Azadeh Bashari - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Azadeh Bashari

Advanced Functional Textiles and Polymers, 2019

Emerging Technologies for Textile Coloration, 2022

Emerging Technologies for Textile Coloration, 2022

Cotton fabrics have been prepared with smart properties by functional finishing with stimuli-resp... more Cotton fabrics have been prepared with smart properties by functional finishing with stimuli-responsive nano gel. A biopolymer (chitosan) and a synthetic polymer (poly-NiPAAm) have been used for the synthesis of nano gel through semi-batch surfactant-free dispersion polymerization (SB-SFDP) method. The incorporation of nano gel to textile fabrics is achieved by pad-dry-cure procedure, using an aqueous nano gel dispersion and 1,2,3,4-butantetracarboxylic acid as a crosslinking agent. With this cross linking method, it is possible to integrate the nano gel into the cotton fabric’s structure with good resistance to washing. The changes in physiological comfort parameters of cotton fabric such as the water vapor transmission rate, air permeability and vertical wicking as well properties such as the thickness, crease recovery angle, yellowness index and washing fastness of cotton fabric after smart finishing have also been assessed. The results show that the application of nano gel as a ...

The Impact and Prospects of Green Chemistry for Textile Technology

Smart hydrogels have the ability to respond to various kinds of stimulus such as physical stimuli... more Smart hydrogels have the ability to respond to various kinds of stimulus such as physical stimuli including temperature, electric fields, solvent composition, light, pressure, sound and magnetic fields, and chemical or biochemical stimuli including pH, ions, glucose, enzyme, antigen and DNA. Smart hydrogels are an interesting class of materials that can be prepared by variety methods. The molecular design of polymer architectures of smart hydrogels is particularly important to show the potentially powerful combination of thermodynamic and kinetic regulation of smart hydrogels. The objective of this series is to present the latest research results together with basic concepts from the viewpoints of their preparation methods and classification (Part I) and characterizations and applications (Part II). Future trends in this area of research are presented and issues regarding technology development and new applications are

Journal of Industrial Textiles

In the present study a double layer mucoadhesive buccal film containing nanocarriers encapsulated... more In the present study a double layer mucoadhesive buccal film containing nanocarriers encapsulated with neem extract was fabricated through electrospinning and solvent casting techniques for dental therapeutic applications. The morphological, physical and mucoadhesive properties of the resulting electrospun and solvent cast oral films were mutually compared, and their drug release behavior and antibacterial activity were further investigated. Chitosan/poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) as a mucoadhesive component and phenylalanine amino acid nanotubes (PhNTs)-containing neem extract as a drug nanocarrier were used to fabricate oral films. A poly(caprolactone) (PCL) layer was used as an impermeable backing layer to protect the mucoadhesive component from tongue movement and drug loss. The results indicated an interconnected porous and fully filled solid structures for electrospun and solvent cast films, respectively. The physicomechanical parameters of the samples such as pH, weight, thickness,...

Advances in Functional and Protective Textiles

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A

Mucoadhesive buccal patch is a promising dosage form for a successful oral drug delivery, which p... more Mucoadhesive buccal patch is a promising dosage form for a successful oral drug delivery, which provides unique advantages for various applications such as treatment of periodontal disease and postdental surgery disorders. The aim of this study is to synthesize a novel multifunctional mucoadhesive buccal patch in a multilayer reservoir design for therapeutic applications. The patches were fabricated through simultaneous electrospinning of chitosan/poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA)/ibuprofen and electrospraying of phenylalanine amino acid nanotubes (PhNTs) containing metronidazole into the electrospun mats through a layer-by-layer process. An electrospun poly(caprolactone) (PCL) was used as an impermeable backing layer to protect the mucoadhesive component from tongue movement and drug loss. Buccal patches were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and also evaluated in terms of physicomechanical parameters such as pH, weight, thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance, and mucoadhesive properties. The swelling index of the patches was examined with respect to the PVA/chitosan ratio. The effect of genipin addition to the electrospinning solution was also studied on mucoadhesive and swelling properties. The cell viability of buccal patches was assessed by methylthiazolydiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide test on L929 fibroblast cell line. The patch with an optimal amount of mucoadhesive polymers (PVA/chitosan 80:20) and crosslinking agent (0.05 g) indicated an ideal hemostatic activity along with antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The synthesized multifunctional mucoadhesive patch with a novel composition and design has a great potential for oral therapeutic applications.

Nanomaterials in the Wet Processing of Textiles

The Impact and Prospects of Green Chemistry for Textile Technology

Textile Research Journal

The goal of this paper was to study some chemical and physical effects of chitosan nano-hydrogels... more The goal of this paper was to study some chemical and physical effects of chitosan nano-hydrogels containing Rhus coriaria on cotton fabric. The finished fabrics showed antimicrobial effects against two pathogenic microorganisms, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the particle size, as well as the effect of encapsulating sumac extract in chitosan nano-hydrogel on some physical and visual characteristics of fabrics, are then confirmed by using various methods, including antimicrobial testing, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The encapsulation efficiency and release behavior of the samples are also studied. The as-prepared samples with higher sumac content have more ultraviolet (UV) absorbing activity (about 52%) than the un-treated sample, as well as excellent washing fastness and antimicrobial properties after five washing cycles. More specifically, these methods indicated negligible cha...

Fibers and Polymers

In this article, the synthesis of pectin nano hydrogel, it’s having high absorption ability and i... more In this article, the synthesis of pectin nano hydrogel, it’s having high absorption ability and its related applications in the treatment of colored wastewater have been investigated. Pectin has been extracted from orange peel as a good source of pectin and the degree of esterification (DE) of pectin as a main parameter on the gel formation were determined. Pectin nano hydrogel was synthesized using Calcium Chloride as a cross-linking agent. The nanometer size and dye adsorption ability of hydrogel particles from colored wastewater have been confirmed by the SEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy methods, respectively. At the next step, the dye adsorption ability of the treated polyester fabrics with pectin nano hydrogel was assessed and results indicated the high adsorption capacity of synthesized nano hydrogel. More specifically the spectrophotometry method indicated that treated polyester fabrics with chitosan and pectin nano hydrogel showed more dye absorption in compare to pectin and cationic surface agent treated fabrics.

Fibers and Polymers

Water repellent and antibacterial property of Carnauba wax nanoparticles (CWNs) and Zinc oxide (Z... more Water repellent and antibacterial property of Carnauba wax nanoparticles (CWNs) and Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles has been assessed on the Cotton, Cotton/nylon6 and Nylon6 fabrics using layer by layer (LBL) self-assembly method. Carnauba wax is synthesized into nanoparticle by solvent-free emulsion and melt-dispersion techniques. The prepared particles are cubical in shape, the particle size is less than 150 nm and ζ-potential of-16.6 mV is measured. Plasma treatment was used in order to functionalization of fabric's surface. ZnO was chosen as a positive charge component to create carnauba/ZnO bilayers on fabrics. The results clearly show that the plasma treatment improves the function ability of fabrics and make the suitable substrate to absorb CWNs/ZnO bilayers. The significant water-repellent property was obtained via depositing of four bilayers on fabrics. Antibacterial activities toward Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacterial strains were confirmed because of the presence of ZnO on fabrics.

Journal of Natural Fibers

ABSTRACT In this study, a novel silver solution was prepared by a simple green synthesis method u... more ABSTRACT In this study, a novel silver solution was prepared by a simple green synthesis method using AgNO3, neem and salep extracts at room temperature. The results of UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the formation of silver particles with a star-like morphology and sharp edges in the solution. In order to achieve an antibacterial cotton fabric, it was treated with the solution containing star-shaped silver particles by an impregnation method. Also, in order to change the surface charge of cotton fabric and more silver adsorption, a cationic surface modification was performed. Surface morphology and antibacterial properties of treated cotton fabric were characterized by SEM, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), and antibacterial test based on the AATCC100 method, respectively. SEM images showed the presence of silver particles on the surface of treated fabric samples and ICP-OES determined the amount of silver content on the fabrics. In addition, the bacterial inhibition experiments demonstrated that the treated cotton fabrics with the star-like Ag particles synthesized by neem and salep have significant antibacterial properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The utilized method was an easy, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly procedure for the preparation of antibacterial textiles with attractive feature in the medical and hygienic products.

The Journal of The Textile Institute

Abstract An attempt was made to deposit a natural based water repellent nano-coating as a green a... more Abstract An attempt was made to deposit a natural based water repellent nano-coating as a green alternative to C8 fluorochemicals compounds, onto different fabrics using a layer-by-layer self-assembly approach. The cubic nanoparticles with average size about 290 nm were synthesized from carnauba via the solvent-free emulsion and melt-dispersion. The negative charge of particles have been approved through zeta potential test (−16.6 mV). Chitosan as a positive charge component used for making bilayers. The contact angles against water for cotton, nylon and nylon/cotton samples were 130.9, 131.4 and 135.0 and 101.7, 102.4 and 124.9 degree after washing. This method have not negative effect on air permeability and fabric handle (The percentage of increase in bending length of treated cotton, nylon and nylon/cotton samples compared to untreated samples were 5.89, 9.52 and 8.76 %). The treated fabrics had antibacterial effect against E.coli and S.aureus bacteria because of the presence of chitosan.

European Polymer Journal

Abstract Buccal mucosa is considered as a convenient and easily accessible site for the drug admi... more Abstract Buccal mucosa is considered as a convenient and easily accessible site for the drug administration for both local and systemic delivery. Mucoadhesion is a process involving chemical interactions between mucin and polymers. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in buccal drug delivery has gained a great attention. Various mucoadhesive dosage forms, including tablets, patches, disks, wafers, ointments and gels have recently been developed. Amongst them, buccal patches offer greater flexibility and comfort than the other forms. Smart materials such as stimuli-responsive hydrogels, liposome-based patches, polymeric micelles, etc. play a vital role in the development of these drug delivery systems by their efficient carrier capacity, prolonging the residence time of the drug at the site of absorption, improved drug bioavailability, reduced dosing frequency and improved patience compliance. There are different designs and manufacturing methods such as electrospinning, electrospraying and 3D printing techniques which are considered as novel and efficient methods for preparation of buccal patches with some unique characteristics than traditional approaches such as solvent casting. In this review, an attempt has been made to discuss and introduce the most promising smart polymeric materials, new designs and manufacturing methods for the development of buccal mucoadhesive patches as a new controlled drug delivery system.

Polymers for Advanced Technologies

Fibers and Polymers

Nowadays, with improvements in technology, smart materials have gained much attention. The object... more Nowadays, with improvements in technology, smart materials have gained much attention. The objective of the present study is to prepare light-reduction/oxidation responsive alginate nano hydrogels and finishing cotton fabric by these smart hydrogels to produce smart textile. Alginate nano hydrogels were prepared by the reverse emulsification-diffusion method in a water in oil system by using alginate solution as a model polymer and water phase, normal hexane as an oil phase, span 80 as a lipophilic surfactant, Iron (ІІ)-chloride as a cross-linker and light-redox sensitive agent and sodium lactate as a reducing agent. Alginate nano hydrogels were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods and the synthesis of alginate nano hydrogels was confirmed. In the next step, cotton fabrics were finished by these smart hydrogels. Scanning electron microscopy and FTIR test confirmed the presence of alginate nano hydrogels on the fabric. Water retention capacity (WRC) and antibacterial properties were evaluated and the results exhibited the improvement of WRC and antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. These kinds of alginate nano hydrogels made the fabric responsive to light stimuli. In order to evaluate this responsivity, a drug model (folic acid) was loaded in the structure of nano hydrogels by sonification, the rate of release by radiation of ultraviolet light was studied by spectroscopy, and the results proved the light responsivity of these nano hydrogels.

Advanced Functional Textiles and Polymers, 2019

Emerging Technologies for Textile Coloration, 2022

Emerging Technologies for Textile Coloration, 2022

Cotton fabrics have been prepared with smart properties by functional finishing with stimuli-resp... more Cotton fabrics have been prepared with smart properties by functional finishing with stimuli-responsive nano gel. A biopolymer (chitosan) and a synthetic polymer (poly-NiPAAm) have been used for the synthesis of nano gel through semi-batch surfactant-free dispersion polymerization (SB-SFDP) method. The incorporation of nano gel to textile fabrics is achieved by pad-dry-cure procedure, using an aqueous nano gel dispersion and 1,2,3,4-butantetracarboxylic acid as a crosslinking agent. With this cross linking method, it is possible to integrate the nano gel into the cotton fabric’s structure with good resistance to washing. The changes in physiological comfort parameters of cotton fabric such as the water vapor transmission rate, air permeability and vertical wicking as well properties such as the thickness, crease recovery angle, yellowness index and washing fastness of cotton fabric after smart finishing have also been assessed. The results show that the application of nano gel as a ...

The Impact and Prospects of Green Chemistry for Textile Technology

Smart hydrogels have the ability to respond to various kinds of stimulus such as physical stimuli... more Smart hydrogels have the ability to respond to various kinds of stimulus such as physical stimuli including temperature, electric fields, solvent composition, light, pressure, sound and magnetic fields, and chemical or biochemical stimuli including pH, ions, glucose, enzyme, antigen and DNA. Smart hydrogels are an interesting class of materials that can be prepared by variety methods. The molecular design of polymer architectures of smart hydrogels is particularly important to show the potentially powerful combination of thermodynamic and kinetic regulation of smart hydrogels. The objective of this series is to present the latest research results together with basic concepts from the viewpoints of their preparation methods and classification (Part I) and characterizations and applications (Part II). Future trends in this area of research are presented and issues regarding technology development and new applications are

Journal of Industrial Textiles

In the present study a double layer mucoadhesive buccal film containing nanocarriers encapsulated... more In the present study a double layer mucoadhesive buccal film containing nanocarriers encapsulated with neem extract was fabricated through electrospinning and solvent casting techniques for dental therapeutic applications. The morphological, physical and mucoadhesive properties of the resulting electrospun and solvent cast oral films were mutually compared, and their drug release behavior and antibacterial activity were further investigated. Chitosan/poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) as a mucoadhesive component and phenylalanine amino acid nanotubes (PhNTs)-containing neem extract as a drug nanocarrier were used to fabricate oral films. A poly(caprolactone) (PCL) layer was used as an impermeable backing layer to protect the mucoadhesive component from tongue movement and drug loss. The results indicated an interconnected porous and fully filled solid structures for electrospun and solvent cast films, respectively. The physicomechanical parameters of the samples such as pH, weight, thickness,...

Advances in Functional and Protective Textiles

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A

Mucoadhesive buccal patch is a promising dosage form for a successful oral drug delivery, which p... more Mucoadhesive buccal patch is a promising dosage form for a successful oral drug delivery, which provides unique advantages for various applications such as treatment of periodontal disease and postdental surgery disorders. The aim of this study is to synthesize a novel multifunctional mucoadhesive buccal patch in a multilayer reservoir design for therapeutic applications. The patches were fabricated through simultaneous electrospinning of chitosan/poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA)/ibuprofen and electrospraying of phenylalanine amino acid nanotubes (PhNTs) containing metronidazole into the electrospun mats through a layer-by-layer process. An electrospun poly(caprolactone) (PCL) was used as an impermeable backing layer to protect the mucoadhesive component from tongue movement and drug loss. Buccal patches were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and also evaluated in terms of physicomechanical parameters such as pH, weight, thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance, and mucoadhesive properties. The swelling index of the patches was examined with respect to the PVA/chitosan ratio. The effect of genipin addition to the electrospinning solution was also studied on mucoadhesive and swelling properties. The cell viability of buccal patches was assessed by methylthiazolydiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide test on L929 fibroblast cell line. The patch with an optimal amount of mucoadhesive polymers (PVA/chitosan 80:20) and crosslinking agent (0.05 g) indicated an ideal hemostatic activity along with antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The synthesized multifunctional mucoadhesive patch with a novel composition and design has a great potential for oral therapeutic applications.

Nanomaterials in the Wet Processing of Textiles

The Impact and Prospects of Green Chemistry for Textile Technology

Textile Research Journal

The goal of this paper was to study some chemical and physical effects of chitosan nano-hydrogels... more The goal of this paper was to study some chemical and physical effects of chitosan nano-hydrogels containing Rhus coriaria on cotton fabric. The finished fabrics showed antimicrobial effects against two pathogenic microorganisms, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the particle size, as well as the effect of encapsulating sumac extract in chitosan nano-hydrogel on some physical and visual characteristics of fabrics, are then confirmed by using various methods, including antimicrobial testing, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The encapsulation efficiency and release behavior of the samples are also studied. The as-prepared samples with higher sumac content have more ultraviolet (UV) absorbing activity (about 52%) than the un-treated sample, as well as excellent washing fastness and antimicrobial properties after five washing cycles. More specifically, these methods indicated negligible cha...

Fibers and Polymers

In this article, the synthesis of pectin nano hydrogel, it’s having high absorption ability and i... more In this article, the synthesis of pectin nano hydrogel, it’s having high absorption ability and its related applications in the treatment of colored wastewater have been investigated. Pectin has been extracted from orange peel as a good source of pectin and the degree of esterification (DE) of pectin as a main parameter on the gel formation were determined. Pectin nano hydrogel was synthesized using Calcium Chloride as a cross-linking agent. The nanometer size and dye adsorption ability of hydrogel particles from colored wastewater have been confirmed by the SEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy methods, respectively. At the next step, the dye adsorption ability of the treated polyester fabrics with pectin nano hydrogel was assessed and results indicated the high adsorption capacity of synthesized nano hydrogel. More specifically the spectrophotometry method indicated that treated polyester fabrics with chitosan and pectin nano hydrogel showed more dye absorption in compare to pectin and cationic surface agent treated fabrics.

Fibers and Polymers

Water repellent and antibacterial property of Carnauba wax nanoparticles (CWNs) and Zinc oxide (Z... more Water repellent and antibacterial property of Carnauba wax nanoparticles (CWNs) and Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles has been assessed on the Cotton, Cotton/nylon6 and Nylon6 fabrics using layer by layer (LBL) self-assembly method. Carnauba wax is synthesized into nanoparticle by solvent-free emulsion and melt-dispersion techniques. The prepared particles are cubical in shape, the particle size is less than 150 nm and ζ-potential of-16.6 mV is measured. Plasma treatment was used in order to functionalization of fabric's surface. ZnO was chosen as a positive charge component to create carnauba/ZnO bilayers on fabrics. The results clearly show that the plasma treatment improves the function ability of fabrics and make the suitable substrate to absorb CWNs/ZnO bilayers. The significant water-repellent property was obtained via depositing of four bilayers on fabrics. Antibacterial activities toward Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacterial strains were confirmed because of the presence of ZnO on fabrics.

Journal of Natural Fibers

ABSTRACT In this study, a novel silver solution was prepared by a simple green synthesis method u... more ABSTRACT In this study, a novel silver solution was prepared by a simple green synthesis method using AgNO3, neem and salep extracts at room temperature. The results of UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the formation of silver particles with a star-like morphology and sharp edges in the solution. In order to achieve an antibacterial cotton fabric, it was treated with the solution containing star-shaped silver particles by an impregnation method. Also, in order to change the surface charge of cotton fabric and more silver adsorption, a cationic surface modification was performed. Surface morphology and antibacterial properties of treated cotton fabric were characterized by SEM, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), and antibacterial test based on the AATCC100 method, respectively. SEM images showed the presence of silver particles on the surface of treated fabric samples and ICP-OES determined the amount of silver content on the fabrics. In addition, the bacterial inhibition experiments demonstrated that the treated cotton fabrics with the star-like Ag particles synthesized by neem and salep have significant antibacterial properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The utilized method was an easy, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly procedure for the preparation of antibacterial textiles with attractive feature in the medical and hygienic products.

The Journal of The Textile Institute

Abstract An attempt was made to deposit a natural based water repellent nano-coating as a green a... more Abstract An attempt was made to deposit a natural based water repellent nano-coating as a green alternative to C8 fluorochemicals compounds, onto different fabrics using a layer-by-layer self-assembly approach. The cubic nanoparticles with average size about 290 nm were synthesized from carnauba via the solvent-free emulsion and melt-dispersion. The negative charge of particles have been approved through zeta potential test (−16.6 mV). Chitosan as a positive charge component used for making bilayers. The contact angles against water for cotton, nylon and nylon/cotton samples were 130.9, 131.4 and 135.0 and 101.7, 102.4 and 124.9 degree after washing. This method have not negative effect on air permeability and fabric handle (The percentage of increase in bending length of treated cotton, nylon and nylon/cotton samples compared to untreated samples were 5.89, 9.52 and 8.76 %). The treated fabrics had antibacterial effect against E.coli and S.aureus bacteria because of the presence of chitosan.

European Polymer Journal

Abstract Buccal mucosa is considered as a convenient and easily accessible site for the drug admi... more Abstract Buccal mucosa is considered as a convenient and easily accessible site for the drug administration for both local and systemic delivery. Mucoadhesion is a process involving chemical interactions between mucin and polymers. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in buccal drug delivery has gained a great attention. Various mucoadhesive dosage forms, including tablets, patches, disks, wafers, ointments and gels have recently been developed. Amongst them, buccal patches offer greater flexibility and comfort than the other forms. Smart materials such as stimuli-responsive hydrogels, liposome-based patches, polymeric micelles, etc. play a vital role in the development of these drug delivery systems by their efficient carrier capacity, prolonging the residence time of the drug at the site of absorption, improved drug bioavailability, reduced dosing frequency and improved patience compliance. There are different designs and manufacturing methods such as electrospinning, electrospraying and 3D printing techniques which are considered as novel and efficient methods for preparation of buccal patches with some unique characteristics than traditional approaches such as solvent casting. In this review, an attempt has been made to discuss and introduce the most promising smart polymeric materials, new designs and manufacturing methods for the development of buccal mucoadhesive patches as a new controlled drug delivery system.

Polymers for Advanced Technologies

Fibers and Polymers

Nowadays, with improvements in technology, smart materials have gained much attention. The object... more Nowadays, with improvements in technology, smart materials have gained much attention. The objective of the present study is to prepare light-reduction/oxidation responsive alginate nano hydrogels and finishing cotton fabric by these smart hydrogels to produce smart textile. Alginate nano hydrogels were prepared by the reverse emulsification-diffusion method in a water in oil system by using alginate solution as a model polymer and water phase, normal hexane as an oil phase, span 80 as a lipophilic surfactant, Iron (ІІ)-chloride as a cross-linker and light-redox sensitive agent and sodium lactate as a reducing agent. Alginate nano hydrogels were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods and the synthesis of alginate nano hydrogels was confirmed. In the next step, cotton fabrics were finished by these smart hydrogels. Scanning electron microscopy and FTIR test confirmed the presence of alginate nano hydrogels on the fabric. Water retention capacity (WRC) and antibacterial properties were evaluated and the results exhibited the improvement of WRC and antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. These kinds of alginate nano hydrogels made the fabric responsive to light stimuli. In order to evaluate this responsivity, a drug model (folic acid) was loaded in the structure of nano hydrogels by sonification, the rate of release by radiation of ultraviolet light was studied by spectroscopy, and the results proved the light responsivity of these nano hydrogels.