B. Kondraivendhan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by B. Kondraivendhan

Materials Today: Proceedings

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions

Lecture notes in civil engineering, 2022

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 2020

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 2022

This study examines the influence of varying molar concentrations of carbonated water solutions o... more This study examines the influence of varying molar concentrations of carbonated water solutions on accelerated carbonation of normal concrete containing conventional fine aggregates (NAC) and concrete containing natural zeolite powder along with natural zeolite fine aggregates (ZAC). This attempt is made to address the CO2 emission problem from concrete production and enhance the sequestration of CO2 within the concrete matrix. In the presented research work, 0.5M and 0.75M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solutions were used as accelerating medium to enhance the process of carbonation in concrete specimens designed with 0.60 and 0.65 water-to-binder (w/b) ratios. The compressive strength test, carbonation depth measurement, pH measurement along with X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were performed, and the results for both ZAC and NAC were compared to assess the extent of carbonation. With increment in molar concentration of carbonated water, the ZAC specimens exhibited higher compressive strength, greater carbonation depth, reduced pH values, and enhanced calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation. A higher w/b ratio enhanced the carbonation process due to deeper penetration of carbonated water during exposure. Based on the laboratory evaluations, the performance of ZAC was found to be superior than NAC with reference to the enhanced carbonation process and CO2 sequestration.

Precast industries constantly look for better alternative solutions to reduce the secondary reinf... more Precast industries constantly look for better alternative solutions to reduce the secondary reinforcement to speed up the production process. Addition of fibers in concrete helps in reducing the use of secondary reinforcement. Presence of fiber reinforcement has proven to enhance the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of the concrete under flexure and shear. Shear behavior of concrete members mainly depends on the compressive strength of concrete, shear span to depth ratio (a/d), amount of stirrups, aggregate interlock and dowel action of longitudinal reinforcement. The present study focuses on the shear behavior of steel fiber reinforced PSC beams with different volume fractions i.e., 0.50% and 1.00%. Fiber reinforced prestressed concrete (FRPC) beams were cast using long line method and tested with a shear span to depth ratio of 2.4 to simulate shear dominant behavior. Strain gauges were attached to the strands at loading point and at the center of shear span (a/2) to measu...

Materials Characterization, 2016

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017

ACI Materials Journal, 2010

In this paper, the effect of age and water-cement ratio (w/c) on size and dispersion of pores for... more In this paper, the effect of age and water-cement ratio (w/c) on size and dispersion of pores for ordinary portland cement (OPC) paste was determined through mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The cement paste specimens were prepared from two different grades of OPC with a w/c of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6, and were tested at different curing ages from 1 day to 150 days. The relationships involving w/c and age with a mean distribution radius (r0.5) and coefficient d representing the dispersion of pore sizes are presented for both types of OPC pastes. Utility of the aforementioned relationship is demonstrated by relating the compressive strength of cement paste and the mean distribution radius estimated from mixture factors. The estimated pore size distribution (PSD) parameters are compared with the experimentally determined PSD parameters, and the observed variation between them is also discussed.

Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina

The mechanical, microstructural and statical interpretation of the Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC... more The mechanical, microstructural and statical interpretation of the Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC), prepared using fly ash with crushed granulated corex slag as the binder ingredient, are examined in this work. Here, cast in-situ alkali-activated concrete strengths and substitute slag concentrations of 0-50 % by fly-ash weight were undertaken to determine a workable manufacturing process and were all considered for up to 28 days. Moreover, in microstructural research, C-AS -H gel is produced by adding Ground Granulated Corex Slag (GGCS) to the binder-generated structural changes in the in-situ alkali-activated concrete. As a result, this research obtained perfect mixture fractions by synthesizing 25 % GGCS with 0.4 % of the liquid-to-binder ratio, in addition, a unified desirability of 80 % was attained.

Australian Journal of Civil Engineering

Improving the durability of concrete to sustain a longer life span and producing a greener concre... more Improving the durability of concrete to sustain a longer life span and producing a greener concrete are becoming important criteria in obtaining quality concrete. Incorporating Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) as a mineral admixture improves the workability and pump-ability of fresh concrete. Blended cement concrete have reduced pore connections; thus, reducing the permeability and improving the resistance of the concrete against chloride penetration. With the use of GGBS, the amount of greenhouse gas produced in making the concrete and the energy required to produce the concrete are greatly reduced. Ultra Fine GGBS (UFGGBS) with an average particle size less than 10 μm and a Blaine surface area greater than 600 m/kg can greatly improve the properties of the concrete in terms of dispersion and chemical reactivity effects. Compared to GGBS, the UFGGBS increases the rate of hydration and pozzolanic reactions and has a better filling effect. In this work, the early mechanica...

Reinforced concrete structures in marine environment undergo deterioration mainly due to corrosio... more Reinforced concrete structures in marine environment undergo deterioration mainly due to corrosion of reinforcement. structural deterioration leads to degradation of an element to an unacceptable serviceability limit, is the service life of element. Service life therefore relates to repair cycle of the element. Defining service life is somewhat ambiguous and confusion persists, as unlike living beings, clear cut demarcation event of death, that separates itself from the life, does not exist for structures. Service life of RC structures depends on number of factors starting from the material selection to construction techniques such as exposure environment, concrete material and quality.

Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems

The present paper reports the effect of chloride, sulphate and the combined chloride-sulphate sol... more The present paper reports the effect of chloride, sulphate and the combined chloride-sulphate solutions on the corrosion behaviour of rebar embedded in concretes made with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Metakaolin (MK). The corrosion test data collected on the reinforced slab specimens made with mix water contaminated with 5% sodium chloride, 2% magnesium sulphate and the combination of both salts. The corrosion performance was monitored for every 30 days throughout 180 days, in terms of corrosion rate values. The analysis of the obtained data was carried out as per the specifications given by ASTM G16-13. The analysis of the corrosion data includes the descriptive statistics of the Normal, Weibull lognormal, and Smallest Extreme Value probability distribution functions and the test of fit significance by the Anderson-Darling (AD) goodness of fit statistics. In addition, the analysis of variance was also carried out to determine the influence of each factor on the corrosion data. This detailed analysis of the test data is useful to carry out the further investigation on corrosivity of reinforcement bar exposed to aggressive environments or marine environment. The statistical analysis from the present dataset is helpful for further research on the MK and the effect of concomitant presence of chlorides and sulphates on the corrosivity of rebar embedded in concrete. In addition to this Analysis of Variance is also carried out on the obtained corrosion data to assess the effect of cementitious material type and salt type on corrosion data.

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2018

The present study shows the prediction of load-deflection behaviour of monoblock pre-stressed con... more The present study shows the prediction of load-deflection behaviour of monoblock pre-stressed concrete railway sleeper under static bending test using ABAQUS. The result obtained from the numerical studies is compared with experimental results and Research Designs and Standards Organization (RDSO) provisions. Numerical studies in ABAQUS are carried out in two stages: (1) pre-stressing and (2) static bending test. During simulation, concrete is modelled as three-dimensional (3D) stress element with damage plasticity model and strand is modelled as 3D truss elements with plasticity model. The results of each model are stored and transferred to subsequent models by restart request feature in ABAQUS. Both the numerical and experimental results are in good agreement and well within the provisions of RDSO.

In this paper, the utilization of waste marble powder for the production of limestone calcined cl... more In this paper, the utilization of waste marble powder for the production of limestone calcined clay cement is investigated. Limestone calcined clay cement is an advanced ternary blended cement made by using the combination of low grade calcined clay, limestone and gypsum. It can be replaced by 50% of clinker which is beneficial for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission at the time of production of cement. In the existing paper, the physical and chemical characteristics, chemical analyses carried out by X-ray fluorescence, lime reactivity test for pozzolanic behaviours, mechanical properties of LC3 using marble powder, i.e. compressive strength and spilt tensile strength are checked and compared to the Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC).

This paper investigates the impact of partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with ... more This paper investigates the impact of partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with Metakaolin (MK) and Red Mud (RM) on reinforcement corrosion in presence of both chloride and sulfate ions. To achieve this objective, 36 slab specimens of size 300 × 300 × 52 mm were cast. First set of slabs had been cast with water to binder ratio 0.48, with the replacement of OPC by 5% of RM and 10% of MK one after the other. Similarly, the second set of slabs cast with water to binder ratio 0.51. Each set was admixed with 5% NaCl, 2% MgSO4, 5% NaCl + 2% MgSO4 by using weight of water. The corrosion behavior of reinforcing bars was monitored through half-cell potentials based on ASTM C876. To make sure the compressive strength of slabs, concrete cubes were tested. The numerous results, which indicate the effects of MK, RM, w/b ratios and concomitant presence of chloride and sulfate ions on reinforcement corrosion have been provided and compared the same. At higher w/b ratios (0.51), it...

Materials Today: Proceedings

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Reinforcement corrosion is of obvious importance in reinforced structures in harsh environments. ... more Reinforcement corrosion is of obvious importance in reinforced structures in harsh environments. The presence of sulfates may influence the chloride-induced corrosion of rebar in concrete. In this paper, the results of an experimental investigation are presented wherein the influence of chloride and chloride plus sulfate ions on the corrosivity of rebar embedded in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and OPC blended with metakaolin (MK) concretes has been investigated. In this investigation, concrete mixtures have been prepared with four replacement levels of OPC (0, 5, 10, and 15%) with MK and water to cementitious material ratio 0.5. Reinforced concrete specimens were exposed to pure chloride solution. Further, to investigate the influence of sulfate concentration on chloride-induced corrosion, the samples were exposed to the composite solution of chloride and sulfate ions of various concentrations. The corrosion performance of rebar has been monitored by the half-cell potential values. Besides, an impressed voltage technique for accelerated corrosion test has also adopted to investigate the optimum replacement level of cement with MK as a short-term technique. Results of accelerated corrosion test indicated that beyond 10% MK, the concrete was found to be less corrosion resistant. From potential measurements, it was observed that the presence of magnesium sulfate with chlorides influences the time to initiation of corrosion in both plain and MK blended concretes.

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions

This paper examines the corrosion of rebar embedded in concrete when cement is partially replaced... more This paper examines the corrosion of rebar embedded in concrete when cement is partially replaced with toxic bauxite residues, known as red mud (RM). The concrete mixtures were made with 100% ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and OPC replaced with 5% of RM (95% OPC + 5% RM). In order to evaluate the rebar corrosion in aforesaid concrete mixes, 5% calcium chloride was admixed while preparing the concrete. The corrosion performance of rebar in OPC concrete and concrete blended with RM was monitored by corrosion potential and linear polarization resistance. In addition, the performance of concrete blended with RM is evaluated through IR (Ohmic drop) compensated electrical resistivity. After 420 days of corrosion monitoring, concrete samples were broken, and visual observations were made on the rebar. X-ray powder diffraction analysis is also carried out on concrete powder samples collected from the steel–concrete interface. The experimental results have shown that the RM blended concrete performed better to resist the corrosion of rebar as compared to OPC concrete across the testing period of 420 days in the case of concrete made of w/cm 0.48. However, the overall corrosion current density increased in RM blended concrete as compared to normal concrete for the w/cm 0.51.

Materials Today: Proceedings

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions

Lecture notes in civil engineering, 2022

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 2020

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 2022

This study examines the influence of varying molar concentrations of carbonated water solutions o... more This study examines the influence of varying molar concentrations of carbonated water solutions on accelerated carbonation of normal concrete containing conventional fine aggregates (NAC) and concrete containing natural zeolite powder along with natural zeolite fine aggregates (ZAC). This attempt is made to address the CO2 emission problem from concrete production and enhance the sequestration of CO2 within the concrete matrix. In the presented research work, 0.5M and 0.75M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solutions were used as accelerating medium to enhance the process of carbonation in concrete specimens designed with 0.60 and 0.65 water-to-binder (w/b) ratios. The compressive strength test, carbonation depth measurement, pH measurement along with X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were performed, and the results for both ZAC and NAC were compared to assess the extent of carbonation. With increment in molar concentration of carbonated water, the ZAC specimens exhibited higher compressive strength, greater carbonation depth, reduced pH values, and enhanced calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation. A higher w/b ratio enhanced the carbonation process due to deeper penetration of carbonated water during exposure. Based on the laboratory evaluations, the performance of ZAC was found to be superior than NAC with reference to the enhanced carbonation process and CO2 sequestration.

Precast industries constantly look for better alternative solutions to reduce the secondary reinf... more Precast industries constantly look for better alternative solutions to reduce the secondary reinforcement to speed up the production process. Addition of fibers in concrete helps in reducing the use of secondary reinforcement. Presence of fiber reinforcement has proven to enhance the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of the concrete under flexure and shear. Shear behavior of concrete members mainly depends on the compressive strength of concrete, shear span to depth ratio (a/d), amount of stirrups, aggregate interlock and dowel action of longitudinal reinforcement. The present study focuses on the shear behavior of steel fiber reinforced PSC beams with different volume fractions i.e., 0.50% and 1.00%. Fiber reinforced prestressed concrete (FRPC) beams were cast using long line method and tested with a shear span to depth ratio of 2.4 to simulate shear dominant behavior. Strain gauges were attached to the strands at loading point and at the center of shear span (a/2) to measu...

Materials Characterization, 2016

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017

ACI Materials Journal, 2010

In this paper, the effect of age and water-cement ratio (w/c) on size and dispersion of pores for... more In this paper, the effect of age and water-cement ratio (w/c) on size and dispersion of pores for ordinary portland cement (OPC) paste was determined through mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The cement paste specimens were prepared from two different grades of OPC with a w/c of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6, and were tested at different curing ages from 1 day to 150 days. The relationships involving w/c and age with a mean distribution radius (r0.5) and coefficient d representing the dispersion of pore sizes are presented for both types of OPC pastes. Utility of the aforementioned relationship is demonstrated by relating the compressive strength of cement paste and the mean distribution radius estimated from mixture factors. The estimated pore size distribution (PSD) parameters are compared with the experimentally determined PSD parameters, and the observed variation between them is also discussed.

Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina

The mechanical, microstructural and statical interpretation of the Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC... more The mechanical, microstructural and statical interpretation of the Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC), prepared using fly ash with crushed granulated corex slag as the binder ingredient, are examined in this work. Here, cast in-situ alkali-activated concrete strengths and substitute slag concentrations of 0-50 % by fly-ash weight were undertaken to determine a workable manufacturing process and were all considered for up to 28 days. Moreover, in microstructural research, C-AS -H gel is produced by adding Ground Granulated Corex Slag (GGCS) to the binder-generated structural changes in the in-situ alkali-activated concrete. As a result, this research obtained perfect mixture fractions by synthesizing 25 % GGCS with 0.4 % of the liquid-to-binder ratio, in addition, a unified desirability of 80 % was attained.

Australian Journal of Civil Engineering

Improving the durability of concrete to sustain a longer life span and producing a greener concre... more Improving the durability of concrete to sustain a longer life span and producing a greener concrete are becoming important criteria in obtaining quality concrete. Incorporating Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) as a mineral admixture improves the workability and pump-ability of fresh concrete. Blended cement concrete have reduced pore connections; thus, reducing the permeability and improving the resistance of the concrete against chloride penetration. With the use of GGBS, the amount of greenhouse gas produced in making the concrete and the energy required to produce the concrete are greatly reduced. Ultra Fine GGBS (UFGGBS) with an average particle size less than 10 μm and a Blaine surface area greater than 600 m/kg can greatly improve the properties of the concrete in terms of dispersion and chemical reactivity effects. Compared to GGBS, the UFGGBS increases the rate of hydration and pozzolanic reactions and has a better filling effect. In this work, the early mechanica...

Reinforced concrete structures in marine environment undergo deterioration mainly due to corrosio... more Reinforced concrete structures in marine environment undergo deterioration mainly due to corrosion of reinforcement. structural deterioration leads to degradation of an element to an unacceptable serviceability limit, is the service life of element. Service life therefore relates to repair cycle of the element. Defining service life is somewhat ambiguous and confusion persists, as unlike living beings, clear cut demarcation event of death, that separates itself from the life, does not exist for structures. Service life of RC structures depends on number of factors starting from the material selection to construction techniques such as exposure environment, concrete material and quality.

Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems

The present paper reports the effect of chloride, sulphate and the combined chloride-sulphate sol... more The present paper reports the effect of chloride, sulphate and the combined chloride-sulphate solutions on the corrosion behaviour of rebar embedded in concretes made with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Metakaolin (MK). The corrosion test data collected on the reinforced slab specimens made with mix water contaminated with 5% sodium chloride, 2% magnesium sulphate and the combination of both salts. The corrosion performance was monitored for every 30 days throughout 180 days, in terms of corrosion rate values. The analysis of the obtained data was carried out as per the specifications given by ASTM G16-13. The analysis of the corrosion data includes the descriptive statistics of the Normal, Weibull lognormal, and Smallest Extreme Value probability distribution functions and the test of fit significance by the Anderson-Darling (AD) goodness of fit statistics. In addition, the analysis of variance was also carried out to determine the influence of each factor on the corrosion data. This detailed analysis of the test data is useful to carry out the further investigation on corrosivity of reinforcement bar exposed to aggressive environments or marine environment. The statistical analysis from the present dataset is helpful for further research on the MK and the effect of concomitant presence of chlorides and sulphates on the corrosivity of rebar embedded in concrete. In addition to this Analysis of Variance is also carried out on the obtained corrosion data to assess the effect of cementitious material type and salt type on corrosion data.

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2018

The present study shows the prediction of load-deflection behaviour of monoblock pre-stressed con... more The present study shows the prediction of load-deflection behaviour of monoblock pre-stressed concrete railway sleeper under static bending test using ABAQUS. The result obtained from the numerical studies is compared with experimental results and Research Designs and Standards Organization (RDSO) provisions. Numerical studies in ABAQUS are carried out in two stages: (1) pre-stressing and (2) static bending test. During simulation, concrete is modelled as three-dimensional (3D) stress element with damage plasticity model and strand is modelled as 3D truss elements with plasticity model. The results of each model are stored and transferred to subsequent models by restart request feature in ABAQUS. Both the numerical and experimental results are in good agreement and well within the provisions of RDSO.

In this paper, the utilization of waste marble powder for the production of limestone calcined cl... more In this paper, the utilization of waste marble powder for the production of limestone calcined clay cement is investigated. Limestone calcined clay cement is an advanced ternary blended cement made by using the combination of low grade calcined clay, limestone and gypsum. It can be replaced by 50% of clinker which is beneficial for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission at the time of production of cement. In the existing paper, the physical and chemical characteristics, chemical analyses carried out by X-ray fluorescence, lime reactivity test for pozzolanic behaviours, mechanical properties of LC3 using marble powder, i.e. compressive strength and spilt tensile strength are checked and compared to the Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC).

This paper investigates the impact of partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with ... more This paper investigates the impact of partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with Metakaolin (MK) and Red Mud (RM) on reinforcement corrosion in presence of both chloride and sulfate ions. To achieve this objective, 36 slab specimens of size 300 × 300 × 52 mm were cast. First set of slabs had been cast with water to binder ratio 0.48, with the replacement of OPC by 5% of RM and 10% of MK one after the other. Similarly, the second set of slabs cast with water to binder ratio 0.51. Each set was admixed with 5% NaCl, 2% MgSO4, 5% NaCl + 2% MgSO4 by using weight of water. The corrosion behavior of reinforcing bars was monitored through half-cell potentials based on ASTM C876. To make sure the compressive strength of slabs, concrete cubes were tested. The numerous results, which indicate the effects of MK, RM, w/b ratios and concomitant presence of chloride and sulfate ions on reinforcement corrosion have been provided and compared the same. At higher w/b ratios (0.51), it...

Materials Today: Proceedings

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Reinforcement corrosion is of obvious importance in reinforced structures in harsh environments. ... more Reinforcement corrosion is of obvious importance in reinforced structures in harsh environments. The presence of sulfates may influence the chloride-induced corrosion of rebar in concrete. In this paper, the results of an experimental investigation are presented wherein the influence of chloride and chloride plus sulfate ions on the corrosivity of rebar embedded in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and OPC blended with metakaolin (MK) concretes has been investigated. In this investigation, concrete mixtures have been prepared with four replacement levels of OPC (0, 5, 10, and 15%) with MK and water to cementitious material ratio 0.5. Reinforced concrete specimens were exposed to pure chloride solution. Further, to investigate the influence of sulfate concentration on chloride-induced corrosion, the samples were exposed to the composite solution of chloride and sulfate ions of various concentrations. The corrosion performance of rebar has been monitored by the half-cell potential values. Besides, an impressed voltage technique for accelerated corrosion test has also adopted to investigate the optimum replacement level of cement with MK as a short-term technique. Results of accelerated corrosion test indicated that beyond 10% MK, the concrete was found to be less corrosion resistant. From potential measurements, it was observed that the presence of magnesium sulfate with chlorides influences the time to initiation of corrosion in both plain and MK blended concretes.

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions

This paper examines the corrosion of rebar embedded in concrete when cement is partially replaced... more This paper examines the corrosion of rebar embedded in concrete when cement is partially replaced with toxic bauxite residues, known as red mud (RM). The concrete mixtures were made with 100% ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and OPC replaced with 5% of RM (95% OPC + 5% RM). In order to evaluate the rebar corrosion in aforesaid concrete mixes, 5% calcium chloride was admixed while preparing the concrete. The corrosion performance of rebar in OPC concrete and concrete blended with RM was monitored by corrosion potential and linear polarization resistance. In addition, the performance of concrete blended with RM is evaluated through IR (Ohmic drop) compensated electrical resistivity. After 420 days of corrosion monitoring, concrete samples were broken, and visual observations were made on the rebar. X-ray powder diffraction analysis is also carried out on concrete powder samples collected from the steel–concrete interface. The experimental results have shown that the RM blended concrete performed better to resist the corrosion of rebar as compared to OPC concrete across the testing period of 420 days in the case of concrete made of w/cm 0.48. However, the overall corrosion current density increased in RM blended concrete as compared to normal concrete for the w/cm 0.51.