Normah Awang - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Normah Awang
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia affecting children under t... more Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia affecting children under the age of 15 years old in Malaysia. Chemotherapy is the primary treatment for cancer, which involves the intake of chemotherapeutic drugs to kill cancer cells. Glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone are chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of ALL. Although dexamethasone is highly effective, it is also associated with adverse effects such as bone fractures and organ toxicity. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new anticancer drug which milder side effects and better efficacy. Organometallic compounds such as organotin have a high potential to be developed as an antineoplastic agent and show high specificity towards cancer cells compared to normal cells. This study is done to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of diphenyltin(IV) diisopropyl dithiocarbamate (DPDT) against leukemic cells CCL-119 using the Trypan Blue exclusion (TBE) method at the intervals of 24, 48 and 72 h. Dexame...
This study has been done to determine the isotherm and kinetic adsorption of boron on activated c... more This study has been done to determine the isotherm and kinetic adsorption of boron on activated carbon that been modified with curcumin. In this study, the maximum boron removal was obtained at pH 5.6 and the optimum contact time was 120 minutes. The comparison of boron removal percentage and adsorption isotherms between activated carbon modified with curcumin and activated carbon without curcumin also been studied. The percentage of boron removal by activated carbon modified with curcumin is 53.3% ...
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2011
Abstract: Tamarindus indica (tamarind), Garcinia atroviridis, and Curcuma longa (turmeric) are wi... more Abstract: Tamarindus indica (tamarind), Garcinia atroviridis, and Curcuma longa (turmeric) are widely used in food preparation. This study was conducted to determine the aluminium leachability in acidic food flavors Tamarindus indica and Garcinia atroviridis and tumeric powder. The results showed that aluminium contents were increased accordingly to the dosage of these acidic food flavors. The results showed that aluminium leaching was higher in solutions without Curcuma longa compare to the present of Curcuma longa. The effect ...
... Robert C. Brown, MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leices-ter, Leicester, United Kingdom Der... more ... Robert C. Brown, MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leices-ter, Leicester, United Kingdom Derrick R. Crump, Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, United Kingdom MichalKrzyzanowski, WHO European Centre for Environ-ment and Health, Bilthoven Division ...
Ternary complexes of Cu(II) with acetylacetone and various salicylic acids (viz., salicylic, 5-ch... more Ternary complexes of Cu(II) with acetylacetone and various salicylic acids (viz., salicylic, 5-chloro-, 3,5-dibromo-, 3,5-dinitro-, thio-, and acetyl-salicylic acids) were synthesised in pure state and these complexes were characterised by elemental analysis, conductivity, IR data and optical absorption. The antibacterial and antifungal activity studies on these complexes revealed that the ternary complexes are better toxic agents than the binary complexes
American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2011
Problem statement: Diesel fuel contains various combinations of hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane,... more Problem statement: Diesel fuel contains various combinations of hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, n-hexane, benzene and toluene which can cause health problems in major exposure of that pollutant in locomotive depots. Studies were conducted to evaluate the exposure towards diesel fuel pollutant and the effect on neurobehavioral performances among workers in locomotive depots. Approach: Method used was questionnaire form and neurobehavioral performances were measured by WHO NCTB test among 17 exposure workers and 17 control workers. Air pollutant measurement was carried out by GilAir Sampler Low flow pump and analyzed using NMAM method 1500 and 1501. Measured diesel fuel pollutant are Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC), cyclohexane, n-hexane, benzene and toluene in three sampling point which are Power Generator Car (PGC), Locomotive (LOCO), producer and receiver of diesel fuel (PPD). Impact assessment NCTB neurobehavioral was carried out. Results: Measured result showed that overall mean of concentration for Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) was respectively 1.93+0.70 ppm, 1.05+0.19 ppm and 1.01+0.
American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2012
Problem statement: Boron exists in an environment naturally either through weathering of rocks or... more Problem statement: Boron exists in an environment naturally either through weathering of rocks or volcanic activity but due to anthropogenic activity, boron had been distributed widely into our surroundings. Boron was a problematic pollutant due to the difficulty to remove it from the water. Turmeric which had been widely used as a spice and traditional medicine, were investigated to determine its capabilities to aid in coagulation-flocculation process to remove boron. Optimizing coagulation-flocculation process might be effective to remove boron to a lower concentration. Approach: In this study, the optimum parameter for pH, dose of aluminium sulfate (alum) and a dose of turmeric extract were determined by conducting a set of jar test experiment. The coagulationflocculation process was performed to study the effectiveness of the turmeric extract as a coagulant aid in boron removal. Results: The result demonstrated that coagulation-flocculation process with the aid of turmeric extract can remove boron effectively at optimum conditions rather than coagulationflocculation process without the aid of turmeric extract. The optimum conditions for boron removal were achieved at pH 7, an alum dosage of 18, 367 mg L −1 and turmeric extract dosage of 82 mg L −1. Conclusion/Recommendations: Result showed that removal of boron depends on pH, alum dosage and turmeric extract dosage. The boron removal percentage of the aqueous solution using the coagulation-flocculation process aided by the addition of turmeric extract and without the addition of turmeric extract were 95 and 62%, respectively. In addition, there was a significance difference between both processes. Turmeric extract as a coagulant aid demonstrated promising performance in boron removal and can be used as an alternative treatment to treat boron-containing wastewater.
American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2010
Problem statement: Several studies on organotin(IV) dithiocarbamate compounds have been carried o... more Problem statement: Several studies on organotin(IV) dithiocarbamate compounds have been carried out but not on the synthesis and characterization together with cytotoxic assay of organotin(IV) N-benzyl-N-isopropyldithiocarbamate compounds. Approach: Three new organotin(IV) compounds of type N-benzyl-N-isopropyldithiocarbamate have been successfully synthesized by direct reaction between secondary amine with organotin(IV) chloride using in situ method. All the compounds were characterized using elemental analysis, gravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results: Elemental and gravimetric analyses data of these compounds showed that agreed with the predicted formula, (CH 3) 2 Sn[S 2 CN(C 7 H 7)(i-C 3 H 7)] 2 (1), (C 4 H 9) 2 Sn[S 2 CN(C 7 H 7)(i-C 3 H 7)] 2 (2) and (C 6 H 5) 3 Sn[S 2 CN(C 7 H 7)(i-C 3 H 7)] (3). The infrared spectra of these compounds showed the thioureide bond, v(C=N) which occurred at 1438-1440 cm −1 and the v(C=S) band appeared in the range of 967-973 cm −1. The presence of the v(C=N) and v(C=S) bands in the infrared spectra confirmed the presence of dithiocarbamate ligand in that compounds. The bond between sulphur and tin atom were supported with the presence of peak in the range of 365-445 cm −1 that known to be as stretching mode of ν(Sn-S). The most important signal in the 13 C NMR spectra was the chemical shift of NCS 2 group. The 13 C NMR spectra of these compound showed a chemical shift in 195.06-202.65 ppm range, which is attributed to the carbon atom of NCS 2 group. The crystal structure of compound 2 (dibutyltin(IV) N-benzyl-N-isopropyldithiocarbamate) has been determined by X-ray single crystal analysis, which shows unsymmetrical nature of the ligand towards coordination to tin. It crystallizes in triclinic P1 space group with the crystal cell parameter: a = 17.7745 (2) (Å), b = 19.5463 (3) (Å), c = 26.2062 (4) (Å), α = 102.5254 (7)°, β = 95.1492 (7)°, γ = 110.2569 (8)°, Z = 10, V (Å 3) = 8202.1 (2) and R = 0.028. In addition, these compounds were screened for their cytotoxic activity on Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells (HepG2). Based on the cytotoxic activity, compounds 2 and 3 showed cytotoxic activity but compound 1 is inactive against HepG2 cells. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the studied compounds might indeed be potential sources of anticancer agents and these would further enable us to evaluate their utility in biomedical field.
American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2012
Problem statement: The air quality study of PPR Taman Wahyu II, Selayang, Selangor was a resident... more Problem statement: The air quality study of PPR Taman Wahyu II, Selayang, Selangor was a residential project that was built on the former landfill site. The landfill site will produce landfill gases which can influence the air quality level in and outside the building. Approach: This air quality study also involving PPR Intan Baiduri, Batu Caves, Selangor as a control building. The air quality parameters chosen were physical, chemical and biological. Instruments used were HVS, Biogas Analyzer, Aeroqual, MultiRAE, ICP-MS, NMAM 7303 and gravimetric method. Gilian High Volume Air Sampler was used to measure heavy metal parameters that were conducted for 8 h, Personal Sampling Pump to measure total suspended particulates for 8 h, MultiRAE for H 2 S and CH 4 gas, Aeroqual for CO 2 gas, Multilog for CO gas and a Tedlar bag for O 2 gas. For biological parameters, settle plate method was used and conducted for 20 min. Veloci CALC and wind probe were used to measure physical parameters. Results: In the ambient air, the mean concentration of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), lead and cadmium were higher at an exposed location compared to the control with a reading of 0.325±0.29, 0.108±0.050 and 0.06±0.045 ng m −3 respectively. The reason was that the exposed location was a former landfill site and there were several co-founding factors. Mean concentration for chemical parameters were higher at the exposed location and all the chemical parameters were not exceeding the EPA Protocol Gas for Single Component. The mean concentration of oxygen is 20.95±0.005%, carbon dioxide 669.25±84.109 ppm and carbon monoxide 1.8±0.957 ppm. For biological parameters, mean for the colony total count also higher at the exposed location compared to control location where the mean for bacterial was 17.75±4.573cfu while for fungal, the mean is 8.0±2.828 cfu. Indoor air quality results showed that concentration means of CO 2 was 877.8±59.40 ppm, CO was 5.0±0.89 ppm and O 2 was 20.9±0.05%. The concentration means for Cd was 0.3±0.26 ng m −3 , Pb was 0.5±0.21 ng m −3 , TSP was 0.2±0.08 mg m −3 , bacteria was 38±16 cfu and fungal was 11±7 cfu. Conclusion: The concentration mean of the gas parameters had fulfilled the guideline standard. The statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences between CO 2 , O 2 , bacterial, fungal and TSP between research building and control building. Research also showed that there is no differentiation between former landfill ambient air and control ambient air quality.
American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2012
Problem statement: The widespread use of insecticides had resulted in insecticide resistance of v... more Problem statement: The widespread use of insecticides had resulted in insecticide resistance of vectors of dengue as well as polluting the environment. Organotin (IV) compounds had the potential to be developed as the insecticides to overcome the existing problem. Approach: The aim of this study was to examine the insecticidal effects which were larvicidal and adulticidal effects of organotin (IV) benzylisopropyldithiocarbamate compounds against Aedes Aegypti Linn. In laboratory larvicidal bioassay test of a series of three organotin (IV) benzylisopropyldithiocarbamate compounds on third instar larvae of Aedes Aegypti had been carried out. Results: The study was found that compound B showed the best larvicidal effect with the LC 50 and LC 90 values of 0.004 ppm and 0.007 ppm, respectively. Compound C was also displayed good larvicidal effect with the LC 50 and LC 90 values of 0.029 ppm and 0.108 ppm, respectively. While, compound A was shown the least larvicidal effect with the LC 50 and LC 90 values of 0.404 ppm and 0.749 ppm, respectively. Further testing was conducted on compound B on adults of Aedes ageypti female to investigate its adulticidal property. The result showed that compound B displayed good adulticidal activity with LC 50 dan LC 90 of 4.277 ppm and 27.653 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: Compound B is the most effective compound among three organotin (IV) benzylisopropyldithiocarbamate compounds tested against the dengue vector Aedes Aegypti and has potential to be explored as an insecticide to control the spread of dengue fever.
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This study was carried out to determine the concentration of lead (Pb), anions, and cations at si... more This study was carried out to determine the concentration of lead (Pb), anions, and cations at six primary schools located around Kuala Lumpur. Low volume sampler (MiniVol PM 10) was used to collect the suspended particulates in indoor and outdoor air. Results showed that the concentration of Pb in indoor air was in the range of 5.18 ± 1.08 g/g-7.01 ± 0.08 g/g. All the concentrations of Pb in indoor air were higher than in outdoor air at all sampling stations. The concentrations of cations and anions were higher in outdoor air than in indoor air. The concentration of Ca 2+ (39.51 ± 5.01 mg/g-65.13 ± 9.42 mg/g) was the highest because the cation existed naturally in soil dusts, while the concentrations of NO 3 − and SO 4 2− were higher in outdoor air because there were more sources of exposure for anions in outdoor air, such as highly congested traffic and motor vehicles emissions. In comparison, the concentration of NO 3 − (29.72 ± 0.31 g/g-32.00 ± 0.75 g/g) was slightly higher than SO 4 2−. The concentrations of most of the parameters in this study, such as Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , and Pb 2+ , were higher in outdoor air than in indoor air at all sampling stations.
Environmental Monitoring …
The renovation of a building will certainly affect the quality of air in the vicinity of where as... more The renovation of a building will certainly affect the quality of air in the vicinity of where associated activities were undertaken, this includes the quality of air inside the building. Indoor air pollutants such as particulate matter, heavy metals, and fine fibers are likely to be emitted during renovation work. This study was conducted to determine the concentration of heavy metals, asbestos and suspended particulates in the Biology Building, at the Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia (UKM). Renovation activities were carried out widely in the laboratories which were located in this building. A low-volume sampler was used to collect suspended particulate matter of a diameter size less than 10 μm (PM10) and an air sampling pump, fitted with a cellulose ester membrane filter, were used for asbestos sampling. Dust was collected using a small brush and scope. The concentration of heavy metals was determined through the use of inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy and the fibers w...
Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic Metal-organic and Nano-metal Chemistry, 2012
Some triphenyltin and dibutyltin thiobiurets of the type Ph3SnL and Bu2SnL2 [where LH = 1,5 diphe... more Some triphenyltin and dibutyltin thiobiurets of the type Ph3SnL and Bu2SnL2 [where LH = 1,5 diphenyl-2-thiobiuret (PPTBH), 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-2-thiobiuret (EtOPPTBH) or 1-naphthyl-5-phenyl-2-thiobiuret (naph PTBH)], have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and various physico-chemical techniques. Molar conductance measurements show the non-ionic behavior of the complexes. FAB mass spectra exhibit their monomeric nature.H and CNMR spectra support the proposed stoichiometry of
![Research paper thumbnail of N -[Ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamothioyl]-3-fluorobenzamide](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/75248638/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2014
In the title compound, C12H15FN2O2S, the molecule adopts acisconfiguration of the fluorobenzoyl g... more In the title compound, C12H15FN2O2S, the molecule adopts acisconfiguration of the fluorobenzoyl group with respect to the thiono group about their C—N bond. The dihedral angle between the fluorobenzoyl group and the thiourea N2CS fragment is 69.60 (11)°. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond occurs. In the crystal, molecules form chains along theb-axis directionviaO—H...S and C—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2012
m80 Kamaludin et al. [Sn(C 4 H 9) 2 (C 9 H 10 NS 2) 2 ] Acta Cryst. (2012). E68, m79-m80 suppleme... more m80 Kamaludin et al. [Sn(C 4 H 9) 2 (C 9 H 10 NS 2) 2 ] Acta Cryst. (2012). E68, m79-m80 supplementary materials supplementary materials sup-1
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2012
Acta Cryst. (2012). E68, m62-m63 Kamaludin et al. [Sn(C 6 H 5) 3 (C 9 H 10 NS 2)] m63 supplementa... more Acta Cryst. (2012). E68, m62-m63 Kamaludin et al. [Sn(C 6 H 5) 3 (C 9 H 10 NS 2)] m63 supplementary materials supplementary materials sup-1
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2009
Carbon disulfide (4 ml, 0.06 mol) was added to benzylisopropylamine (8 ml, 0.06 mol) in ethanol (... more Carbon disulfide (4 ml, 0.06 mol) was added to benzylisopropylamine (8 ml, 0.06 mol) in ethanol (50 ml) at 277 K. Dibutyltin dichloride (9.1 g, 0.03 mol) dissolved in ethanol (50 ml) was added. The white solid that precipitated was collected and recrystallized from an ethanol-chloroform mixture. Refinement Somewhat tight distances restraints (1,2-related carbon-carbon distances were restrained to 1.540±0.005 Å and 1,3-related ones to 2.510±0.010 Å) were imposed on all butyl chains. Two of the chains are disordered over two positions; for these, the temperature factors of the primed atoms were restrained to those of the unprimed ones; their anisotropic displacement parameters were restrained to be nearly isotropic. The occupancy was arbitrarily fixed as 50:50. Carbon-bound H-atoms were placed in calculated positions (C-H 0.95 to 0.99 Å) and were included in the refinement in the riding model approximation, with U(H) set to 1.2 to 1.5U(C). The final difference Fourier map had a large peak/deep hole in the vicinity of the Sn3 atom.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2011
m556 Kamaludin et al. [Sn(C 6 H 5) 3 (C 11 H 14 NS 2)] Acta Cryst. (2011). E67, m555-m556 supplem... more m556 Kamaludin et al. [Sn(C 6 H 5) 3 (C 11 H 14 NS 2)] Acta Cryst. (2011). E67, m555-m556 supplementary materials supplementary materials sup-1
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2003
ABSTRACT
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2003
ABSTRACT
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia affecting children under t... more Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia affecting children under the age of 15 years old in Malaysia. Chemotherapy is the primary treatment for cancer, which involves the intake of chemotherapeutic drugs to kill cancer cells. Glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone are chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of ALL. Although dexamethasone is highly effective, it is also associated with adverse effects such as bone fractures and organ toxicity. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new anticancer drug which milder side effects and better efficacy. Organometallic compounds such as organotin have a high potential to be developed as an antineoplastic agent and show high specificity towards cancer cells compared to normal cells. This study is done to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of diphenyltin(IV) diisopropyl dithiocarbamate (DPDT) against leukemic cells CCL-119 using the Trypan Blue exclusion (TBE) method at the intervals of 24, 48 and 72 h. Dexame...
This study has been done to determine the isotherm and kinetic adsorption of boron on activated c... more This study has been done to determine the isotherm and kinetic adsorption of boron on activated carbon that been modified with curcumin. In this study, the maximum boron removal was obtained at pH 5.6 and the optimum contact time was 120 minutes. The comparison of boron removal percentage and adsorption isotherms between activated carbon modified with curcumin and activated carbon without curcumin also been studied. The percentage of boron removal by activated carbon modified with curcumin is 53.3% ...
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2011
Abstract: Tamarindus indica (tamarind), Garcinia atroviridis, and Curcuma longa (turmeric) are wi... more Abstract: Tamarindus indica (tamarind), Garcinia atroviridis, and Curcuma longa (turmeric) are widely used in food preparation. This study was conducted to determine the aluminium leachability in acidic food flavors Tamarindus indica and Garcinia atroviridis and tumeric powder. The results showed that aluminium contents were increased accordingly to the dosage of these acidic food flavors. The results showed that aluminium leaching was higher in solutions without Curcuma longa compare to the present of Curcuma longa. The effect ...
... Robert C. Brown, MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leices-ter, Leicester, United Kingdom Der... more ... Robert C. Brown, MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leices-ter, Leicester, United Kingdom Derrick R. Crump, Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, United Kingdom MichalKrzyzanowski, WHO European Centre for Environ-ment and Health, Bilthoven Division ...
Ternary complexes of Cu(II) with acetylacetone and various salicylic acids (viz., salicylic, 5-ch... more Ternary complexes of Cu(II) with acetylacetone and various salicylic acids (viz., salicylic, 5-chloro-, 3,5-dibromo-, 3,5-dinitro-, thio-, and acetyl-salicylic acids) were synthesised in pure state and these complexes were characterised by elemental analysis, conductivity, IR data and optical absorption. The antibacterial and antifungal activity studies on these complexes revealed that the ternary complexes are better toxic agents than the binary complexes
American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2011
Problem statement: Diesel fuel contains various combinations of hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane,... more Problem statement: Diesel fuel contains various combinations of hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, n-hexane, benzene and toluene which can cause health problems in major exposure of that pollutant in locomotive depots. Studies were conducted to evaluate the exposure towards diesel fuel pollutant and the effect on neurobehavioral performances among workers in locomotive depots. Approach: Method used was questionnaire form and neurobehavioral performances were measured by WHO NCTB test among 17 exposure workers and 17 control workers. Air pollutant measurement was carried out by GilAir Sampler Low flow pump and analyzed using NMAM method 1500 and 1501. Measured diesel fuel pollutant are Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC), cyclohexane, n-hexane, benzene and toluene in three sampling point which are Power Generator Car (PGC), Locomotive (LOCO), producer and receiver of diesel fuel (PPD). Impact assessment NCTB neurobehavioral was carried out. Results: Measured result showed that overall mean of concentration for Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) was respectively 1.93+0.70 ppm, 1.05+0.19 ppm and 1.01+0.
American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2012
Problem statement: Boron exists in an environment naturally either through weathering of rocks or... more Problem statement: Boron exists in an environment naturally either through weathering of rocks or volcanic activity but due to anthropogenic activity, boron had been distributed widely into our surroundings. Boron was a problematic pollutant due to the difficulty to remove it from the water. Turmeric which had been widely used as a spice and traditional medicine, were investigated to determine its capabilities to aid in coagulation-flocculation process to remove boron. Optimizing coagulation-flocculation process might be effective to remove boron to a lower concentration. Approach: In this study, the optimum parameter for pH, dose of aluminium sulfate (alum) and a dose of turmeric extract were determined by conducting a set of jar test experiment. The coagulationflocculation process was performed to study the effectiveness of the turmeric extract as a coagulant aid in boron removal. Results: The result demonstrated that coagulation-flocculation process with the aid of turmeric extract can remove boron effectively at optimum conditions rather than coagulationflocculation process without the aid of turmeric extract. The optimum conditions for boron removal were achieved at pH 7, an alum dosage of 18, 367 mg L −1 and turmeric extract dosage of 82 mg L −1. Conclusion/Recommendations: Result showed that removal of boron depends on pH, alum dosage and turmeric extract dosage. The boron removal percentage of the aqueous solution using the coagulation-flocculation process aided by the addition of turmeric extract and without the addition of turmeric extract were 95 and 62%, respectively. In addition, there was a significance difference between both processes. Turmeric extract as a coagulant aid demonstrated promising performance in boron removal and can be used as an alternative treatment to treat boron-containing wastewater.
American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2010
Problem statement: Several studies on organotin(IV) dithiocarbamate compounds have been carried o... more Problem statement: Several studies on organotin(IV) dithiocarbamate compounds have been carried out but not on the synthesis and characterization together with cytotoxic assay of organotin(IV) N-benzyl-N-isopropyldithiocarbamate compounds. Approach: Three new organotin(IV) compounds of type N-benzyl-N-isopropyldithiocarbamate have been successfully synthesized by direct reaction between secondary amine with organotin(IV) chloride using in situ method. All the compounds were characterized using elemental analysis, gravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results: Elemental and gravimetric analyses data of these compounds showed that agreed with the predicted formula, (CH 3) 2 Sn[S 2 CN(C 7 H 7)(i-C 3 H 7)] 2 (1), (C 4 H 9) 2 Sn[S 2 CN(C 7 H 7)(i-C 3 H 7)] 2 (2) and (C 6 H 5) 3 Sn[S 2 CN(C 7 H 7)(i-C 3 H 7)] (3). The infrared spectra of these compounds showed the thioureide bond, v(C=N) which occurred at 1438-1440 cm −1 and the v(C=S) band appeared in the range of 967-973 cm −1. The presence of the v(C=N) and v(C=S) bands in the infrared spectra confirmed the presence of dithiocarbamate ligand in that compounds. The bond between sulphur and tin atom were supported with the presence of peak in the range of 365-445 cm −1 that known to be as stretching mode of ν(Sn-S). The most important signal in the 13 C NMR spectra was the chemical shift of NCS 2 group. The 13 C NMR spectra of these compound showed a chemical shift in 195.06-202.65 ppm range, which is attributed to the carbon atom of NCS 2 group. The crystal structure of compound 2 (dibutyltin(IV) N-benzyl-N-isopropyldithiocarbamate) has been determined by X-ray single crystal analysis, which shows unsymmetrical nature of the ligand towards coordination to tin. It crystallizes in triclinic P1 space group with the crystal cell parameter: a = 17.7745 (2) (Å), b = 19.5463 (3) (Å), c = 26.2062 (4) (Å), α = 102.5254 (7)°, β = 95.1492 (7)°, γ = 110.2569 (8)°, Z = 10, V (Å 3) = 8202.1 (2) and R = 0.028. In addition, these compounds were screened for their cytotoxic activity on Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells (HepG2). Based on the cytotoxic activity, compounds 2 and 3 showed cytotoxic activity but compound 1 is inactive against HepG2 cells. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the studied compounds might indeed be potential sources of anticancer agents and these would further enable us to evaluate their utility in biomedical field.
American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2012
Problem statement: The air quality study of PPR Taman Wahyu II, Selayang, Selangor was a resident... more Problem statement: The air quality study of PPR Taman Wahyu II, Selayang, Selangor was a residential project that was built on the former landfill site. The landfill site will produce landfill gases which can influence the air quality level in and outside the building. Approach: This air quality study also involving PPR Intan Baiduri, Batu Caves, Selangor as a control building. The air quality parameters chosen were physical, chemical and biological. Instruments used were HVS, Biogas Analyzer, Aeroqual, MultiRAE, ICP-MS, NMAM 7303 and gravimetric method. Gilian High Volume Air Sampler was used to measure heavy metal parameters that were conducted for 8 h, Personal Sampling Pump to measure total suspended particulates for 8 h, MultiRAE for H 2 S and CH 4 gas, Aeroqual for CO 2 gas, Multilog for CO gas and a Tedlar bag for O 2 gas. For biological parameters, settle plate method was used and conducted for 20 min. Veloci CALC and wind probe were used to measure physical parameters. Results: In the ambient air, the mean concentration of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), lead and cadmium were higher at an exposed location compared to the control with a reading of 0.325±0.29, 0.108±0.050 and 0.06±0.045 ng m −3 respectively. The reason was that the exposed location was a former landfill site and there were several co-founding factors. Mean concentration for chemical parameters were higher at the exposed location and all the chemical parameters were not exceeding the EPA Protocol Gas for Single Component. The mean concentration of oxygen is 20.95±0.005%, carbon dioxide 669.25±84.109 ppm and carbon monoxide 1.8±0.957 ppm. For biological parameters, mean for the colony total count also higher at the exposed location compared to control location where the mean for bacterial was 17.75±4.573cfu while for fungal, the mean is 8.0±2.828 cfu. Indoor air quality results showed that concentration means of CO 2 was 877.8±59.40 ppm, CO was 5.0±0.89 ppm and O 2 was 20.9±0.05%. The concentration means for Cd was 0.3±0.26 ng m −3 , Pb was 0.5±0.21 ng m −3 , TSP was 0.2±0.08 mg m −3 , bacteria was 38±16 cfu and fungal was 11±7 cfu. Conclusion: The concentration mean of the gas parameters had fulfilled the guideline standard. The statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences between CO 2 , O 2 , bacterial, fungal and TSP between research building and control building. Research also showed that there is no differentiation between former landfill ambient air and control ambient air quality.
American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2012
Problem statement: The widespread use of insecticides had resulted in insecticide resistance of v... more Problem statement: The widespread use of insecticides had resulted in insecticide resistance of vectors of dengue as well as polluting the environment. Organotin (IV) compounds had the potential to be developed as the insecticides to overcome the existing problem. Approach: The aim of this study was to examine the insecticidal effects which were larvicidal and adulticidal effects of organotin (IV) benzylisopropyldithiocarbamate compounds against Aedes Aegypti Linn. In laboratory larvicidal bioassay test of a series of three organotin (IV) benzylisopropyldithiocarbamate compounds on third instar larvae of Aedes Aegypti had been carried out. Results: The study was found that compound B showed the best larvicidal effect with the LC 50 and LC 90 values of 0.004 ppm and 0.007 ppm, respectively. Compound C was also displayed good larvicidal effect with the LC 50 and LC 90 values of 0.029 ppm and 0.108 ppm, respectively. While, compound A was shown the least larvicidal effect with the LC 50 and LC 90 values of 0.404 ppm and 0.749 ppm, respectively. Further testing was conducted on compound B on adults of Aedes ageypti female to investigate its adulticidal property. The result showed that compound B displayed good adulticidal activity with LC 50 dan LC 90 of 4.277 ppm and 27.653 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: Compound B is the most effective compound among three organotin (IV) benzylisopropyldithiocarbamate compounds tested against the dengue vector Aedes Aegypti and has potential to be explored as an insecticide to control the spread of dengue fever.
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This study was carried out to determine the concentration of lead (Pb), anions, and cations at si... more This study was carried out to determine the concentration of lead (Pb), anions, and cations at six primary schools located around Kuala Lumpur. Low volume sampler (MiniVol PM 10) was used to collect the suspended particulates in indoor and outdoor air. Results showed that the concentration of Pb in indoor air was in the range of 5.18 ± 1.08 g/g-7.01 ± 0.08 g/g. All the concentrations of Pb in indoor air were higher than in outdoor air at all sampling stations. The concentrations of cations and anions were higher in outdoor air than in indoor air. The concentration of Ca 2+ (39.51 ± 5.01 mg/g-65.13 ± 9.42 mg/g) was the highest because the cation existed naturally in soil dusts, while the concentrations of NO 3 − and SO 4 2− were higher in outdoor air because there were more sources of exposure for anions in outdoor air, such as highly congested traffic and motor vehicles emissions. In comparison, the concentration of NO 3 − (29.72 ± 0.31 g/g-32.00 ± 0.75 g/g) was slightly higher than SO 4 2−. The concentrations of most of the parameters in this study, such as Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , and Pb 2+ , were higher in outdoor air than in indoor air at all sampling stations.
Environmental Monitoring …
The renovation of a building will certainly affect the quality of air in the vicinity of where as... more The renovation of a building will certainly affect the quality of air in the vicinity of where associated activities were undertaken, this includes the quality of air inside the building. Indoor air pollutants such as particulate matter, heavy metals, and fine fibers are likely to be emitted during renovation work. This study was conducted to determine the concentration of heavy metals, asbestos and suspended particulates in the Biology Building, at the Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia (UKM). Renovation activities were carried out widely in the laboratories which were located in this building. A low-volume sampler was used to collect suspended particulate matter of a diameter size less than 10 μm (PM10) and an air sampling pump, fitted with a cellulose ester membrane filter, were used for asbestos sampling. Dust was collected using a small brush and scope. The concentration of heavy metals was determined through the use of inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy and the fibers w...
Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic Metal-organic and Nano-metal Chemistry, 2012
Some triphenyltin and dibutyltin thiobiurets of the type Ph3SnL and Bu2SnL2 [where LH = 1,5 diphe... more Some triphenyltin and dibutyltin thiobiurets of the type Ph3SnL and Bu2SnL2 [where LH = 1,5 diphenyl-2-thiobiuret (PPTBH), 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-2-thiobiuret (EtOPPTBH) or 1-naphthyl-5-phenyl-2-thiobiuret (naph PTBH)], have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and various physico-chemical techniques. Molar conductance measurements show the non-ionic behavior of the complexes. FAB mass spectra exhibit their monomeric nature.H and CNMR spectra support the proposed stoichiometry of
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2014
In the title compound, C12H15FN2O2S, the molecule adopts acisconfiguration of the fluorobenzoyl g... more In the title compound, C12H15FN2O2S, the molecule adopts acisconfiguration of the fluorobenzoyl group with respect to the thiono group about their C—N bond. The dihedral angle between the fluorobenzoyl group and the thiourea N2CS fragment is 69.60 (11)°. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond occurs. In the crystal, molecules form chains along theb-axis directionviaO—H...S and C—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2012
m80 Kamaludin et al. [Sn(C 4 H 9) 2 (C 9 H 10 NS 2) 2 ] Acta Cryst. (2012). E68, m79-m80 suppleme... more m80 Kamaludin et al. [Sn(C 4 H 9) 2 (C 9 H 10 NS 2) 2 ] Acta Cryst. (2012). E68, m79-m80 supplementary materials supplementary materials sup-1
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2012
Acta Cryst. (2012). E68, m62-m63 Kamaludin et al. [Sn(C 6 H 5) 3 (C 9 H 10 NS 2)] m63 supplementa... more Acta Cryst. (2012). E68, m62-m63 Kamaludin et al. [Sn(C 6 H 5) 3 (C 9 H 10 NS 2)] m63 supplementary materials supplementary materials sup-1
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2009
Carbon disulfide (4 ml, 0.06 mol) was added to benzylisopropylamine (8 ml, 0.06 mol) in ethanol (... more Carbon disulfide (4 ml, 0.06 mol) was added to benzylisopropylamine (8 ml, 0.06 mol) in ethanol (50 ml) at 277 K. Dibutyltin dichloride (9.1 g, 0.03 mol) dissolved in ethanol (50 ml) was added. The white solid that precipitated was collected and recrystallized from an ethanol-chloroform mixture. Refinement Somewhat tight distances restraints (1,2-related carbon-carbon distances were restrained to 1.540±0.005 Å and 1,3-related ones to 2.510±0.010 Å) were imposed on all butyl chains. Two of the chains are disordered over two positions; for these, the temperature factors of the primed atoms were restrained to those of the unprimed ones; their anisotropic displacement parameters were restrained to be nearly isotropic. The occupancy was arbitrarily fixed as 50:50. Carbon-bound H-atoms were placed in calculated positions (C-H 0.95 to 0.99 Å) and were included in the refinement in the riding model approximation, with U(H) set to 1.2 to 1.5U(C). The final difference Fourier map had a large peak/deep hole in the vicinity of the Sn3 atom.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2011
m556 Kamaludin et al. [Sn(C 6 H 5) 3 (C 11 H 14 NS 2)] Acta Cryst. (2011). E67, m555-m556 supplem... more m556 Kamaludin et al. [Sn(C 6 H 5) 3 (C 11 H 14 NS 2)] Acta Cryst. (2011). E67, m555-m556 supplementary materials supplementary materials sup-1
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2003
ABSTRACT
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2003
ABSTRACT