biodiesel from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. In particular, we examined the influence of low-input cropping systems, biomass densification and pretreatment (such as pelleting and AFEX) at regional biomass preprocessing depots, and transportation distance on net greenhouse gas emissions, human health, and ecotoxicity. Results show that greenhouse gas emissions from biogasoline from catalytic fast pyrolysis of prairie grasses provide emissions reductions of up to 80% compared to fossil fuels, though the extent of emissions reductions vary greatly by scenario. Biomass pretreatment and preprocessing steps, particularly drying biomass prior to catalytic fast pyrolysis, can have large contributions to net greenhouse gas emissions. Notably, differences in biomass composition between crop species could play a large role in the energy requirements, fuel yield, and carbon balance of catalytic fast pyrolysis. We conclude that biogasoline from both prairie cordgrass and switchgrass has potential to provide substantial emissions reductions. Catalytic fast pyrolysis is the primary contributor to human health and ecotoxicity metrics. This conversion process, for which little data is available, should be a key target for improved modeling of environmental outcomes from drop-in biofuels.

Polymer Bulletin, 2020

Antibacterial absorbent fabrics were prepared through by the immersion of polyester polyester–cot... more Antibacterial absorbent fabrics were prepared through by the immersion of polyester polyester–cotton fabrics in a soaking media, containing novel functional acrylic monomers and various antibacterial agents. 2-acrylamido 2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and a novel functional star-shaped oligomer (FSO) were used as monomers for inducing the absorbency and compatibility to the fabric. FSO in two steps and employing condensation reaction between glycerol and lactic acid via multi-step microwave irradiation was synthesized. Bio-based materials, such as gallic acid and tannic acid, were used as antibacterial agents to induce antibacterial activity to the cotton fabric. ATR-FTIR, H NMR, SEM, contact angle, as well as antibacterial activity, absorbency in distilled water and saline solution have been employed for further evaluation. The swelling capacity of the modified absorbent fabric H1 (AMPS/FSO: 50:/50 wt%) was up to 21.1 g/g−1 in distilled water, and 6.1 g/g−1 in saline solution. Antibacterial properties tests of these absorbent fabrics showed a good antibacterial behavior, against Staphylococcus aureus.

Journal of Medical Virology, 2020

The 2019 novel‐coronavirus (COVID‐19) has affected 181 countries with approximately 1197405 confi... more The 2019 novel‐coronavirus (COVID‐19) has affected 181 countries with approximately 1197405 confirmed cases (by 5th April). Understanding the transmission dynamics of the infection in each country which got affected on a daily basis and evaluating the effectiveness of control policies are critical for our further actions. To date, the statistics of COVID‐19 reported cases show that more than 80% of infected are mild cases of disease, around 14% of infected have severe complications, and about 5% are categorized as critical disease victims. Today's report (5th April 2020; daily updates in the prepared website) shows that the confirmed cases of COVID‐19 in the United States, Spain, Italy, and Germany are 308850, 126168, 124632, and 96092, respectively. Calculating the total case fatality rate (CFR) of Italy (4th April 2020), about 13.3% of confirmed cases have passed away. Compared with South Korea's rate of 1.8% (seven times lower than Italy) and China's 4% (69% lower tha...

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2020

A bio‐based reactive diluent (BRD) was synthesized from succinic acid and glycerol, and successfu... more A bio‐based reactive diluent (BRD) was synthesized from succinic acid and glycerol, and successfully copolymerized with epoxy acrylate (EA). Chemical structure of BRD was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared. The performance of vinyl ester resin compositions has been examined through differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis, as well as tensile and flexural tests. Results demonstrated good compatibility between EA and the BRD. Compared to styrene, the BRD contribution of 50 wt% enhanced the elastic modulus (~40%). Samples copolymerized with BRD or styrene, have shown a similar thermal stability. Mechanical properties of cured blends, containing up to 25 wt% of BRD, found to be superior than styrene‐diluted compartments. Viscosities of EA–BRD blends were in range of 3.25–0.43 Pa/s at 30°C. Inexpensive bio‐based source, good thermomechanical and rheological properties, and great compatibility with EA ...

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2019

Solvent-resistant, biobased anaerobic adhesives have been engineered, employing star-shaped glyce... more Solvent-resistant, biobased anaerobic adhesives have been engineered, employing star-shaped glycerol-lactic acid oligomers (SLAOs). For optimization of the performance, first, the best combination set of the comonomer and accelerators were achieved (i.e., amidosulfunic acid and methylmethacrylate); second, the effect of the arm length of SLAO on the adhesive properties was evaluated; and; finally, the impacts of SLAO content on the performance of the adhesives were assessed. Adhesives containing oligomers with 4 and 6 lactic units showed maximum adhesion; and the best performance was achieved on the steel substrates. The adhesives were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, rotational viscometer, single lap shear (LSS), and breakaway torque tests. Heat of the curing reaction, a function of arm lengths of the employed SLAOs, reduced from 238 J•g −1 for oligomers with two lactic units, to 74 J• g −1 for oligomers with ten lactic units. In an attempt to reduce the nonrenewable portion of the adhesives, up to 95 wt % of the adhesives was substituted by SLAO. These green adhesives present tunable viscosities (in the range of 20−510 cP), along with promising thermal−mechanical properties (LSS: 8.62 MPa, T deg : 370°C); moreover, they outperformed in various aspects, including providing a higher breakaway torque strength (∼7−27 N•m), better solvent resistance, and lower environmental impacts.

Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2019

Recent researches focus on the synthesis of new cross‐linkers from natural resources. In the curr... more Recent researches focus on the synthesis of new cross‐linkers from natural resources. In the current work, functionalized tannic acid was employed as a replacement of petroleum‐based cross‐linkers because of its outstanding biochemical properties. Alkene‐ and epoxy‐functionalized tannic acids were synthesized as internal and external cross‐linkers, respectively. Cross‐linker structures were characterized with Ft‐IR and 1HNMR analysis. Different amounts, as well as different numbers of alkene functional group, were incorporated during the superabsorbent synthesis. Moreover, the internal cross‐linked superabsorbent was surface cross‐linked with different amounts of epoxy‐functionalized tannic acid and increased the absorbency under load about 10 g g−1. Free absorption properties in water and saline solution, absorbency under load, and rheological properties of superabsorbents were investigated. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the internal and external cross‐linked superabso...

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019

Superabsorbent hydrogels usually offer great free-swelling capacity, but often fail in terms of m... more Superabsorbent hydrogels usually offer great free-swelling capacity, but often fail in terms of mechanical properties. Suggested strategies for enhancing the gels toughness usually hamper its water absorbency. Herein, the synthesis of super-swelling hydrogel sheets with superior mechanical properties is reported. The hydrogels have been prepared by the employment of star-shaped lactic acid-based interior crosslinking agents. The hydrophobic interactions, associated to these bio-based sustainable crosslinkers, conferred viscoelasticity and stretchability of up to 1100% to the gels. These transparent sheets were capable of considerable stretching at the swollen state. The employment of these crosslinkers also conferred self-healing characteristic to the modified hydrogels, while acceptable saline-absorbency under load was also preserved. Similar mechanical properties of self-healed films and the pristine films is an evidence of successful healing. The superior properties of the modified superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are probably attributed to the hydrophobic associations of the crosslinker and a more uniform distribution of stress within the network.

Sustainable Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites, 2019

This chapter seeks to explore different types of self-healable biocomposites and their promising ... more This chapter seeks to explore different types of self-healable biocomposites and their promising aspects regarding increasing the lifetime of products. From the interaction point of view, self-healable biocomposites use covalent (such as hydrogen bonding, metal-ligand interaction, and so forth) and covalent bonding (Diels-Alder and Schiff-base reaction). These covalent and non-covalent bonds in a polymer matrix make the biocomposites intrinsically self-healable. Another category of healable biocomposites is extrinsic self-healable biocomposites in which incorporating certain external healing agents such as microcapsules lead to healing in cracked regions. The superiority of intrinsic healing compared to the extrinsic method is that it can be repeated frequently in the crack region. But for microencapsulation, the healing occurs upon the rupture of microcapsules and it can impart self-healing properties to different types of matrixes as well. Also, this chapter summarizes the studies published regarding the preparation of self-healable biocomposites and the mechanisms by which the healing occurs.

Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2018

The glycerol‐lactic acid‐based star‐shaped modifier (SM) were synthesized and employed for surfac... more The glycerol‐lactic acid‐based star‐shaped modifier (SM) were synthesized and employed for surface modification of hygienic superabsorbent polymer (SAP) hydrogels for the first time. Surface crosslinking was carried out to increase the saline‐absorbency under load (AUL) and the swollen gel strength. The surface treatment process was analyzed employing free absorbency and AUL tests, salt sensitivity, attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), oscillatory rheometry, as well as scanning electron microscopy analysis. The effect of the branched architecture and the contents of SM on the properties of the modified SAPs were studied. The implementation of surface treatment leads to increase up to a 28% in the AUL of the modified SAP. Moreover, the loss modulus was surprisingly increased, while the storage modulus was enhanced (possibly due to the star architecture of oligomers). Mc and crosslink density values have been estimated based on modified rubb...

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials, 2019

The mechanical strength of superabsorbents is an important practical factor that can be character... more The mechanical strength of superabsorbents is an important practical factor that can be characterized by measuring the absorbency of the superabsorbent under load. In the last decades, many efforts have been devoted to enhancing the mechanical strength of superabsorbents. Herein, as an attempt to increase the superabsorbent mechanical strength, two types of starshaped bio-based modifiers were designed and synthesized via condensation reaction between acids and alcohols. The chemical structures of the bio-based modifiers were characterized via FT-IR and 1 H NMR analysis. Glycerin, lactic acid, succinic acid, and itaconic acid used for the synthesis of the star-shaped modifier, which further used in different ratios in the bulk of the superabsorbent. Moreover, another modifier was synthesized from glycerin, lactic acid, and methacrylic anhydride, and successfully used as a surface modifier for superabsorbents in different ratios. The absorption analysis showed that the employment of the optimum amount of the bulk modifier (4.75 wt.%) increases the AUL almost 4 units, without significant impacts on the water and NaCl solution absorbencies. Also, the incorporation of the optimum amount of the surface modifier increases the AUL about 3 units. As a result, the AUL value of the acrylic acid-sodium acrylate superabsorbent enhanced~7 units by the incorporation of these bio-based modifiers-from 17.3 for the pristine superabsorbent to 24.2.

Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2018

Novel star-shaped thermosetting resins were synthesized by condensation-reaction of itaconic acid... more Novel star-shaped thermosetting resins were synthesized by condensation-reaction of itaconic acid and glycerol, followed by treatment of the oligomers, by methanol and allyl alcohol. Employing 1 H and 13 C NMR and FT-IR, the chemical structures of the resins were studied. The thermomechanical properties were evaluated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Viscometry and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were also employed to study the rheological and thermal properties of samples. The viscosity of the methanol-treated resin was 4.2 Pa.s at 25 °C, which dropped to 0.25 Pa.s at 70 °C. The allyl alcohol-treated resin showed a lower viscosity (1.8 Pa.s at room temperature, and 0.14 Pa.s at 70 °C). A substantially higher glass temperature (T g) was recorded for methanol-treated resin (150 °C) compared to that of the allyl alcohol-treated resin (93 °C). Compared to the allyl alcoholtreated resin, very good mechanical properties for the methanol-treated resin was achieved, in