Avinash Kumar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Avinash Kumar

Food security is a measure of the availability of food and individuals' accessibility to it, ... more Food security is a measure of the availability of food and individuals' accessibility to it, where accessibility includes affordability. Though a lot of stress is being given on this issue but still it is a major concern in the present millennium. India ranked 76 among 113 countries in Global Food Security Index 2018 and 103 out of 119 countries in Global Hunger Index 2018. To cope up with this strenuous situation agricultural diversification has emerged as a curative measure. Agricultural diversification can prove useful in managing food security by assuring availability of food in sufficient quantity and quality. Himachal Pradesh owing to its mountainous geographical set up offers a great variation in agro-climatic situation which offers immense opportunities for agricultural diversification. Himachal Pradesh has more opportunity to increase the agricultural productivity and tough challenges to overcome the gap between food demand and supply. The present study was undertaken f...

Debt is a condition in which one party owned money from another at specific interest rate and als... more Debt is a condition in which one party owned money from another at specific interest rate and also have to pay them in certain time period. When a person takes money, he has two things first he has to pay the money he took and secondly interest of that loaned money or capital. In case of farmers mostly they have only farmed as main source of occupation. In that case we can classify farmers into different groups or classes on the basis of the way he chooses to pay his debt. Broadly It can be classified into three groups which are-active payer, passive or dormant payer and lastly intermediate payer. According to my studies it's found that intermediate payer is those who able to pay their debt at time, followed by other two.

India is the second largest producer of wheat. The crop has been under cultivation in about 30 mi... more India is the second largest producer of wheat. The crop has been under cultivation in about 30 million hectares (14% of global area) to produce the all time highest output of 99.70 million tonnes of wheat (13.64% of world production) with a record average productivity of 3371 kg/ha. The cultivated area under wheat at national level has shown increasing trend, from 29.04 million hectare to 30.54 million hectare with a magnitude of 1.5 million hectare (5%) net gain in terms of area. Uttar Pradesh has largest share in area with 9.75 million hectare (32%), followed by Madhya Pradesh (18.75%), Punjab (11.48%), Rajasthan (9.74%), Haryana (8.36%) and Bihar (6.82%). The study implies that the use of all inputs except bullock labour in wheat cultivation was foundto be increasing in after credit use situation from their respective levels in before credit use situation.Thusthetotalcostofwheat cultivation was increased by 7.18 per cent aftercreditusesituation. It observed that the famers fetched about 6.55 per cent higher price for wheat in after credit use situation. Thus, net returns received were increased by 31.83 per cent after credit use situation over the same in before credit use situation. The

In India the gross cropped area is 194.4 million hectares which is 59.14% of the total geographic... more In India the gross cropped area is 194.4 million hectares which is 59.14% of the total geographical area. India is having largest area under rainfed and also rank first in rainfed agriculture production. Out of the total gross cropped area the 40% area comes under irrigated and remaining 60% area under rainfed. Indian agriculture highly dependent upon rain. Therefore, the monsoon plays a determining role in Indian agriculture. Apart from rain the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) level is very important climatic factor which highly influences the productivity of crops. India is the third largest producer of fossil CO2 which is about 6% of total global emissions after China and USA. The food grains production was slowly increased. The annual rain fall was fluctuated in that period. The fossil CO2 emissions was having almost logarithmic trends. It observed that as concentration of CO2 increased the food grains production also increased but after saturation level it adversely affects the productivity of crops. And it also played important role in global warming. Therefore, in long run to maintain the growth of food grains production we have to reduce the fossil CO2 emissions.

The horticulture comprises of study of vegetable, fruits, flowers, medicinal and aromatic plants,... more The horticulture comprises of study of vegetable, fruits, flowers, medicinal and aromatic plants, plantation crops and spices. Out of which vegetables occupied first position in both area and production. The collective area and production of horticulture crops were 16.48 mha and 145.62 mt, respectively in 2002 which have considerably increased to 25.43 mha and 311.61 mt, respectively. The share of area by vegetables, fruits, plantation crops, spices and flowers, aromatic and medicinal plants were 40%, 26%, 15%, 15% and 4%, respectively in 2018. the share of production of vegetables, fruits, plantation crops, spices and flowers, aromatic and medicinal plants were 59%, 31%, 6%, 3% and 1%, respectively in 2018.Horticulture crops have more potential to generate revenue to the farmers as well as enhance the agriculture GDP to the national GDP. The compound annual growth rate of area covered by different horticulture crops were observed highest in flower, aromatic & medicinal plants and lowest in spices. The overall CAGR of area covered by horticulture crops were 2.70% during the mentioned period. The CAGR of production of different horticulture crops were reported highest in flower, aromatic & medicinal plants, and lowest in plantation. The CAGR of total production of horticulture crops were 4.86% during the mentioned period.

A research was done on potato cultivation through institutional agricultural credit. Potato crop ... more A research was done on potato cultivation through institutional agricultural credit. Potato crop is an important family crop. It is one of the major vegetable crops in India and holds an important place among food crops and provides staple food for millions of people from many parts of the world. Various inputs, such as human labor, machine power, expenditure on seeds, potato farming, fertilizer and fertilizer, irrigation and plant protection chemicals were seen to increase, while family use after credit utilization status at their respective levels before credit utilization status. Expenditure on labor and bull labor has decreased. Thus after the credit utilization situation, the total cost of potato cultivation increased by 23.01 per cent to Rs 90.972 per hectare. Potato yield was found to be 212 qt in case of credit use. Per hectare, which increased to 239 qt. Per hectare after credit utilization status. Yield growth was estimated at 12.52 percent. In addition, the net profit of farmers from potato cultivation was found to be increasing from Rs. 44268 per hectare after credit utilization condition, in the case of credit utilization Rs. 58264 per hectare. Thus, there was a 31.61 percent increase in net returns received after the credit usage condition compared to the credit usage condition before. The high net profit realized after the credit utilization situation from potato was due to higher yield and better price received by the farmers.

In 1990s India achieved the food grains requirement and today became the largest food grain produ... more In 1990s India achieved the food grains requirement and today became the largest food grain producer in the world. Conversely the population of India reached at alarming level. Currently, India has large buffer stock of 59 million tonnes over the buffer stock norm 21.04 million tonnes (Anonymous, 2019). Although being largest food grain producer and having huge buffer stock the India ranked 76 th among 113 countries in Global Food Security Index 2018 and 103 rd out of 119 countries in Global Hunger Index 2018. The current total food grain production in India is about 284 mt but the increasing population would require more attention to feed the growing population. To achieve the required food grains demand productivity of resources has to improve. With increasing urbanization, the productive land is decreasing day by day. The population and demand for food grains is highly correlated i.e. as population increases the demand for food grains also increases. Therefore, there is need to enhance the productivity to feed the projected population.

The total geographical area of India is 328.73 million hectares (mha) out of that 307.82 mha area... more The total geographical area of India is 328.73 million hectares (mha) out of that 307.82 mha area reported for land utilization (2015). India is self-sufficient in food grain production and with about 284 million tones food grains stand second largest food grains producer in the world (2019). India already achieved food security but for the matter of nutritional security still far behind the target line. To achieve the nutritional security crop diversification plays an important role (Ebert). Incorporation of high valued crops in nutrition as well as remuneration to traditional crops.The data has been collected from various secondary sources. Five decadal data of land utilization and percentage area covered by different food and non-food crops have been taken for this research. To analyze the temporal change in crop diversification Herfindahl Index (HI) was used (Malik).During 1950-51 to 2014-15, the net area sown considerably increased. The area under sugarcane, total condiments and spices, total fruits and vegetables, total oilseeds, total fibers and fodder crops have been increased. Whereas, the area under total cereals & millets, total pulses, other food crops and other non-food crops have been decreased. The value of Herfindahl Index (HI) has been decreasing continuously. It shows the agriculture pattern changed from traditional to commercial in India.

Rice is the staple food for largest community in the world belongs to the poaceae family. It is 1... more Rice is the staple food for largest community in the world belongs to the poaceae family. It is 10,000 years old farming covering alone 11% of arable land. It is considered to be the largest source of energy for poor men. This crop is leading among all other food crop worldwide. In India, it is grown over an area of about 45 million hectares producing about 112.91 million tonnes of grain. In terms of both area and production, it stood second after wheat. It alone provides about 22 percent and 17 percent of calories and proteins to the world's total supply. The yield of paddy in before credit use situation was estimated to be 48 Qt. per ha, which increased to 52 Qt. per ha in after credit use situation. The increase in yield was estimated to be 7.06 percent. The average price realized by farmers for paddy was found to be Rs.950 per Qt. in before credit use situation, while same realized in after credit use situation was Rs.1060 per Qt. Thus, net returns received were found to be increasing by 37.01 percent after credit use situation over the same in before credit use situation.Thehighernetreturnsrealizedinaftercreditusesituationfrompaddy were on account of higher yield obtained and better price fetched by the farmers.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) also known as pyaaj, kanda, etc. in different parts of the India is an imp... more Onion (Allium cepa L.) also known as pyaaj, kanda, etc. in different parts of the India is an important cool season, bulb crop belongs to the family of Alliaceae also known as Amaryllidaceaea. It is grown in an area of 1285 thousand hectare with production of 23,262 thousand tonnes. India ranks second in onion production after China. The area under onion cultivation in decades remain constant. But the production data shows variation in the decades. Highest area was found under Maharashtra (507.96 thousand hectare) followed by Karnataka (195.28 thousand hectare) and least under Tripura (0.16 thousand hectare). Maharashtra produces highest onion (8854.09 thousand tonnes) followed by Madhya Pradesh (3701.01 thousand tonnes) and least production was found at Kerala (0.31 thousand tonnes). Productivity was observed highest at Sikkim (56.45 MT/ha). The major importer of onion are Bangladesh,

A research was done to uplift the economic condition of small farmers through cultivation of maiz... more A research was done to uplift the economic condition of small farmers through cultivation of maize crop. Maize is considered the queen of all cereal crops due to its high genetic yield potential among other cereal crops. The country has exported 10,51,277.95 MT of maize to the world for the value of Rs. 1,871.62 crore / 270.16 USD million in 2018-19. In this research, spending on various inputs in maize cultivation viz. machine power, seeds, fertilizers and fertilizers, irrigation and plant protection chemicals, was seen to increase at different speeds, while spending on family labor in terms of credit utilization Reduced post-credit utilization conditions across levels. Thus, the total cost of cultivation of maize was increased to Rs 13.41 per hectare from Rs.33498 per hectare in the credit utilization situation to Rs.13498 per hectare. After the credit status, the net profit received by the farmers from the cultivation of maize is increasing from Rs.5226 per hectare to Rs.6952 per hectare before the credit utilization status after the credit utilization situation. Thus, there was a 33.03 percent increase in the net return received after the credit usage condition compared to the earlier one. The higher net profits obtained after the loan utilization situation from maize were due to higher yields and better prices received by farmers.

Food security is a measure of the availability of food and individuals' accessibility to it, wher... more Food security is a measure of the availability of food and individuals' accessibility to it, where accessibility includes affordability. Though a lot of stress is being given on this issue but still it is a major concern in the present millennium. India ranked 76 th among 113 countries in Global Food Security Index 2018 and 103 rd out of 119 countries in Global Hunger Index 2018. To cope up with this strenuous situation agricultural diversification has emerged as a curative measure. Agricultural diversification can prove useful in managing food security by assuring availability of food in sufficient quantity and quality. Himachal Pradesh owing to its mountainous geographical set up offers a great variation in agro-climatic situation which offers immense opportunities for agricultural diversification. Himachal Pradesh has more opportunity to increase the agricultural productivity and tough challenges to overcome the gap between food demand and supply. The present study was undertaken for the year 2015-16 to examine the status of agricultural diversification in Himachal Pradesh and estimate the food security from the view point of food availability and extent of gap between demand and supply of food. The study puts forth that a very low Herfindahl Index (0.22), which implies that the state is highly diversified. It also reveals that the actual availability (S a) of food commodities after kept for seed feed and post harvest losses were 85-80 per cent. The total production (S t), total consumption (S c), actual availability (S a) and supplied through public distribution system (S g) of wheat were 667623 MT, 100143 MT, 567480 MT and 241416 MT respectively. The analysis shows that Himachal Pradesh is almost secured and having ample opportunities and resources to attain food security. High agricultural diversification shows the state has diverse production base and variety of food products. Therefore, the food security can easily achieve in the state. The analysis shows that Himachal Pradesh is almost secured and having ample opportunities and resources to attain food security. High agricultural diversification shows the state has diverse production base and variety of food products. Therefore, food security can easily be achieved in the state.

The wide climate regime in Himachal Pradesh gives comparative advantage over other states for cro... more The wide climate regime in Himachal Pradesh gives comparative advantage over other states for crop diversification. Himachal Pradesh is predominantly mountainous state and having 12 districts namely; Bilaspur,

The present study was conducted in the Madhubani district of Bihar, with the objectives; to exami... more The present study was conducted in the Madhubani district of Bihar, with the objectives; to examine the structure and the progress and performance of institutional agriculture production credit delivery system.The study was based on the data collected from 100 sample farmers (50 loanee and 50 non-loanee farmers)residing in randomly selected ten villages of five development blocks of the district pertaining to the year. Descriptive analysis was done to know the structure; progress and performance of institutional agriculture production credit delivery system. Out of total bank branches (248) operating in Madhubani district 47.98 per cent (119) branches were of Commercial Banks, 5.65 per cent (14) of Cooperative Credit Banks and 46.37 per cent (115) of Regional Rural Banks. Further out of total bank branches operating in the district about 67.34 per cent (167) branches were operating in rural areas, whereas 31.45 per cent (78) branches and 1.21 (03) per cent branches were found to be operating in semi urban and urban areas, respectively. The banking facility was not

and Una. The state is divided into four zones according to altitude viz., Zone I, Zone II, Zone I... more and Una. The state is divided into four zones according to altitude viz., Zone I, Zone II, Zone III and Zone IV. The study has been carried out in low hills subtropical zone (Zone I) of Himachal Pradesh. The district Una solely comes under the Zone I therefore taken as sample district for this research. Th total area covered by paddy is 2.40 thousand hectare that comprises 4% of total cropped area. The maize covered 43% of total cropped area that is 27.25 thousand hectares. The maximum area covered by wheat that is 29.00 thousand hectares which shares 45% of total cropped area. The vegetables also shared considerable area which is 3% of total cropped area. The Herfindahl Index of district Una is 0.39 which falls medium to high diversification range. Amongst all developmental blocks Haroli block is highly diversified and Bangana block is least diversified. The result of diversification index shows that there is high scope to diversify the agriculture in Bangana block. Likewise, in other parts of Zone I has high opportunity towards increase the crop diversification by ensuring the proper irrigation facility and other important factors of production.

Ginger being a major cash crop of Assam has a unique place in its production in the state. The cr... more Ginger being a major cash crop of Assam has a unique place in its production in the state. The crop has immense potentiality towards generating farm income as well as employment thereby improving the standards of living of the farmers. On account of a very limited research on the production aspect of ginger cultivation in the state, an in depth analysis of the economics of ginger cultivation assumes importance with the objective of determining the various cost and returns pattern of ginger production. The study under consideration was undertaken in 2013 in Tinsukia district of Assam, the district being known for its extensive production of the crop. Multistage stratified random sampling was utilized for the purpose of collecting primary data. Hence the data required was gathered from Chapakhowa block of Tinsukia district. The sample data comprised ginger growers categorized as 12 small, 30 medium and 18 large farmers, classified on the basis of probability proportion to class sizes. The study revealed that the variable costs varied inversely to the class sizes meaning that it was highest for the small farms and least for the large farms. The same pattern was found to be true for the total costs of ginger cultivation whereas the fixed costs were found to be directly proportional to the farm sizes. Moreover the study also revealed that seeds occupied a larger share in the variable costs for all the farm sizes whereas rental value of owned land had the largest share (74-78 %) in the total fixed cost. Data analysis revealed that the large sized farms were highly efficient with the highest net returns from ginger cultivation. Cobb Douglas production function analysis of indicated that human labour, bullock labour, plant protection, fertilizer and seed were significant at various levels of significance for different farm categories. Besides this a higher R 2 value indicating the fit of the regression equation represented the acceptability of the Cobb Douglas form of production function analysis.