Nahed Attia - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Nahed Attia

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Aug 21, 2023

Biolubricants are promising substitutes to mineral oils or petroleum-based lubricants in many ind... more Biolubricants are promising substitutes to mineral oils or petroleum-based lubricants in many industrial applications. In the present study, a technoeconomic analysis is carried out for evaluating the production of Ethylene glycol dioleoyl (EGD) biolubricant produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) and from biodiesel directly. Two scenarios of the process were studied. Scenario I was that the production process is comprised of two parts: (1) biodiesel production from WCO; (2) biolubricant production from biodiesel, while scenario II was only the second part (biolubricant production from biodiesel). The economic assessment for the process in Egypt (for both scenarios) was performed based on the results of process simulations and design calculations. The process showed positive after-tax rate of return (ROI %) and a very low payback period (PBP) for both scenarios with biolubricant selling price equal to the petroleum-based lubricant for same purposes. In addition, it was found that the biolubricant could be sold with a very challenging prices and the process would still be economically feasible and profitable. Despite, both scenarios are promising, scenario I showed a much lower cost of manufacturing, selling price and thus, break-even time. The main reason of this result is that big biodiesel price compared to WCO price.

Scientific Reports, Aug 16, 2023

Currently, the conversion of biomass to produce high-valued biofuels such as biodiesel and biojet... more Currently, the conversion of biomass to produce high-valued biofuels such as biodiesel and biojet fuel has attached booming interests, when used for partial replacement of petroleum fuels in different ratios is a promising solution due to the problem of depleting petroleum reserves and environmental purposes. Non-edible Jatropha oil can be transformed to biofuel when subjected to were hydrocracking at hydrogen pressure using an activated natural clay as a catalyst in a high pressure batch reactor. The type of product and its quality and quantity depend on the process conditions such as reaction time, temperature, and catalyst type, form, and amount. The present work aims to study the hydrocracking process of Jatropha oil at different operating conditions. The catalyst is characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRF, and XRD. The effect of process conditions variation have been studied and discussed. The results showed the highest yield of 40% bio-jet fuel was achieved at a temperature of 350 °C, H 2 pressure of 4 bar, and reaction time of 18 min. the bio-jet fuel products were tested and their specifications were conformed to ASTM D1655 specifications, viz the freezing point (−56 °C), the flash point (53 °C), and existent gum content (5.9 mg/100 ml). Abbreviations H 2 Hydrogen gas B The Egyptian Bentonite clay MB Modified Bentonite clay ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials XRF X-ray fluorescence XRD X-ray Powder Diffraction FTIR Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy BET Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area Several challenges face the demand and supply of energy in the world. The increase in petroleum fuel consumption worldwide affects fossil fuel reserves. The daily global total consumption of petroleum reached 99.56 million barrels in 2022. The estimated petroleum oil reserves will be drained in less than fifty years, at the current consumption rate of 2.7% annually 1,2. Also, the emissions that are exhausted from fossil fuels combustion are large contributors to global warming and environmental pollution 3-5. Environmental awareness, depletion of fossil fuels and the increase in energy consumption and price‫‬ are the main factors leading to the search for alternative energy resources to substitute fossil‫‬ fuels 4,6-8. Renewable energy sources decrease the effect of greenhouse gases and are superior to fossil fuels with respect to their lower SO x , CO , and CO 2 emissions 9. Representative renewable energy source technologies include fuel‫‬ cells, hydropower, solar power, geothermal energy, wind power, biofuel, and hydrogen production 10,11. Biojetfuel is‫‬ one of the most important sources of renewable and green energy expected to gradually replace fossil fuels in the near future with increased blending ratios. It is anticipated to reach 25% in 2020, 30% in 2030, and 50% in 2050 12-15. Biofuels can be produced from several agricultural raw materials, through different production methods depending on the required final products and feedstock 16. These are mainly vegetable oil based and biomass. Vegetable oil-based feedstock includes edible and non-edible oils, waste cooking oil, jatropha, jojoba, rapeseed, castor and microalgal oil. Biomass feedstock includes waste materials, aquatic biomass, energy crops, and forest products 9,10,14,17 .

Development and evaluation of biodiesel fuel and by-products from

Utilization and Management of Bioresources, 2017

Today, a huge volume of jet fuel is consumed through air transportation. Petroleum-based jet fuel... more Today, a huge volume of jet fuel is consumed through air transportation. Petroleum-based jet fuels, including Jet A-1, produce considerable amount of particulate and gaseous pollutions which affect the world climate change. To overcome these pollutions, portion of jet fuel should be replaced by jet biofuels. This can be achieved by blending Jet A with efficient energy source with lowest emission such as biofuels from vegetable oils. Biodiesel from palm, Jatropha curcas, and waste cooking oils show promising potential in producing aviation biofuels when blending with Jet A. Various volumetric ratios of biodiesel (5–25%) were blended with high-grade kerosene. The binary blends of jet biofuels were characterized and compared with Jet A fuels. The comparison indicated that biofuels with 5% ester content have almost similar characteristics with Jet A aviation. The physicochemical properties of 5% binary blends of palm, Jatropha curcas, and waste cooking oils were kinematic viscosity (at −20 °C) of 8.6, 5.1, and 5.1; high heating value (HHV) around 43 Mj/kg and freezing point of −14.5, −15.5, and −25.5 °C for binary blends of the biodiesel from the three types of oils with Jet A, respectively. Additives may be added to binary blends to reach exact Jet A physicochemical characteristics. The yield %│C8–C15 were determined for the 5% ester content for each binary blends using GC-mass spectrometry.

International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2015

In the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils, separation and purification of biodiesel and ... more In the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils, separation and purification of biodiesel and glycerol as a by-product are critical processes. Conventional methods used for this separation are gravitational settling, decantation and filtration. Biodiesel and glycerol were produced through transesterification of jatropha curcas oil (JCO) using; KOH as a liquid base catalyst and CaO as a solid super base catalyst respectively with methanol. Reducing free fatty acids for (JCO) by esterification was studied. Biodiesel purification is performed by washing using water and acids. Fuel properties of produced fatty acids methyl esters (biodiesel) including; density, viscosity, flash point, cetane number, acid value and iodine value were qualified. The results showed that; the produced biodiesel can safely be used as an alternative diesel fuel. The use of solid base catalyst (CaO) showed a great improvement in produced glycerol purity up to 99.46%. A comparison between homogeneous and hete...

338 Abstract – Reactive extraction processing of microalgae to produce biodiesel is a part of the... more 338 Abstract – Reactive extraction processing of microalgae to produce biodiesel is a part of the solution for the global problems that confronting the world nowadays. In this research, the kinetics of reactive extraction of Spirulina-platensis microalgae has been studied in the temperature range (27-65C), alcohol-to-oil molar ratio of 3714:1 in the time interval (2-10h). The process was developed to obtain maximum biodiesel yield of 84.7%. Results concluded that the reaction is a pseudo first order with activation energy of 37.762 kJ/gmol and Arrhenius factor of 1.89E+05 h. The reaction rate constants are ranged from 0.041 h at 27C to 0.218 h at 65C. In addition, this study provides an overview on the kinetic investigations studied before on various oilseeds.

This work presents the biodiesel production from castor oil with methanol in presence of potassiu... more This work presents the biodiesel production from castor oil with methanol in presence of potassium hydroxide as catalyst at room temperature using ultrasonic bath. A factorial design of experiments and a central composite design have been used to evaluate the influence of operating conditions on biodiesel synthesis from inedible castor oil. The response chosen was viscosity while the variables studied were catalyst concentration and the methanol/vegetable oil molar ratio at room temperature in an ultrasonic bath. The methanol/vegetable oil molar ratio is the most important factor, having a negative influence on viscosity. The catalyst concentration has a small negative influence on viscosity and this is attributed to the presence of ultra-sonification. A second order model was obtained to predict the produced biodiesel viscosity. Within the experimental range studied the model matched the results from the experiments.

The recycling, incineration, and final disposal rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) are calculate... more The recycling, incineration, and final disposal rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) are calculated based on the total amount of waste input to each facility in many countries. These statistic data have serious limitation in setting the national goal and policy for effective waste management because it is not considering the amount of foreign objectives in the process of each life-cycle stage. This case study is to estimate the actual rates of recycling, incineration, and final disposal by material flow analysis (MFA) after the collection of MSW in Korea. The actual rates of recycling, incineration and final disposal for MSW in 2016 were 49.9%, 32.9% and 23.1% respectively, indicating that the recycling rate was lower by 10.1%, while the incineration and final disposal rates were raised by 7.6% and 8.4% respectively, compared with the statistics for current MSW. In addition, the changed actual rates of recycling, incineration treatment, and final landfill, and variation of waste trea...

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017

Abstract Biodiesel may be produced through transesterification reaction between triglycerides and... more Abstract Biodiesel may be produced through transesterification reaction between triglycerides and light alcohols in presence of different catalysts. This paper presents a study of kinetics of soybean methanolysis using cement kiln dust (CKD) as a heterogeneous catalyst. All reactions took place at a constant methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1 and catalyst loading of 3.5%. The study consists of three phases; the first one is to consider the reaction following irreversible homogeneous kinetic models (1st and 2nd orders) due to using high excess of methanol. The second is to add the backward reaction term to the power law models. Finally, models for heterogeneous catalysts such as Eley–Rideal and Langmuir–Hinshelwood models are suggested to describe reaction kinetics. Least squares method, Runge–Kutta methods for ordinary differential equations and Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm for minimizing objective function were used to obtain the parameters of each suggested model in each phase. Calculation of determination coefficient (R 2 ) and minimization of squared error summation method were used to determine which model is the best one to fit the experimental data. Eley–Rideal kinetic model was the best model amongst the suggested models. Fisher and Chi-square criteria were used to check the reliability of generated rate equation. The rate differential equation was solved to obtain the main engineering factors controlling the reaction.

International Journal of Energy Research, 2016

According to the current consumption of world fossil-based oil, coal and natural gas used to prod... more According to the current consumption of world fossil-based oil, coal and natural gas used to produce energy, worldwide reserves of these fuels will be depleted in less than 10 decades. Therefore, new renewable energy sources have to be developed to overcome this problem. Biodiesel is one of these new sources; it is composed of methyl or ethyl esters produced from vegetable oil or animal fats and possesses fuel properties similar to diesel fuel. This paper presents a study of factors affecting biodiesel production using cement kiln dust (CKD), as heterogeneous catalyst, and determination of the optimum reaction conditions. This was achieved by using the factorial design and response surface methodology in conjunction with steepest ascent method in the range of this study. The optimum conditions were found to be: A reaction time of about 6 h, catalyst loading of 2% of oil mass and methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1. Fixed mixing speed of 800 rpm and constant temperature of 65 °C were used in all experiments. After performing the optimization process, CKD leachability was studied in order to determine its stability and reusability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

World Applied Sciences Journal

Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems, 2013

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013

ABSTRACT

International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 2009

International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 2007

Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures becau... more Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures because of its environmentally beneficial attributes and its renewable nature. In Egypt, millions L. of oil used for frying foods are discarded each year into sewage systems. Thus, it adds to the cost of treating effluent or pollutes waterways. This study is intended to consider aspects related to the feasibility of the production of biodiesel from waste/recycled oils in an attempt to help reduce the cost of biodiesel and reduce waste and pollution coming from waste oils. The variables affecting the yield and characteristics of the biodiesel produced from used frying oil were studied, the achieved results were analyzed and a set of recommendations was proposed. From the obtained results, the best yield percentage was obtained using a methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, potassium hydroxide as catalyst (1%) and 65 °C temperature for one hour. The yield percentage obtained from waste vegetable oil was comparable to that obtained from neat vegetable oil which reached 96.15% under optimum conditions. From the results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel, whether from neat vegetable oil or waste vegetable oil, was within the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel.

Algal biodiesel has received much attention in recent years; due to the need for energy and decli... more Algal biodiesel has received much attention in recent years; due to the need for energy and declining of fossil fuels. Biodiesel production from microalgae appears to be suitable biofuel; as microalgae are the fastest-growing plants on the earth, important lipids source (10–70 % by wt) and can be cultivated with the primary treated municipal wastewater in desert areas. Extraction of algal oil is costly process which determines the sustainability of microalgae-based biodiesel. This paper investigates the chemical extraction of the algal oil from Spirulina-platensis using different solvents under various conditions on bench scale. Results reported that Soxhlet extraction using methanol gave maximum algal oil recovery (98.5% wt.) at 1h using biomass-to-solvent ratio of 1:110 by wt. Extracted oil specifications, showed that density is 0.89 kg/L, viscosity is 58 mPa.s at 40oC while acid number is 37.4 mg KOH/g oil. The dominant saturated fatty acid in Spirulina-platensis is palmitic acid...

Fuel

Abstract Environment-friendly ethylene glycol di-esters (EGDEs) as, biolubricants were produced f... more Abstract Environment-friendly ethylene glycol di-esters (EGDEs) as, biolubricants were produced from different vegetable oils by applying CaO as a heterogeneous base catalyst through transesterification of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and ethylene glycol (EG). The feedstocks used were sunflower, soybean, jatropha, and waste cooking oils. The molar ratio of FAMEs to EG was 2:1, catalyst dose (1.2% w/w), and temperature 150 °C for 2 h reaction time; under vacuum were the transesterification conditions. The produced biolubricants were identified using FTIR technique. The thermal stability of each produced biolubricants was examined using TGA technique. The viscosity indexes of the produced EGDEs were calculated and their values exceeded 140 for waste oil to 311 for Jatropha oil. The rheology characteristics, that define the nature of the produced biolubricants, were determined. This study proved that the production of different biolubricants having suitable chemical and rheological properties fitted to be used as commercialized industrial lubricants.