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Research paper thumbnail of The processing signature of anticipatory reading: an eye-tracking study on lexical predictions

Linguistics

Current approaches to the human language faculty emphasize that during real-time processing antic... more Current approaches to the human language faculty emphasize that during real-time processing anticipatory mechanisms play a vital role for people to parse and comprehend linguistic input at a sufficient pace. Consistent with this view, several Event-Related Potential (ERP) and behavioral self-paced reading (SPR) studies revealed a processing disadvantage for pre-nominal linguistic elements that (grammatically) mismatched with an expected upcoming noun. More recently, however, these findings have been challenged because the results are difficult to replicate. In the current study, I continue this line of replication research with a complementary method: eye tracking. I conducted two experiments aimed at reproducing prior findings of a SPR study of van Berkum, Jos J. A., Colin M. Brown, Pienie Zwitserlood, Valesca Kooijman & Hagoort Peter. 2005. Anticipating upcoming words in discourse: Evidence from ERPs and reading times.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni...

Research paper thumbnail of E.: Towards a Modular Approach to Anaphor Resolution

Recent accounts of anaphor resolution propose a two-route architecture for the interpretation of ... more Recent accounts of anaphor resolution propose a two-route architecture for the interpretation of pronominals (e.g., Grodzinsky & Reinhart, 1993; Reuland, 2001). A pronoun can either be resolved by a grammatical operation in logical syntax (i.e., variable binding) or through value assignment in discourse (i.e., co-reference). Reuland (2001) proposes that an interpretation through variable binding requires less processing resources and is therefore preferred over a co-reference interpretation. Rule I compares variable binding with co-reference interpretations to decide whether a co-reference dependency is allowed (Grodzinsky & Reinhart, 1993; Reinhart 2000). This rule prevents discourse processes from by-passing logical syntax where the latter rules out an interpretation as ungrammatical. The question is whether Rule I always compares variable binding with co-reference interpretations, or is only executed if a dependency is initially ruled out by logical syntax. In an eye-tracking exp...

Research paper thumbnail of Het construeren van anaforische dependenties: on-line effecten van syntactische, semantische en converseringsprocessen

Research paper thumbnail of Constructing Anaphoric Dependencies: on-line effects of syntactic, semantic and discourse processes

Research paper thumbnail of Why does" David praised Linda because he was proud" feel odd? ERP evidence for the predictive use of verb-based interpersonal bias

Research paper thumbnail of The timing of grammar: experimental and theoretical considerations

In the last two decades, on-line experimental techniques have yielded a wealth of evidence about ... more In the last two decades, on-line experimental techniques have yielded a wealth of evidence about the timing of dependency formation. But what does this evidence tell us about the processing strategies and overall architecture of the language comprehension system? In this talk, I will attempt to build up a picture of the sentence comprehension system from the available evidence, focusing on recent work conducted at Edinburgh and elsewhere, covering a range of dependency types including control dependencies, reflexive binding ( ...

Research paper thumbnail of On the readability of texts presented in sentence-by-sentence segments to beginner readers: Evidence from self-paced reading and eye tracking

Reading and Writing

Many digital reading applications have built-in features to control the presentation flow of text... more Many digital reading applications have built-in features to control the presentation flow of texts by segmenting those texts into smaller linguistic units. Whether and how these segmentation techniques affect the readability of texts is largely unknown. With this background, the current study examined a recent proposal that a sentence-by-sentence presentation mode of texts improves reading comprehension of beginning readers because this presentation mode encourages them to engage in more effortful sentence wrap-up processing. In a series of self-paced reading and eye-tracking experiments with primary school pupils as participants (6–9 years old; n = 134), reading speed and text comprehension were assessed in a full-page control condition—i.e., texts were presented in their entirety—and in an experimental condition in which texts were presented in sentence-by-sentence segments. The results showed that text comprehension scores were higher for segmented texts than for full-page texts....

Research paper thumbnail of What you read versus what you know: Neural correlates of accessing context information and background knowledge in constructing a mental representation during reading

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

Research paper thumbnail of Differentiating Text-Based and Knowledge-Based Validation Processes during Reading: Evidence from Eye Movements

Discourse Processes

To build a coherent accurate mental representation of a text, readers routinely validate informat... more To build a coherent accurate mental representation of a text, readers routinely validate information they read against the preceding text and their background knowledge. It is clear that both sources affect processing, but when and how they exert their influence remains unclear. To examine the time course and cognitive architecture of text-based and knowledgebased validation processes, we used eye-tracking methodology. Participants read versions of texts that varied systematically in (in)coherence with prior text or background knowledge. Contradictions with respect to prior text and background knowledge both were found to disrupt reading but in different ways: The two types of contradiction led to distinct patterns of processes, and, importantly, these differences were evident already in early processing stages. Moreover, knowledge-based incoherence triggered more pervasive and longer (repair) processes than did text-based incoherence. Finally, processing of text-based and knowledge-based incoherence was not influenced by readers' working memory capacity.

Research paper thumbnail of Validation: Knowledge- and Text-Based Monitoring During Reading

Discourse Processes

To create a coherent and correct mental representation of a text, readers must validate incoming ... more To create a coherent and correct mental representation of a text, readers must validate incoming information; they must monitor information for consistency with the preceding text and their background knowledge. The current study aims to contrast text-and knowledge-based monitoring to investigate their unique influences on processing and whether validation is passive or reader-initiated. Therefore, we collected reading times in a selfpaced experiment using expository texts containing information that conflicts with either the preceding text or readers' background knowledge. Results show that text-and knowledge-based monitoring have different time courses and that working memory affects only knowledge-based monitoring. Furthermore, our results suggest that validation could occur at different levels of processing and perhaps draw on different mixes of passive and reader-initiated processes. These results contribute to our understanding of monitoring during reading and of how different sources of information can influence such monitoring.

Research paper thumbnail of Differences in text processing by low- and high-comprehending beginning readers of expository and narrative texts: Evidence from eye movements

Learning and Individual Differences

Research paper thumbnail of Processing of expository and narrative texts by low- and high-comprehending children

Reading and Writing

The present study investigated comprehension processes and strategy use of second-grade low-and h... more The present study investigated comprehension processes and strategy use of second-grade low-and high-comprehending readers when reading expository and narrative texts for comprehension. Results from think-aloud protocols indicated that text genre affected the way the readers processed the texts. When reading narrative texts they made more text-based and knowledge-based inferences, and when reading expository texts they made more comments and asked more questions, but also made a higher number of invalid knowledge-based inferences. Furthermore, lowand high-comprehending readers did not differ in the patterns of text-processing strategies used: all readers used a variety of comprehension strategies, ranging from literal repetitions to elaborate knowledge-based inferences. There was one exception: for expository texts, low-comprehending readers generated a higher number of inaccurate elaborative and predictive inferences. Finally, the results confirmed and extended prior research by showing that low-comprehending readers can be classified either as readers who construct a limited mental representation that mainly reflects the literal meaning of the text (struggling paraphrasers), or as readers who attempt to enrich their mental representation by generating elaborative and predictive inferences (struggling elaborators). A similar dichotomy was observed for high-comprehending readers.

Research paper thumbnail of Profiles of young readers: Evidence from thinking aloud while reading narrative and expository texts

Learning and Individual Differences

License: Article 25fa pilot End User Agreement This publication is distributed under the terms of... more License: Article 25fa pilot End User Agreement This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act (Auteurswet) with explicit consent by the author. Dutch law entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. This publication is distributed under The Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU) 'Article 25fa implementation' pilot project. In this pilot research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons.

Research paper thumbnail of Individual differences in children’s comprehension of temporal relations: Dissociable contributions of working memory capacity and working memory updating

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

Research paper thumbnail of Beginning readers might benefit from digital texts presented in a sentence-by-sentence fashion. But why?

Computers in Human Behavior

Research paper thumbnail of Gazepath: An eye-tracking analysis tool that accounts for individual differences and data quality

Behavior research methods, Apr 7, 2017

Eye-trackers are a popular tool for studying cognitive, emotional, and attentional processes in d... more Eye-trackers are a popular tool for studying cognitive, emotional, and attentional processes in different populations (e.g., clinical and typically developing) and participants of all ages, ranging from infants to the elderly. This broad range of processes and populations implies that there are many inter- and intra-individual differences that need to be taken into account when analyzing eye-tracking data. Standard parsing algorithms supplied by the eye-tracker manufacturers are typically optimized for adults and do not account for these individual differences. This paper presents gazepath, an easy-to-use R-package that comes with a graphical user interface (GUI) implemented in Shiny (RStudio Inc 2015). The gazepath R-package combines solutions from the adult and infant literature to provide an eye-tracking parsing method that accounts for individual differences and differences in data quality. We illustrate the usefulness of gazepath with three examples of different data sets. The ...

Research paper thumbnail of Looking at anaphora

Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Eye-catching Anaphora

Nature, 2008

Page 1. Eye-catching Anaphora Page 2. Published by LOT Janskerkhof 13 3512 BL Utrecht The Netherl... more Page 1. Eye-catching Anaphora Page 2. Published by LOT Janskerkhof 13 3512 BL Utrecht The Netherlands phone: +31 30 253 6006 fax: +31 30 253 6406 e-mail: lot@let.uu.nl http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: MC Escher's 'Eye'. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Towards a modular approach to anaphor resolution

Ambiguity in Anaphora Workshop Proceedings, 2006

Recent accounts of anaphor resolution propose a two-route architecture for the interpretation of ... more Recent accounts of anaphor resolution propose a two-route architecture for the interpretation of pronominals (eg, Grodzinsky & Reinhart, 1993; Reuland, 2001). A pronoun can either be resolved by a grammatical operation in logical syntax (ie, variable binding) or through value assignment in discourse (ie, co-reference). Reuland (2001) proposes that an interpretation through variable binding requires less processing resources and is therefore preferred over a co-reference interpretation. Rule I compares variable binding with ...

Research paper thumbnail of 3 Tracking the Preference for Bound-Variable Dependencies in Ambiguous Ellipses and Only

Abstract: Linguistic accounts of anaphor resolution propose that a pronominal can either be resol... more Abstract: Linguistic accounts of anaphor resolution propose that a pronominal can either be resolved by a grammatical operation in logical syntax (ie, variable binding) or through value assignment in the discourse (ie, coreference). A consistent finding in offline studies on the interpretation of ambiguous VP-ellipses is that bound-variable dependencies have a privileged status. The online evidence, on the other hand, is almost absent. In two experiments (one questionnaire and one eye-tracking experiment) we show that the ...

Research paper thumbnail of The processing signature of anticipatory reading: an eye-tracking study on lexical predictions

Linguistics

Current approaches to the human language faculty emphasize that during real-time processing antic... more Current approaches to the human language faculty emphasize that during real-time processing anticipatory mechanisms play a vital role for people to parse and comprehend linguistic input at a sufficient pace. Consistent with this view, several Event-Related Potential (ERP) and behavioral self-paced reading (SPR) studies revealed a processing disadvantage for pre-nominal linguistic elements that (grammatically) mismatched with an expected upcoming noun. More recently, however, these findings have been challenged because the results are difficult to replicate. In the current study, I continue this line of replication research with a complementary method: eye tracking. I conducted two experiments aimed at reproducing prior findings of a SPR study of van Berkum, Jos J. A., Colin M. Brown, Pienie Zwitserlood, Valesca Kooijman & Hagoort Peter. 2005. Anticipating upcoming words in discourse: Evidence from ERPs and reading times.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni...

Research paper thumbnail of E.: Towards a Modular Approach to Anaphor Resolution

Recent accounts of anaphor resolution propose a two-route architecture for the interpretation of ... more Recent accounts of anaphor resolution propose a two-route architecture for the interpretation of pronominals (e.g., Grodzinsky & Reinhart, 1993; Reuland, 2001). A pronoun can either be resolved by a grammatical operation in logical syntax (i.e., variable binding) or through value assignment in discourse (i.e., co-reference). Reuland (2001) proposes that an interpretation through variable binding requires less processing resources and is therefore preferred over a co-reference interpretation. Rule I compares variable binding with co-reference interpretations to decide whether a co-reference dependency is allowed (Grodzinsky & Reinhart, 1993; Reinhart 2000). This rule prevents discourse processes from by-passing logical syntax where the latter rules out an interpretation as ungrammatical. The question is whether Rule I always compares variable binding with co-reference interpretations, or is only executed if a dependency is initially ruled out by logical syntax. In an eye-tracking exp...

Research paper thumbnail of Het construeren van anaforische dependenties: on-line effecten van syntactische, semantische en converseringsprocessen

Research paper thumbnail of Constructing Anaphoric Dependencies: on-line effects of syntactic, semantic and discourse processes

Research paper thumbnail of Why does" David praised Linda because he was proud" feel odd? ERP evidence for the predictive use of verb-based interpersonal bias

Research paper thumbnail of The timing of grammar: experimental and theoretical considerations

In the last two decades, on-line experimental techniques have yielded a wealth of evidence about ... more In the last two decades, on-line experimental techniques have yielded a wealth of evidence about the timing of dependency formation. But what does this evidence tell us about the processing strategies and overall architecture of the language comprehension system? In this talk, I will attempt to build up a picture of the sentence comprehension system from the available evidence, focusing on recent work conducted at Edinburgh and elsewhere, covering a range of dependency types including control dependencies, reflexive binding ( ...

Research paper thumbnail of On the readability of texts presented in sentence-by-sentence segments to beginner readers: Evidence from self-paced reading and eye tracking

Reading and Writing

Many digital reading applications have built-in features to control the presentation flow of text... more Many digital reading applications have built-in features to control the presentation flow of texts by segmenting those texts into smaller linguistic units. Whether and how these segmentation techniques affect the readability of texts is largely unknown. With this background, the current study examined a recent proposal that a sentence-by-sentence presentation mode of texts improves reading comprehension of beginning readers because this presentation mode encourages them to engage in more effortful sentence wrap-up processing. In a series of self-paced reading and eye-tracking experiments with primary school pupils as participants (6–9 years old; n = 134), reading speed and text comprehension were assessed in a full-page control condition—i.e., texts were presented in their entirety—and in an experimental condition in which texts were presented in sentence-by-sentence segments. The results showed that text comprehension scores were higher for segmented texts than for full-page texts....

Research paper thumbnail of What you read versus what you know: Neural correlates of accessing context information and background knowledge in constructing a mental representation during reading

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

Research paper thumbnail of Differentiating Text-Based and Knowledge-Based Validation Processes during Reading: Evidence from Eye Movements

Discourse Processes

To build a coherent accurate mental representation of a text, readers routinely validate informat... more To build a coherent accurate mental representation of a text, readers routinely validate information they read against the preceding text and their background knowledge. It is clear that both sources affect processing, but when and how they exert their influence remains unclear. To examine the time course and cognitive architecture of text-based and knowledgebased validation processes, we used eye-tracking methodology. Participants read versions of texts that varied systematically in (in)coherence with prior text or background knowledge. Contradictions with respect to prior text and background knowledge both were found to disrupt reading but in different ways: The two types of contradiction led to distinct patterns of processes, and, importantly, these differences were evident already in early processing stages. Moreover, knowledge-based incoherence triggered more pervasive and longer (repair) processes than did text-based incoherence. Finally, processing of text-based and knowledge-based incoherence was not influenced by readers' working memory capacity.

Research paper thumbnail of Validation: Knowledge- and Text-Based Monitoring During Reading

Discourse Processes

To create a coherent and correct mental representation of a text, readers must validate incoming ... more To create a coherent and correct mental representation of a text, readers must validate incoming information; they must monitor information for consistency with the preceding text and their background knowledge. The current study aims to contrast text-and knowledge-based monitoring to investigate their unique influences on processing and whether validation is passive or reader-initiated. Therefore, we collected reading times in a selfpaced experiment using expository texts containing information that conflicts with either the preceding text or readers' background knowledge. Results show that text-and knowledge-based monitoring have different time courses and that working memory affects only knowledge-based monitoring. Furthermore, our results suggest that validation could occur at different levels of processing and perhaps draw on different mixes of passive and reader-initiated processes. These results contribute to our understanding of monitoring during reading and of how different sources of information can influence such monitoring.

Research paper thumbnail of Differences in text processing by low- and high-comprehending beginning readers of expository and narrative texts: Evidence from eye movements

Learning and Individual Differences

Research paper thumbnail of Processing of expository and narrative texts by low- and high-comprehending children

Reading and Writing

The present study investigated comprehension processes and strategy use of second-grade low-and h... more The present study investigated comprehension processes and strategy use of second-grade low-and high-comprehending readers when reading expository and narrative texts for comprehension. Results from think-aloud protocols indicated that text genre affected the way the readers processed the texts. When reading narrative texts they made more text-based and knowledge-based inferences, and when reading expository texts they made more comments and asked more questions, but also made a higher number of invalid knowledge-based inferences. Furthermore, lowand high-comprehending readers did not differ in the patterns of text-processing strategies used: all readers used a variety of comprehension strategies, ranging from literal repetitions to elaborate knowledge-based inferences. There was one exception: for expository texts, low-comprehending readers generated a higher number of inaccurate elaborative and predictive inferences. Finally, the results confirmed and extended prior research by showing that low-comprehending readers can be classified either as readers who construct a limited mental representation that mainly reflects the literal meaning of the text (struggling paraphrasers), or as readers who attempt to enrich their mental representation by generating elaborative and predictive inferences (struggling elaborators). A similar dichotomy was observed for high-comprehending readers.

Research paper thumbnail of Profiles of young readers: Evidence from thinking aloud while reading narrative and expository texts

Learning and Individual Differences

License: Article 25fa pilot End User Agreement This publication is distributed under the terms of... more License: Article 25fa pilot End User Agreement This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act (Auteurswet) with explicit consent by the author. Dutch law entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. This publication is distributed under The Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU) 'Article 25fa implementation' pilot project. In this pilot research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons.

Research paper thumbnail of Individual differences in children’s comprehension of temporal relations: Dissociable contributions of working memory capacity and working memory updating

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

Research paper thumbnail of Beginning readers might benefit from digital texts presented in a sentence-by-sentence fashion. But why?

Computers in Human Behavior

Research paper thumbnail of Gazepath: An eye-tracking analysis tool that accounts for individual differences and data quality

Behavior research methods, Apr 7, 2017

Eye-trackers are a popular tool for studying cognitive, emotional, and attentional processes in d... more Eye-trackers are a popular tool for studying cognitive, emotional, and attentional processes in different populations (e.g., clinical and typically developing) and participants of all ages, ranging from infants to the elderly. This broad range of processes and populations implies that there are many inter- and intra-individual differences that need to be taken into account when analyzing eye-tracking data. Standard parsing algorithms supplied by the eye-tracker manufacturers are typically optimized for adults and do not account for these individual differences. This paper presents gazepath, an easy-to-use R-package that comes with a graphical user interface (GUI) implemented in Shiny (RStudio Inc 2015). The gazepath R-package combines solutions from the adult and infant literature to provide an eye-tracking parsing method that accounts for individual differences and differences in data quality. We illustrate the usefulness of gazepath with three examples of different data sets. The ...

Research paper thumbnail of Looking at anaphora

Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Eye-catching Anaphora

Nature, 2008

Page 1. Eye-catching Anaphora Page 2. Published by LOT Janskerkhof 13 3512 BL Utrecht The Netherl... more Page 1. Eye-catching Anaphora Page 2. Published by LOT Janskerkhof 13 3512 BL Utrecht The Netherlands phone: +31 30 253 6006 fax: +31 30 253 6406 e-mail: lot@let.uu.nl http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: MC Escher's 'Eye'. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Towards a modular approach to anaphor resolution

Ambiguity in Anaphora Workshop Proceedings, 2006

Recent accounts of anaphor resolution propose a two-route architecture for the interpretation of ... more Recent accounts of anaphor resolution propose a two-route architecture for the interpretation of pronominals (eg, Grodzinsky & Reinhart, 1993; Reuland, 2001). A pronoun can either be resolved by a grammatical operation in logical syntax (ie, variable binding) or through value assignment in discourse (ie, co-reference). Reuland (2001) proposes that an interpretation through variable binding requires less processing resources and is therefore preferred over a co-reference interpretation. Rule I compares variable binding with ...

Research paper thumbnail of 3 Tracking the Preference for Bound-Variable Dependencies in Ambiguous Ellipses and Only

Abstract: Linguistic accounts of anaphor resolution propose that a pronominal can either be resol... more Abstract: Linguistic accounts of anaphor resolution propose that a pronominal can either be resolved by a grammatical operation in logical syntax (ie, variable binding) or through value assignment in the discourse (ie, coreference). A consistent finding in offline studies on the interpretation of ambiguous VP-ellipses is that bound-variable dependencies have a privileged status. The online evidence, on the other hand, is almost absent. In two experiments (one questionnaire and one eye-tracking experiment) we show that the ...