Beata Gruszczyńska - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Beata Gruszczyńska

Archives of Criminology, Aug 1, 1994

Springer eBooks, Oct 21, 2009

ABSTRACT The contributions in this book provide a first glimpse into the rich data from our colla... more ABSTRACT The contributions in this book provide a first glimpse into the rich data from our collaborative international study of self-reported delinquency and victimisation. Each chapter stands on its own and tells its own story, albeit with a common core content: Tables of life-time and last year prevalences of offending. It is tempting to compare the prevalences reported in the chapters of the present volume to see in which countries juveniles are more delinquent. Generally speaking, this is only admissible under two conditions: First, delinquency has to be measured not only validly and reliably, but also in a similar way. Research on survey methodology and the social psychology of questionnaire design has shown that the context and wording of questions and answer formats may have strong effects on the answers elicited (Sudman et al., 1996; Schwarz, 1999). We believe that in this respect ISRD-2 has been successful: With only a few exceptions1, all the participants used the same questionnaire items (translated into 24 languages) in an identical sequence and with identical answer formats. This is a clear progress compared to ISRD-1 where the lack of comparability concerning prevalence and incidence measures of delinquency were identified as the major problem precluding a direct comparison of prevalence rates (Junger-Tas et al., 2003, p. 147). Second, the samples have to be representative for the population of juveniles in the respective countries. It should be kept in mind, that most participants of ISRD-2 used city based samples of seventh to ninth grade students (about 12/13 to 14/15 years of age), whereas some countries used national samples (nearly always oversampling at least one large city, see the introductory chapter). Thus, comparisons should only be made with respect to large city prevalence rates. One has to admit, however, that response rates differ, that not always could true random samples of classes be achieved,2 and that not all results presented in the previous chapters are based on seventh to ninth grade students.3

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Apr 25, 2003

Laws, Feb 9, 2023

This paper presents an attempt at establishing an association between crime levels and prison pop... more This paper presents an attempt at establishing an association between crime levels and prison populations across European countries. We observe that the situation in Central and Eastern European countries differs distinctly from the rest of Europe. Building on this, we offer justification that is methodologically based on correlations and regressions of country incarceration rates on crime rates, with reference to governance indicators. Our cross-sectional analysis uses data on crime and prisoner rates by offence from Eurostat and SPACE for the year 2018. The paper's empirical analysis is preceded by a discussion of the challenges faced when attempting to compare crime between countries in Europe. A review of research focused on relationships between incarceration and crime follows, with the emphasis on the deterrence effect and the prison paradox. Typically, this stream of research uses microdata covering a single country or limited to a smaller geographic area. International comparisons are rare, and are usually based on time series and trend analyses. The quantitative approach applied here is based on recognizing two clusters of countries: the Central and Eastern European (CEE) cluster and the Western European (WE) cluster. We show that the observation of higher prisoner rates and lower crime rates for CEE countries is confirmed with regression analysis. Our study encompasses four types of offences: assault, rape, robbery, and theft. The final section of the paper presents an attempt to incorporate Worldwide Governance Indicators into the analysis of the association between incarceration and crime rates. The results confirm that crime rates in WE countries are distinctly higher than in CEE countries, while incarceration rates in WE are significantly lower than in CEE countries. We think this is due to a higher percentage of crimes being reported and the greater accuracy of police statistics in WE countries. The prison population in each country is largely determined by its criminal and penal policies, which differ substantially between CEE and WE countries (e.g., in terms of frequency of imposing prison sentences and the length of imprisonment). These tendencies result in higher incarceration rates in CEE countries, despite lower crime rates when compared to WE countries.

Livre: The many faces of youth crime: contrasting theoretical perspectives on juvenile delinquenc... more Livre: The many faces of youth crime: contrasting theoretical perspectives on juvenile delinquency across countries and cultures (hardback) JUNGER-TAS Josine, MARSHALL Ineke Haen, ENZMANN Dirk, KILLIAS Martin, STEKETEE Majon. logo Librairie Lavoisier. ...

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Feb 7, 2023

Archiwum Kryminologii, 2000

Z dniem 1 września 1998 wszedł w życie Kodeks karny uchwalony w 1997 r. 1 . Od początku nowa kody... more Z dniem 1 września 1998 wszedł w życie Kodeks karny uchwalony w 1997 r. 1 . Od początku nowa kodyfikacja karna powodowała wiele zastrzeżeń i kontrowersji. Jednym z głównych zarzutów pod adresem nowego Kodeksu było nadmierne złagodzenie sankcji karnych przy utrzymującym się wzroście przestępczości. Liberalizacja miała polegać między innymi na: (a) zniesieniu kary śmierci (b) obniżeniu w nadmiernej liczbie typów przestępstw dolnych i górnych progów sankcji. Aby odpowiedzieć na pytanie czy wejście w życie nowego Kodeksu karnego spowodowało zmiany w praktyce orzeczniczej sądów karnych należy odwołać się do danych statystycznych obrazujących wyrokowanie sądów zarówno pod rządami starego jak i nowego Kodeksu karnego. Oczywiście najlepiej korzystać w tym celu z informacji o osądzeniach prawomocnych. Niestety dostępne są tylko dane odnośnie 1997 r., co uniemożliwia dokonanie analizy porównawczej. W tej sytuacji byliśmy zmuszeni odwoływać się do danych dotyczących osądzeń nieprawomocnych. Problem oceny stopnia surowości sankcji karnych orzekanych pod rządami starego i nowego Kodeksu był już przedmiotem badań empirycznych podjętych w Instytucie Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości 2 Poddano w nich analizie nieprawomocne orzeczenia zapadłe w I kwartale 1997 i 1999 r. w dwunastu wybranych sądach powszechnych (6 okręgowych i 6 rejonowych) w odniesieniu do 13 typów przestępstw. 1 Ustawa z dnia 6 czerwca 1997 r. (Dz.U. 1997 r., Nr 88. Poz. 553). 2 B. G r u s z c z y ń s k a, M. M a r c z e w s k i: Kary orzekane pod rządami starego i nowego Kodeksu karnego (raport z badań), referat przygotowany na konferencję w Popowie (październik 1999 r.) pt. "Kodyfikacje karne po roku"

The Many Faces of Youth Crime, 2011

ABSTRACT The school is an important social context for young people’s socialization as they spend... more ABSTRACT The school is an important social context for young people’s socialization as they spend a considerable amount of time there. At school, they make friends and are supervised by their teachers. However, the role of the school in the lives of children is often underestimated. When compulsory education was introduced in most countries in the nineteenth century, the school taught – in addition to reading, writing and arithmetic- cultural norms and values, such as industriousness, hard work and how to behave according to the social norm. Teachers used to reward orderliness, diligence, self-control and respect for others, while they would punish children when they were careless or wouldn’t pay attention. Virtues such as the love for God and one’s country, a child’s duties towards his parents, thrift and honesty found their roots in Christian morality and traditional conceptions of good citizenship.

Archives of Criminology, Mar 3, 2000

Archives of Criminology, Jan 4, 1998

Abstract: Violence against women, especially in the context of family violence, casts a question ... more Abstract: Violence against women, especially in the context of family violence, casts a question whether it is a social or perhaps a family, private problem. The Police's reaction to reported acts is currently a fundamental problem. Disregarded reports may cause further ...

Zakład Kryminologii Instytutu Nauk Prawnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2009

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2006

Violence against women, especially in the context of family violence, casts a question whether it... more Violence against women, especially in the context of family violence, casts a question whether it is a social or perhaps a family, private problem. The Police's reaction to reported acts is currently a fundamental problem. Disregarded reports may cause further humiliating living under violence for woman, while a man becomes strengthened in his heartless and commanding role. In addition,, a conviction appears in victims that the police is ineffective, unreliable; hence it is better to keep the affair 'within the four walls at home'. What i sit like in Poland? Do women often report the violence practiced by their partners? Are they satisfied with the Police reaction? The results gained in IVAWS survey in Poland make the content of this paper.

Archiwum Kryminologii, 2008

European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 2018

This study explores the trends in police-recorded crimes in Europe and in individual countries. T... more This study explores the trends in police-recorded crimes in Europe and in individual countries. The offender characteristics such as gender and age of perpetrators are also considered. In addition, the analysis discusses factors behind the changes in the crime trends. Data were collected for the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics by means of an electronic questionnaire, with the help of national correspondents. The dataset comprises metadata and crime rates (crimes/100,000 population) for 21 offense types. This article focuses on the results from the years 2000-2011. The overview of European crime trends is based on an analysis of the average annual change in homicide, assault, rape, burglary, car theft, robbery, and drug offenses. The trends in different crime categories vary: homicide has decreased in all European countries, and the decrease has been more rapid in those countries with a high homicide rate. However, the development of all violent crime seems contradictory, because assault and rape rates have increased in many countries. Property crimes, such as robbery, burglary and car theft, have decreased, but drug crimes show an increase. Overall, the findings suggest that property is currently better secured now than at the beginning of the century, but the situation in respect of violent crimes (excluding homicide) and drug crimes has not improved. In the future, efforts should be made to collect Europe-wide victimization survey data to supplement and deepen the understanding of the development of crime. In spite of the limitations, for the moment police trends are especially important, because up-to-date European victimization survey figures are not available.

Research on gender-based violence (GBV) is an important tool for assessing the scale of crime, es... more Research on gender-based violence (GBV) is an important tool for assessing the scale of crime, especially the phenomenon of violence. International studies to date have focused primarily on violence against women. The first of these, IVAWS (International Violence Against Women Survey), was intended as a challenge to scientists, law enforcement agencies and NGOs. Another European study on violence against women was conducted by the FRA (Fundamental Right Agency). Eurostat is currently planning a new GBV study, which is more comprehensive because violence against women and men will be considered. This study faces new methodological challenges. The GBV project covers various forms of violence, from domestic violence to violence at work, online, mobbing, etc. The first stage is the so-called pre-test, and the pilot was implemented in several EU countries, including Poland. Basic research is planned for 2022 in all European Union countries. The basic GBV research tool is a questionnaire ...

The Second International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2) was a large international collabo... more The Second International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2) was a large international collaborative study of delinquency and victimization of 12 to 15 year-old students in seventh, eighth, and ninth grade classrooms. The study was a school-based study that drew on random samples from either city level or national level. In general, the cross-national description of the prevalence and incidence of delinquent behavior allowed for the assessment of national crime rates by comparison with the crime rates of other countries. The study was conducted in 31 mostly European countries, the United States, Caribbean and South American countries. The primary research questions explored included: Is juvenile delinquency normal, ubiquitous, and transitional?; Is there a pattern of similarity in the offending behavior of juveniles across countries or are there any important differences? Descriptive comparisons of crime rates will call for explanations, especially if differences are observed.; W...

The phenomenon of stalking had not been studied extensively and the real scale, its forms, and co... more The phenomenon of stalking had not been studied extensively and the real scale, its forms, and consequences had remained unknown. For this reason, in December 2009, the Minister of Justice requested the Institute of Justice to conduct a research concerning stalking. It was performed by TNS OBOP in December last year on a representative, random sample of households. Over 10 thousand respondents were questioned in computer assisted telephone interviews. This is ten times more than in typical public opinion polls which undoubtedly increases credibility of the results. Every tenth respondent (9,9%) appeared to have experience stalking. This is more than expected. It these results were to be extrapolated on the whole Polish population over 18 (and there are significant ground for such extrapolation as the sample was representative), it could be estimated that as much as 3 million of adult Poles have experienced stalking. In almost half of the cases, stalking happened repeatedly and 80% o...

Göttinger Studien zu den Kriminalwissenschaften, 2010

The study and this publication would also not have been possible without the work and assistance ... more The study and this publication would also not have been possible without the work and assistance by many researchers, statisticians and officials across Europe. The authors and editors are grateful for their invaluable contribution to this project. Especially, we owe gratitude to our national correspondents, to the project steering group members and the observers taking part in our meetings, the conference and our discussions. The questionnaire developed by the European Sourcebook group has been discussed with and answered by the following national correspondents: