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Papers by Anona Armstrong

Victoria University in conjunction with Crime Prevention Victoria (CPV) received an ARC grant to ... more Victoria University in conjunction with Crime Prevention Victoria (CPV) received an ARC grant to investigate the relationships between crime prevention and community governance. The first task of the project was to develop a framework, linking community needs, community capacity, wellbeing and CPV interventions, which guide selection of social indicators and then compile a database of data from various sources. Among the difficulties inherent in developing social indicators are: selecting a framework to guide the development and analysis of the indicators, the difficulty of obtaining a reliable across-government comprehensive data base that would be continuously up-dated, the different contexts, policy goals and programs that indicators could serve, the significance of different definitions and contexts, applying appropriate criteria to guide the selection of the indicators, and the diversity of views about how indicators how indicators should or could be used The purpose of this pa...

The term 'network' has been used in various. In policy studies the term 'networks' is used to des... more The term 'network' has been used in various. In policy studies the term 'networks' is used to describe the conceptual model representing the relationships between entities but it also is used to describe a coordination mechanism. The objective of this paper is to describe a study of the type of networks local governments developed and how they utilized those networks to improve the quality of local governance. 'Network' is used to describe a cluster of diverse organizations involved in policy process and also 'network' is used to describe the mode of coordination of those organizations. In this study 'network' as a form of organizations involved in governance and as a mode of coordination for governance are important.

This research aims to identify the predictors of small scaled family business success within the ... more This research aims to identify the predictors of small scaled family business success within the tourism industry in Sri Lanka. To achieve this, content analysis was employed for a sample of five family business owners who were selected through convenient analysis. From this research, it has been made clear that spousal support, family harmony, and family structure, family culture, family domination in decision making, and generational involvement were the main predictors of family business success.

1.INTRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF CORRUPTIONCorruption may be used to indicate a particular concept, ... more 1.INTRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF CORRUPTIONCorruption may be used to indicate a particular concept, or it can take on the air of abuse. To be called 'corrupt' is definitely pejorative, and leads us to consider the nature of what we have come to call 'corruption'. Transparency International defines corruption as '... the abuse of entrusted power for private gain'.To these present authors this is fine as far as it goes, but one needs an extension of the definition. First, among such forms of corruption are (in alphabetical order):* Abduction for ransom* Abuse of power* Blasphemy* Bribery* Conflict of interest* Deceit* Extortion* Hypocrisy* Misuse of power* Physical abuseWhat these have in common is that they are contrary to, at least, Western law, have elements of deceit, of elements of physical and political coercion, and of hypocrisy. Two examples that require an extension of the definition are hypocrisy and blasphemy respectively, and each have quite different ...

Evaluation Journal of Australasia, 2005

Evaluation of performance is now an accepted human resource management practice in many organisat... more Evaluation of performance is now an accepted human resource management practice in many organisations. The research reported in this paper identifies factors impacting on the implementation and use of performance measurement systems in Victoria's human services agencies. It applied a conceptual framework to evaluate the influence of rational/scientific and political/cultural factors on their implementation. The results indicate that both political/cultural and rational/scientific influences are present when human services organisations in Victoria implement and use performance measurement systems. While the results do not contain an exhaustive list of influences that may impact on an organisation's performance measurement efforts, they do provide confirmation of the existence of these two distinct categories of influences, and are useful in understanding how such factors may affect the operation of performance measures. This paper advances our knowledge of how to develop new...

Evaluation Journal of Australasia, 2008

Review(s) of: Evaluation Theory, Models, and Applications, by Daniel L Stufflebeam and Anthony J ... more Review(s) of: Evaluation Theory, Models, and Applications, by Daniel L Stufflebeam and Anthony J Shinkfield. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco (an Imprint of Wiley), 2007, 736 pages, hardback, price: A$92.95/NZ$105 from Wiley Australia which offers a 15% discount to AES members, phone 1800 777 474, within Australia), 0800 448 200 (from NZ only), +61 7 3354 8444 (from overseas), email: custservice@johnwiley.com.au, ISBN: 978-0-7879-7765-8. Includes references. Includes photos.

Journal of Financial Crime, 2015

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide contrasting views on whistleblowing, and offers... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide contrasting views on whistleblowing, and offers a three-fold view of whistleblowing. First, it gives some formal arguments. Second, it provides an account of whistleblowing from a whistle-blowers perspective. Third, it provides advice to potential whistle-blowers. Its main purpose is to outline the kinds of arguments in favour of whistleblowing, express some concerns and to provide advice in the form of suggestions. Design/methodology/approach – The initial two sections are provided to compare and contrast the academic and the practical consequences of deciding to blow the whistle. As such, it provides accounts that are meant to compare and contrast the two very different approaches. The final section gives suggestions for consideration for those contemplating blowing the whistle. Findings – The findings of this study are such that it is an argument rather then empirical data; notwithstanding, the perspectives that it brings to bear ...

Section title: Economic crime and forensic accountin

Contemporary Management Research, 2008

Most previous research on transformational leadership involved the use of the "Multifactor Leader... more Most previous research on transformational leadership involved the use of the "Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire" (MLQ) to measure various aspects of transformational-transactional leadership. Although the MLQ is widely used, the instrument has been criticized in some areas of its measurement factors. In this study, three proposed models were tested by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using the multi-data source of 138 cases. Results revealed that the overall fit of the nine-correlated factor model, on its second test, was statistically significant and that indicated that the Full Leadership Model (nine-correlated leadership model) could be the most appropriately and adequately capturing the factor constructs of transformationaltransactional leadership.

Funding of many community programs is based on the assumption that support of local groups leads ... more Funding of many community programs is based on the assumption that support of local groups leads to the formation of social capital and subsequently to an improved quality of life in the community. This paper describes an evaluation of a 'Community Safety Week' program which funds 300 community organisations in Victoria. The paper describes the results of a quantitative (survey)

Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 2006

Two approaches have dominated the study of crime using local government area-level analysis: one ... more Two approaches have dominated the study of crime using local government area-level analysis: one looks intensively at particular local areas and the other considers a set of population data derived from a number of local areas. This study is of the second kind. It is based on parametric data, and is thus a “population” study rather than a sampling one. Data on police-recorded crime rates and selected ethnicity variables were obtained from all local government areas (LGAs) in Victoria, Australia. The general findings suggest that high proportions of Australian-born residents were related to lower property crime rates and, perhaps more importantly, Australian citizenship was significantly related to lower crime rates across LGAs. Although interpreting official statistics presents problems, it is valuable to examine these comprehensive population data on crime and ethnicity. The clear but unexpected relationships between crime on the one hand, and birthplace and citizenship on the othe...

Journal of Business Systems, Governance & Ethics, 2014

This paper addresses the principles that govern the outlook and decisions of research ethics comm... more This paper addresses the principles that govern the outlook and decisions of research ethics committees. The purpose of the paper is to outline such underlying principles in order to aid understanding for researchers into aspects of social and commercial behaviour. Prior to conducting research in any corporate area there is an obligation toward any human participants. That obligation is set out most clearly in the information and forms put out by the various ethics committees charged with examining the proposal, and with giving formal ethical approval. The principles that invest the understanding of ethics committees are those of protecting the vulnerable, and of protecting justifiably good reputations. Ethics committees should be seen as enabling and protecting rather than as a barrier to research. Peer reviews should be seen to include ethics matters in research, and are thus a natural extension of the common scientific endeavour. To this end the article outlines and discusses the issues commonly addressed by research ethics committees. By highlighting these principles, this paper aims to give insights and suggestions that should make the ethics application task easier.

Journal of Business Systems, Governance & Ethics, 2014

This paper addresses the relationship between personal morality and ethical corporate behaviour. ... more This paper addresses the relationship between personal morality and ethical corporate behaviour. The main issue addressed here is the positing of the concept of moral intelligence – the relationship of personal moral stance and corporate behaviour. Just as there is intellectual competence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EIQ), so too there is moral intelligence. This paper outlines the theoretical and practical basis for the case. Mention is made of confounding issues, such as the stability of moral intelligence, the way in which situational context may over-ride it, and how it might be identified in a manner that is economical, reliable, and valid. It is argued that the development of the concept, and a test, has substantial commercial benefits.

Journal of Business Ethics, 2003

This article addresses the connection of ethics to risk management, and argues that there are com... more This article addresses the connection of ethics to risk management, and argues that there are compelling reasons to consider good ethical practice to be an essential part of such risk management. That connection has significant commercial outcomes, which include identifying potential problems, preventing fraud, the preservation of corporate reputation, and the mitigation of court penalties should any transgression arise. Information

Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2011

This research investigates the perceptions of residents of Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE) towa... more This research investigates the perceptions of residents of Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE) towards the state of Victoria, Australia as a destination and assesses their knowledge of Victoria’s tourism attributes. Focus groups were undertaken with UAE nationals (referred to as Emiratis), expatriate residents and travel agents. In the case of the former group it was found that the previous travel experiences of most respondents involved travelling in family groups with the wife and mother making the key travel-related decisions. The responses appeared to be broadly representative of attitudes prevalent more widely within their relevant families. Of the expatriate respondents, all were experienced travellers who had previously visited Australia. Their tourism interests, in such things as outdoor activities and music, differed from those of the Emiratis. All but one of the respondents in the focus group of travel agents had previously visited Australia. The study fills a gap in researc...

Journal of Financial Crime, 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address issues of corruption and governance for internatio... more PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address issues of corruption and governance for international humanitarian organisations (such as Red Cross, Greenpeace, the Salvation Army, and Médecins Sans Frontières). Any such corruption may be both an issue of governance within an organisation as well as an external issue, such as political corruption, with which such organisations must deal in relationships with stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis is derived from annual reports, news reports, and published articles.FindingsA moral basis for operations is based on analysis, information, measuring and reporting.Research limitations/implicationsIn‐depth investigations of the ethical performance of humanitarian organisations are required.Practical implicationsThe paper addresses issues of analyses of problems, the measurement of effectiveness, the moral dilemmas incurred by aid agencies, and offers some suggestions for improvement.Social implicationsTransparency would encour...

… paper presented at the …, 2002

Victoria University in conjunction with Crime Prevention Victoria (CPV) received an ARC grant to ... more Victoria University in conjunction with Crime Prevention Victoria (CPV) received an ARC grant to investigate the relationships between crime prevention and community governance. The first task of the project was to develop a framework, linking community ...

Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 1992

Current thinking supports the contention that successful organization performance rests on the sk... more Current thinking supports the contention that successful organization performance rests on the skills, knowledge, attitudes and other human characteristics of the workforce. In Australia, a consequence of this thinking is that action to improve performance has centred on improving skills, training and staff development, and linking training and performance with the achievement of strategic objectives.This paper describes a study to

… -Contemporary Issues in …, 2005

... of relational communities and geographical communities (Rudkin, 2003). In her book on ... Tab... more ... of relational communities and geographical communities (Rudkin, 2003). In her book on ... Table 2 Elements of the Effective Governance Model (Marshall et al., 2000). Element Definition Citizen ... Policy Process', Australian and New Zealand Third Sector Review, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. ...

Victoria University in conjunction with Crime Prevention Victoria (CPV) received an ARC grant to ... more Victoria University in conjunction with Crime Prevention Victoria (CPV) received an ARC grant to investigate the relationships between crime prevention and community governance. The first task of the project was to develop a framework, linking community needs, community capacity, wellbeing and CPV interventions, which guide selection of social indicators and then compile a database of data from various sources. Among the difficulties inherent in developing social indicators are: selecting a framework to guide the development and analysis of the indicators, the difficulty of obtaining a reliable across-government comprehensive data base that would be continuously up-dated, the different contexts, policy goals and programs that indicators could serve, the significance of different definitions and contexts, applying appropriate criteria to guide the selection of the indicators, and the diversity of views about how indicators how indicators should or could be used The purpose of this pa...

The term 'network' has been used in various. In policy studies the term 'networks' is used to des... more The term 'network' has been used in various. In policy studies the term 'networks' is used to describe the conceptual model representing the relationships between entities but it also is used to describe a coordination mechanism. The objective of this paper is to describe a study of the type of networks local governments developed and how they utilized those networks to improve the quality of local governance. 'Network' is used to describe a cluster of diverse organizations involved in policy process and also 'network' is used to describe the mode of coordination of those organizations. In this study 'network' as a form of organizations involved in governance and as a mode of coordination for governance are important.

This research aims to identify the predictors of small scaled family business success within the ... more This research aims to identify the predictors of small scaled family business success within the tourism industry in Sri Lanka. To achieve this, content analysis was employed for a sample of five family business owners who were selected through convenient analysis. From this research, it has been made clear that spousal support, family harmony, and family structure, family culture, family domination in decision making, and generational involvement were the main predictors of family business success.

1.INTRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF CORRUPTIONCorruption may be used to indicate a particular concept, ... more 1.INTRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF CORRUPTIONCorruption may be used to indicate a particular concept, or it can take on the air of abuse. To be called 'corrupt' is definitely pejorative, and leads us to consider the nature of what we have come to call 'corruption'. Transparency International defines corruption as '... the abuse of entrusted power for private gain'.To these present authors this is fine as far as it goes, but one needs an extension of the definition. First, among such forms of corruption are (in alphabetical order):* Abduction for ransom* Abuse of power* Blasphemy* Bribery* Conflict of interest* Deceit* Extortion* Hypocrisy* Misuse of power* Physical abuseWhat these have in common is that they are contrary to, at least, Western law, have elements of deceit, of elements of physical and political coercion, and of hypocrisy. Two examples that require an extension of the definition are hypocrisy and blasphemy respectively, and each have quite different ...

Evaluation Journal of Australasia, 2005

Evaluation of performance is now an accepted human resource management practice in many organisat... more Evaluation of performance is now an accepted human resource management practice in many organisations. The research reported in this paper identifies factors impacting on the implementation and use of performance measurement systems in Victoria's human services agencies. It applied a conceptual framework to evaluate the influence of rational/scientific and political/cultural factors on their implementation. The results indicate that both political/cultural and rational/scientific influences are present when human services organisations in Victoria implement and use performance measurement systems. While the results do not contain an exhaustive list of influences that may impact on an organisation's performance measurement efforts, they do provide confirmation of the existence of these two distinct categories of influences, and are useful in understanding how such factors may affect the operation of performance measures. This paper advances our knowledge of how to develop new...

Evaluation Journal of Australasia, 2008

Review(s) of: Evaluation Theory, Models, and Applications, by Daniel L Stufflebeam and Anthony J ... more Review(s) of: Evaluation Theory, Models, and Applications, by Daniel L Stufflebeam and Anthony J Shinkfield. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco (an Imprint of Wiley), 2007, 736 pages, hardback, price: A$92.95/NZ$105 from Wiley Australia which offers a 15% discount to AES members, phone 1800 777 474, within Australia), 0800 448 200 (from NZ only), +61 7 3354 8444 (from overseas), email: custservice@johnwiley.com.au, ISBN: 978-0-7879-7765-8. Includes references. Includes photos.

Journal of Financial Crime, 2015

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide contrasting views on whistleblowing, and offers... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide contrasting views on whistleblowing, and offers a three-fold view of whistleblowing. First, it gives some formal arguments. Second, it provides an account of whistleblowing from a whistle-blowers perspective. Third, it provides advice to potential whistle-blowers. Its main purpose is to outline the kinds of arguments in favour of whistleblowing, express some concerns and to provide advice in the form of suggestions. Design/methodology/approach – The initial two sections are provided to compare and contrast the academic and the practical consequences of deciding to blow the whistle. As such, it provides accounts that are meant to compare and contrast the two very different approaches. The final section gives suggestions for consideration for those contemplating blowing the whistle. Findings – The findings of this study are such that it is an argument rather then empirical data; notwithstanding, the perspectives that it brings to bear ...

Section title: Economic crime and forensic accountin

Contemporary Management Research, 2008

Most previous research on transformational leadership involved the use of the "Multifactor Leader... more Most previous research on transformational leadership involved the use of the "Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire" (MLQ) to measure various aspects of transformational-transactional leadership. Although the MLQ is widely used, the instrument has been criticized in some areas of its measurement factors. In this study, three proposed models were tested by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using the multi-data source of 138 cases. Results revealed that the overall fit of the nine-correlated factor model, on its second test, was statistically significant and that indicated that the Full Leadership Model (nine-correlated leadership model) could be the most appropriately and adequately capturing the factor constructs of transformationaltransactional leadership.

Funding of many community programs is based on the assumption that support of local groups leads ... more Funding of many community programs is based on the assumption that support of local groups leads to the formation of social capital and subsequently to an improved quality of life in the community. This paper describes an evaluation of a 'Community Safety Week' program which funds 300 community organisations in Victoria. The paper describes the results of a quantitative (survey)

Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 2006

Two approaches have dominated the study of crime using local government area-level analysis: one ... more Two approaches have dominated the study of crime using local government area-level analysis: one looks intensively at particular local areas and the other considers a set of population data derived from a number of local areas. This study is of the second kind. It is based on parametric data, and is thus a “population” study rather than a sampling one. Data on police-recorded crime rates and selected ethnicity variables were obtained from all local government areas (LGAs) in Victoria, Australia. The general findings suggest that high proportions of Australian-born residents were related to lower property crime rates and, perhaps more importantly, Australian citizenship was significantly related to lower crime rates across LGAs. Although interpreting official statistics presents problems, it is valuable to examine these comprehensive population data on crime and ethnicity. The clear but unexpected relationships between crime on the one hand, and birthplace and citizenship on the othe...

Journal of Business Systems, Governance & Ethics, 2014

This paper addresses the principles that govern the outlook and decisions of research ethics comm... more This paper addresses the principles that govern the outlook and decisions of research ethics committees. The purpose of the paper is to outline such underlying principles in order to aid understanding for researchers into aspects of social and commercial behaviour. Prior to conducting research in any corporate area there is an obligation toward any human participants. That obligation is set out most clearly in the information and forms put out by the various ethics committees charged with examining the proposal, and with giving formal ethical approval. The principles that invest the understanding of ethics committees are those of protecting the vulnerable, and of protecting justifiably good reputations. Ethics committees should be seen as enabling and protecting rather than as a barrier to research. Peer reviews should be seen to include ethics matters in research, and are thus a natural extension of the common scientific endeavour. To this end the article outlines and discusses the issues commonly addressed by research ethics committees. By highlighting these principles, this paper aims to give insights and suggestions that should make the ethics application task easier.

Journal of Business Systems, Governance & Ethics, 2014

This paper addresses the relationship between personal morality and ethical corporate behaviour. ... more This paper addresses the relationship between personal morality and ethical corporate behaviour. The main issue addressed here is the positing of the concept of moral intelligence – the relationship of personal moral stance and corporate behaviour. Just as there is intellectual competence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EIQ), so too there is moral intelligence. This paper outlines the theoretical and practical basis for the case. Mention is made of confounding issues, such as the stability of moral intelligence, the way in which situational context may over-ride it, and how it might be identified in a manner that is economical, reliable, and valid. It is argued that the development of the concept, and a test, has substantial commercial benefits.

Journal of Business Ethics, 2003

This article addresses the connection of ethics to risk management, and argues that there are com... more This article addresses the connection of ethics to risk management, and argues that there are compelling reasons to consider good ethical practice to be an essential part of such risk management. That connection has significant commercial outcomes, which include identifying potential problems, preventing fraud, the preservation of corporate reputation, and the mitigation of court penalties should any transgression arise. Information

Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2011

This research investigates the perceptions of residents of Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE) towa... more This research investigates the perceptions of residents of Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE) towards the state of Victoria, Australia as a destination and assesses their knowledge of Victoria’s tourism attributes. Focus groups were undertaken with UAE nationals (referred to as Emiratis), expatriate residents and travel agents. In the case of the former group it was found that the previous travel experiences of most respondents involved travelling in family groups with the wife and mother making the key travel-related decisions. The responses appeared to be broadly representative of attitudes prevalent more widely within their relevant families. Of the expatriate respondents, all were experienced travellers who had previously visited Australia. Their tourism interests, in such things as outdoor activities and music, differed from those of the Emiratis. All but one of the respondents in the focus group of travel agents had previously visited Australia. The study fills a gap in researc...

Journal of Financial Crime, 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address issues of corruption and governance for internatio... more PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address issues of corruption and governance for international humanitarian organisations (such as Red Cross, Greenpeace, the Salvation Army, and Médecins Sans Frontières). Any such corruption may be both an issue of governance within an organisation as well as an external issue, such as political corruption, with which such organisations must deal in relationships with stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis is derived from annual reports, news reports, and published articles.FindingsA moral basis for operations is based on analysis, information, measuring and reporting.Research limitations/implicationsIn‐depth investigations of the ethical performance of humanitarian organisations are required.Practical implicationsThe paper addresses issues of analyses of problems, the measurement of effectiveness, the moral dilemmas incurred by aid agencies, and offers some suggestions for improvement.Social implicationsTransparency would encour...

… paper presented at the …, 2002

Victoria University in conjunction with Crime Prevention Victoria (CPV) received an ARC grant to ... more Victoria University in conjunction with Crime Prevention Victoria (CPV) received an ARC grant to investigate the relationships between crime prevention and community governance. The first task of the project was to develop a framework, linking community ...

Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 1992

Current thinking supports the contention that successful organization performance rests on the sk... more Current thinking supports the contention that successful organization performance rests on the skills, knowledge, attitudes and other human characteristics of the workforce. In Australia, a consequence of this thinking is that action to improve performance has centred on improving skills, training and staff development, and linking training and performance with the achievement of strategic objectives.This paper describes a study to

… -Contemporary Issues in …, 2005

... of relational communities and geographical communities (Rudkin, 2003). In her book on ... Tab... more ... of relational communities and geographical communities (Rudkin, 2003). In her book on ... Table 2 Elements of the Effective Governance Model (Marshall et al., 2000). Element Definition Citizen ... Policy Process', Australian and New Zealand Third Sector Review, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. ...