Bibi Sadiqa - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Bibi Sadiqa

Elementary Education Online, 2020

Empowerment of women is one of the important issues in developing countries. Women are an integra... more Empowerment of women is one of the important issues in developing countries. Women are an integral part of the society, their participation in decision making through their participation in economic activities is very low. Microfinance plays a significant role in improving women decision making through participation in economic activities. The study is an attempt to explore the socioeconomic determinants of women empowerment, focusing on the women who have availed the micro-credit. Women empowerment is measured by constructing simple index based on five indicators related to child health, education, selection of spouse of children, purchase of basic goods and decision of household savings. The results based on the primary data of District Bahawalpur show that women empowerment is considerably influenced by age, education of husband, father inherited assets, marital status, number of sons alive and amount of microfinance. The study decomposes data into two subsets showing where the loan is utilized by women themselves and where the loan is utilized by other members of the household, like husband, father or head of household. It is concluded that females using loan by themselves have better effects of microfinance on empowerment as compared to the loans utilized by other members of the household. Finally, it is concluded that microfinance as a major explanatory variable of the study has shown positive effect on empowerment of women but not as much as it was expected. It is suggested that along with provision of education and family protection the enlarged volume of microfinance and its utilization by the woman must be ensured. Microfinance institutions should strengthen and expand their support to women for their empowerment.

Review of applied management and social sciences, Mar 20, 2021

Economic growth is a process that is not possible without a lot of energy consumption. Energy is ... more Economic growth is a process that is not possible without a lot of energy consumption. Energy is considered as the life blood of an economy however, the energy consumption is also an important factor responsible for degrading the natural environment of the world. The present empirical work is an effort to empirically analyze the association of energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) with economic growth (GDP per capita annual growth), foreign direct investment (FDI net inflow as percentage of GDP), and environmental degradation (CO2 emissions, metric tons per capita) in case of Pakistan. The work is based on time series data for the years 1975 to 2018. Canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) method is used for the estimation of the coefficient of the parameters. The results demonstrate that energy use has significant positive association with FDI, economic growth, and CO2 emissions. The empirical results recommend that policy makers in Pakistan require to work on policies regarding sustainable development and efficient use of energy as without achieving the efficiency in energy use, the desirable growth of the economy without environmental degradation cannot be achieved.

Global economics review, Mar 30, 2021

The study focuses on whether the Corporate Governance characteristics influence the firm performa... more The study focuses on whether the Corporate Governance characteristics influence the firm performance of Non-Financial Firms in Pakistan. In this study, three types of industries like pharmaceutical, cement, and food were analyzed from the Pakistan Stock Exchange for the period of 2010 to 2019. The authors used the diagnostic test on data that argued that the model is better, like the fixed effect model or random-effect model for analysis. Multiple regression-based methodologies were developed to use a fixed-effect model for both dependent variables, Return on Assets and Tobin-Q variables, to discover the association between corporate governance and firm performance. It is concluded that board size, board education board experience, board nationality and board compensation have significant the ROA and board size, board experience, the board size, and board compensation shows significance with Tobin-Q.

Global social sciences review, Jun 30, 2020

The present study investigates women's contribution to the socioeconomic development of a country... more The present study investigates women's contribution to the socioeconomic development of a country via their shares in the family's total income. District Peshawar was selected as a research area A well-defined questionnaire was randomly distributed among women respondents both working women and housewives (sample size 450 = 300 urban and 150 rural). Two models, working women share in the income of household and wife's share in household income were estimated. Based on the findings of research it is deducted that Model 2 for working women's share in family's total is preferred to second Model 2 for housewives shares in family's total income although both models showed a positive and significant effect in most of the urban and rural areas of the Peshawar. It is suggested that the rate of economic participation of these women can be substantially raised through the introduction of appropriate measures if these are carried out with true letter and spirit.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Feb 2, 2023

External peer-review was done through double-blind method.

Review of Economics and Development Studies, 2021

Private investment plays an important role in the process of economic growth and also impact natu... more Private investment plays an important role in the process of economic growth and also impact natural environment of a country. The main purpose of the present study is to empirically analyze the impact of private investment and other macro economic variables on environmental degradation of Pakistan. For the purpose, time series data is collected for the years 1975 to 2017. The study used Linear regression model for analyzing the impact of private investment, energy consumption, financial development and economic growth on environmental degradation. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips Perron (PP) test is used for identifying the unit root of the variables; first with an intercept then, with an intercept and a linear deterministic trend. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is used for selection of optimum lag whereas Johansen cointegration test is adopted for analyzing long run association in the variables. The results of linear regression model show that energy consumpti...

Foreign investment is considered as healthy investment that can potentially push a country’s econ... more Foreign investment is considered as healthy investment that can potentially push a country’s economy out of crisis and can lead towards prosperity in case of low income developing countries. Moreover, foreign investments such as the Greenfield investment is considered as the most appropriate in terms of bringing improvements in economic growth as well as health, education and overall welfare of a country. For that purpose, this study considers 14 low income countries with a time series data for the period starting from the year 1998 till 2017. Im Pesaran and Shin (IPS) test is used for unit root testing while a one-step system GMM is applied for full analysis. After carrying out the necessary analysis the results demonstrated that foreign investment as Greenfield has positive impact on the economic growth, education, health and welfare of low-income countries. Remittances also show a healthy and positive relationship, while aid as foreign assistance has negative associations with al...

This study is devoted to elucidating the impact of poverty and population increase on air polluti... more This study is devoted to elucidating the impact of poverty and population increase on air pollution (CO2-emission) in the two most populous countries of South Asia i.e. Pakistan and India. Annual time series data for the period of 1990-2018 are used to examine the said impact. To estimate the desired impact Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) technique is used. It is observed that CO2 emission is significantly determined by population increase and poverty in case of India. In the case of Pakistan population increase significantly affect CO2 emission in both the short run and long run, while poverty don not contributed significantly in the long run. Industrial production if found positive and statistically significant in both the runs. Stability of the model and other diagnostic tests are also employed not serious econometric problems are repowered. It is suggested on the bases of results that serious steps should be taken to reduce environmental pollution by reducing population i...

International Review of Management and Business Research, 2020

The main objective of the study is to find out the determinants of petroleum supply and also to f... more The main objective of the study is to find out the determinants of petroleum supply and also to forecast the future supply of petroleum in Pakistan for the period of 1972-2018.Johenson Cointegration technique is employed to get the required objective. It is assumed that GFCF, FDI, FOP and Technology are the main determinants of petroleum supply in the country based on past literature. Sign of the coefficient of the variables are in line with theory. The study concludes that GFCF, FOP and Technology are statistically significant determinants of total petroleum supply in Pakistan. The study forecasted the petroleum supply in Pakistan from 2019 to 2030 by using ARIMA model. The results show that average forecast value of total petroleum 11864.3 by 2030. According to the ARIMA forecasted results, there is increasing trend in the supply petroleum products. The finding of the study shows that the price of petroleum and technology has positive impact on total petroleum supply. The results showed that price elasticity of petroleum supply is inelastic. The results of forecasted values showed the increasing trend in supply of petroleum.

Global Economics Review, 2020

The emission of carbon from electricity, gas fuel consumption, residential building and commercia... more The emission of carbon from electricity, gas fuel consumption, residential building and commercial buildings has raised the temperature of the region, affecting agricultural production. The agaric sector is sensitive to change in temperature. This paper examines the climatic variations due to CO2 emission from different sources is inclined to the yield of production by taking time series data over the period from 1984 -2015. The Auto-Regressive Distributive lag model was applied to estimate the results. Moreover, diagnostic test, stability test and error correction mechanism were operated on the dataset, reveals the rising temperature, pollution and emission from residential affects the agaric production negatively I case of Pakistan. I have reviewed the literature on this topic, but a very limited portion of the literature discusses this issue. Hence this paper will contribute a lot in agricultural economics fields.

Global Social Sciences Review, 2020

The present study investigates women’s contribution to the socio-economic development of a countr... more The present study investigates women’s contribution to the socio-economic development of a country via their shares in the family’s total income. District Peshawar was selected as a research area A well-defined questionnaire was randomly distributed among women respondents both working women and housewives (sample size 450 = 300 urban and 150 rural). Two models, working women share in the income of household and wife’s share in household income were estimated. Based on the findings of research it is deducted that Model 2 for working women’s share in family’s total is preferred to second Model 2 for housewives shares in family’s total income although both models showed a positive and significant effect in most of the urban and rural areas of the Peshawar. It is suggested that the rate of economic participation of these women can be substantially raised through the introduction of appropriate measures if these are carried out with true letter and spirit.

International Review of Management and Business Research, 2020

Urbanization and industrialization are key factors of economic growth in most of countries which ... more Urbanization and industrialization are key factors of economic growth in most of countries which required a lot of energy use, but all the variables are the threat to environmental degradation. The present work is an attempt to test empirically the impact of urbanization, industrialization, growth of economy and energy consumption in four highly populated Asian countries (China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan). The study collected panel data for the span of 1975 to 2018. This study adopted Panel Cointegration and Granger causality technique. The estimates of panel cointegration confirmed long run cointegration between urbanization, industrialization, economic growth, energy consumption and environmental degradation. In addition, the results confirmed positive impact of energy consumtion and economic growth on CO2 emissions which means that both the variables are harmful for environment in the long term. Furthermore, urbanization as well as industrialization is demonstrating negative influence the emissions of CO2 which suggests urbanization and industrialization not have negative effect environment in the selected countries, in the long term. The results of granger causality test confirm three uni-directional causalities as well as three bi-directional causalities among the variables. On the basis of the study results, efficieny in enrgy use is the must for sustainable development and environment in the selected countries.

Global Economics Review, 2019

The study interrogates the critical thresh hold limit of the external debt where the highly indeb... more The study interrogates the critical thresh hold limit of the external debt where the highly indebted economy becomes hanged and stagnant, pushes the economy towards. deeper poverty even below the poverty line. The other horizon aspect of relief in debt servicing is attributed to American and Russian war of 80s and war on the terror against Afghanistan after 9/11 forced the debt issuing agencies like Paris and Non-Paris Club and other lending aliened countries rescheduled and cut down debt servicing of Pakistan. This study examined the foreign debt effect on poverty by assuming dataset over the period from 1984 to 2017. The ARDL to co integration Approach was applied to get the findings that after debt thresh hold limit and debt overhang point, the foreign debt causes poverty in case of Pakistan. The other dimension if relief in debt servicing is provided this economic action depressed poverty.

Energy, 2007

... Secondly, if one neglects the possibility that the impact of energy consumption on growth cou... more ... Secondly, if one neglects the possibility that the impact of energy consumption on growth could be ... ε t is assumed to be a Gaussian white noise error process with constant variance. ... instead of the original export-domestic sector division, a specification for the assessment of the ...

Asean Economic Bulletin, 2004

... They suggest that large legal person shareholders have the incentive and the power to monitor... more ... They suggest that large legal person shareholders have the incentive and the power to monitor and control the behaviour of management, and play a significant role in corporate governance. II. 6 The Governance Role of Audit Committees Several empirical studies in ...

African Journal of Business Management, 2012

Empowerment of women is one of the important issues in developing countries. Women are an integra... more Empowerment of women is one of the important issues in developing countries. Women are an integral part of the society, their participation in decision making through their participation in economic activities is very low. Microfinance plays a significant role in improving women decision making through participation in economic activities. The study is an attempt to explore the socioeconomic determinants of women empowerment, focusing on the women who have availed the micro-credit. Women empowerment is measured by constructing simple index based on five indicators related to child health, education, selection of spouse of children, purchase of basic goods and decision of household savings. The results based on the primary data of District Bahawalpur show that women empowerment is considerably influenced by age, education of husband, father inherited assets, marital status, number of sons alive and amount of microfinance. The study decomposes data into two subsets showing where the loan is utilized by women themselves and where the loan is utilized by other members of the household, like husband, father or head of household. It is concluded that females using loan by themselves have better effects of microfinance on empowerment as compared to the loans utilized by other members of the household. Finally, it is concluded that microfinance as a major explanatory variable of the study has shown positive effect on empowerment of women but not as much as it was expected. It is suggested that along with provision of education and family protection the enlarged volume of microfinance and its utilization by the woman must be ensured. Microfinance institutions should strengthen and expand their support to women for their empowerment.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022

The massive rise in the world’s average temperature has created major economic and environmental ... more The massive rise in the world’s average temperature has created major economic and environmental issues that must be addressed by strict environmental legislation. Carbon pricing is seen as a sustainable instrument capable of assisting in the reduction of negative environmental externalities associated with global carbon emissions. The race-to-the-bottom (RTB) hypothesis describes a competitive environment in which economies sacrifice environmental quality standards to undercut competitors, thus undermining the ecological sustainability objective. The study contributed to the evaluation of the RTB hypothesis by examining the role of emissions cap trading instruments in conjunction with inbound foreign direct investment, economic growth, renewable energy demand, and trade openness in reducing carbon emissions, using aggregated data from high-income countries from 1975 to 2019. The linear and non-linear ARDL estimator is used for empirical analysis. The results show that emissions cap trading lowers carbon emissions in the long run while increasing in the short run. Inbound FDI confirmed the “pollution halo hypothesis” in the long run while verifying the “pollution haven hypothesis” in the short run. The per capita income and its associated positive shocks substantially decrease carbon emissions in the short and long runs. Renewable energy demand and trade openness increases carbon emissions in the short and long runs, respectively. On the other hand, trade openness decreases carbon emissions in the short run. The results confirmed the RTB hypothesis in the short run. At the same time, it substantiates the “race-to-the top” (RTT) in the long run, by imposing stringent environmental policies to the way forward towards green and clean development. The study concludes that emissions cap trading and investment in cleaner technologies played a decisive role in reducing environmental pollution. As a result, it is desired to make environmental regulations more environmentally friendly by adopting carbon pricing and technology transfer that will lower the average world temperature.

Archives of the Social Sciences: A Journal of Collaborative Memory, 2023

This study examines the knowledge, attitudes, and perspectives of the public towards COVID-19 imm... more This study examines the knowledge, attitudes, and perspectives of the public towards COVID-19 immunization in Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a well-structured questionnaire and distributed through internet means. The results showed that socio-economic variables such as age, gender, education level, and wealth are essential predictors of vaccination uptake. Highly educated, wealthy, and urban residents have a positive attitude towards vaccination. The media plays a critical role in distributing information and shaping attitudes. Effective communication and availability of information also
significantly contribute to illness susceptibility and prevention behavior. The study suggests that the government and healthcare system can improve public awareness and adopt preventive behavior to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.

Elementary Education Online, 2020

Empowerment of women is one of the important issues in developing countries. Women are an integra... more Empowerment of women is one of the important issues in developing countries. Women are an integral part of the society, their participation in decision making through their participation in economic activities is very low. Microfinance plays a significant role in improving women decision making through participation in economic activities. The study is an attempt to explore the socioeconomic determinants of women empowerment, focusing on the women who have availed the micro-credit. Women empowerment is measured by constructing simple index based on five indicators related to child health, education, selection of spouse of children, purchase of basic goods and decision of household savings. The results based on the primary data of District Bahawalpur show that women empowerment is considerably influenced by age, education of husband, father inherited assets, marital status, number of sons alive and amount of microfinance. The study decomposes data into two subsets showing where the loan is utilized by women themselves and where the loan is utilized by other members of the household, like husband, father or head of household. It is concluded that females using loan by themselves have better effects of microfinance on empowerment as compared to the loans utilized by other members of the household. Finally, it is concluded that microfinance as a major explanatory variable of the study has shown positive effect on empowerment of women but not as much as it was expected. It is suggested that along with provision of education and family protection the enlarged volume of microfinance and its utilization by the woman must be ensured. Microfinance institutions should strengthen and expand their support to women for their empowerment.

Review of applied management and social sciences, Mar 20, 2021

Economic growth is a process that is not possible without a lot of energy consumption. Energy is ... more Economic growth is a process that is not possible without a lot of energy consumption. Energy is considered as the life blood of an economy however, the energy consumption is also an important factor responsible for degrading the natural environment of the world. The present empirical work is an effort to empirically analyze the association of energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) with economic growth (GDP per capita annual growth), foreign direct investment (FDI net inflow as percentage of GDP), and environmental degradation (CO2 emissions, metric tons per capita) in case of Pakistan. The work is based on time series data for the years 1975 to 2018. Canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) method is used for the estimation of the coefficient of the parameters. The results demonstrate that energy use has significant positive association with FDI, economic growth, and CO2 emissions. The empirical results recommend that policy makers in Pakistan require to work on policies regarding sustainable development and efficient use of energy as without achieving the efficiency in energy use, the desirable growth of the economy without environmental degradation cannot be achieved.

Global economics review, Mar 30, 2021

The study focuses on whether the Corporate Governance characteristics influence the firm performa... more The study focuses on whether the Corporate Governance characteristics influence the firm performance of Non-Financial Firms in Pakistan. In this study, three types of industries like pharmaceutical, cement, and food were analyzed from the Pakistan Stock Exchange for the period of 2010 to 2019. The authors used the diagnostic test on data that argued that the model is better, like the fixed effect model or random-effect model for analysis. Multiple regression-based methodologies were developed to use a fixed-effect model for both dependent variables, Return on Assets and Tobin-Q variables, to discover the association between corporate governance and firm performance. It is concluded that board size, board education board experience, board nationality and board compensation have significant the ROA and board size, board experience, the board size, and board compensation shows significance with Tobin-Q.

Global social sciences review, Jun 30, 2020

The present study investigates women's contribution to the socioeconomic development of a country... more The present study investigates women's contribution to the socioeconomic development of a country via their shares in the family's total income. District Peshawar was selected as a research area A well-defined questionnaire was randomly distributed among women respondents both working women and housewives (sample size 450 = 300 urban and 150 rural). Two models, working women share in the income of household and wife's share in household income were estimated. Based on the findings of research it is deducted that Model 2 for working women's share in family's total is preferred to second Model 2 for housewives shares in family's total income although both models showed a positive and significant effect in most of the urban and rural areas of the Peshawar. It is suggested that the rate of economic participation of these women can be substantially raised through the introduction of appropriate measures if these are carried out with true letter and spirit.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Feb 2, 2023

External peer-review was done through double-blind method.

Review of Economics and Development Studies, 2021

Private investment plays an important role in the process of economic growth and also impact natu... more Private investment plays an important role in the process of economic growth and also impact natural environment of a country. The main purpose of the present study is to empirically analyze the impact of private investment and other macro economic variables on environmental degradation of Pakistan. For the purpose, time series data is collected for the years 1975 to 2017. The study used Linear regression model for analyzing the impact of private investment, energy consumption, financial development and economic growth on environmental degradation. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips Perron (PP) test is used for identifying the unit root of the variables; first with an intercept then, with an intercept and a linear deterministic trend. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is used for selection of optimum lag whereas Johansen cointegration test is adopted for analyzing long run association in the variables. The results of linear regression model show that energy consumpti...

Foreign investment is considered as healthy investment that can potentially push a country’s econ... more Foreign investment is considered as healthy investment that can potentially push a country’s economy out of crisis and can lead towards prosperity in case of low income developing countries. Moreover, foreign investments such as the Greenfield investment is considered as the most appropriate in terms of bringing improvements in economic growth as well as health, education and overall welfare of a country. For that purpose, this study considers 14 low income countries with a time series data for the period starting from the year 1998 till 2017. Im Pesaran and Shin (IPS) test is used for unit root testing while a one-step system GMM is applied for full analysis. After carrying out the necessary analysis the results demonstrated that foreign investment as Greenfield has positive impact on the economic growth, education, health and welfare of low-income countries. Remittances also show a healthy and positive relationship, while aid as foreign assistance has negative associations with al...

This study is devoted to elucidating the impact of poverty and population increase on air polluti... more This study is devoted to elucidating the impact of poverty and population increase on air pollution (CO2-emission) in the two most populous countries of South Asia i.e. Pakistan and India. Annual time series data for the period of 1990-2018 are used to examine the said impact. To estimate the desired impact Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) technique is used. It is observed that CO2 emission is significantly determined by population increase and poverty in case of India. In the case of Pakistan population increase significantly affect CO2 emission in both the short run and long run, while poverty don not contributed significantly in the long run. Industrial production if found positive and statistically significant in both the runs. Stability of the model and other diagnostic tests are also employed not serious econometric problems are repowered. It is suggested on the bases of results that serious steps should be taken to reduce environmental pollution by reducing population i...

International Review of Management and Business Research, 2020

The main objective of the study is to find out the determinants of petroleum supply and also to f... more The main objective of the study is to find out the determinants of petroleum supply and also to forecast the future supply of petroleum in Pakistan for the period of 1972-2018.Johenson Cointegration technique is employed to get the required objective. It is assumed that GFCF, FDI, FOP and Technology are the main determinants of petroleum supply in the country based on past literature. Sign of the coefficient of the variables are in line with theory. The study concludes that GFCF, FOP and Technology are statistically significant determinants of total petroleum supply in Pakistan. The study forecasted the petroleum supply in Pakistan from 2019 to 2030 by using ARIMA model. The results show that average forecast value of total petroleum 11864.3 by 2030. According to the ARIMA forecasted results, there is increasing trend in the supply petroleum products. The finding of the study shows that the price of petroleum and technology has positive impact on total petroleum supply. The results showed that price elasticity of petroleum supply is inelastic. The results of forecasted values showed the increasing trend in supply of petroleum.

Global Economics Review, 2020

The emission of carbon from electricity, gas fuel consumption, residential building and commercia... more The emission of carbon from electricity, gas fuel consumption, residential building and commercial buildings has raised the temperature of the region, affecting agricultural production. The agaric sector is sensitive to change in temperature. This paper examines the climatic variations due to CO2 emission from different sources is inclined to the yield of production by taking time series data over the period from 1984 -2015. The Auto-Regressive Distributive lag model was applied to estimate the results. Moreover, diagnostic test, stability test and error correction mechanism were operated on the dataset, reveals the rising temperature, pollution and emission from residential affects the agaric production negatively I case of Pakistan. I have reviewed the literature on this topic, but a very limited portion of the literature discusses this issue. Hence this paper will contribute a lot in agricultural economics fields.

Global Social Sciences Review, 2020

The present study investigates women’s contribution to the socio-economic development of a countr... more The present study investigates women’s contribution to the socio-economic development of a country via their shares in the family’s total income. District Peshawar was selected as a research area A well-defined questionnaire was randomly distributed among women respondents both working women and housewives (sample size 450 = 300 urban and 150 rural). Two models, working women share in the income of household and wife’s share in household income were estimated. Based on the findings of research it is deducted that Model 2 for working women’s share in family’s total is preferred to second Model 2 for housewives shares in family’s total income although both models showed a positive and significant effect in most of the urban and rural areas of the Peshawar. It is suggested that the rate of economic participation of these women can be substantially raised through the introduction of appropriate measures if these are carried out with true letter and spirit.

International Review of Management and Business Research, 2020

Urbanization and industrialization are key factors of economic growth in most of countries which ... more Urbanization and industrialization are key factors of economic growth in most of countries which required a lot of energy use, but all the variables are the threat to environmental degradation. The present work is an attempt to test empirically the impact of urbanization, industrialization, growth of economy and energy consumption in four highly populated Asian countries (China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan). The study collected panel data for the span of 1975 to 2018. This study adopted Panel Cointegration and Granger causality technique. The estimates of panel cointegration confirmed long run cointegration between urbanization, industrialization, economic growth, energy consumption and environmental degradation. In addition, the results confirmed positive impact of energy consumtion and economic growth on CO2 emissions which means that both the variables are harmful for environment in the long term. Furthermore, urbanization as well as industrialization is demonstrating negative influence the emissions of CO2 which suggests urbanization and industrialization not have negative effect environment in the selected countries, in the long term. The results of granger causality test confirm three uni-directional causalities as well as three bi-directional causalities among the variables. On the basis of the study results, efficieny in enrgy use is the must for sustainable development and environment in the selected countries.

Global Economics Review, 2019

The study interrogates the critical thresh hold limit of the external debt where the highly indeb... more The study interrogates the critical thresh hold limit of the external debt where the highly indebted economy becomes hanged and stagnant, pushes the economy towards. deeper poverty even below the poverty line. The other horizon aspect of relief in debt servicing is attributed to American and Russian war of 80s and war on the terror against Afghanistan after 9/11 forced the debt issuing agencies like Paris and Non-Paris Club and other lending aliened countries rescheduled and cut down debt servicing of Pakistan. This study examined the foreign debt effect on poverty by assuming dataset over the period from 1984 to 2017. The ARDL to co integration Approach was applied to get the findings that after debt thresh hold limit and debt overhang point, the foreign debt causes poverty in case of Pakistan. The other dimension if relief in debt servicing is provided this economic action depressed poverty.

Energy, 2007

... Secondly, if one neglects the possibility that the impact of energy consumption on growth cou... more ... Secondly, if one neglects the possibility that the impact of energy consumption on growth could be ... ε t is assumed to be a Gaussian white noise error process with constant variance. ... instead of the original export-domestic sector division, a specification for the assessment of the ...

Asean Economic Bulletin, 2004

... They suggest that large legal person shareholders have the incentive and the power to monitor... more ... They suggest that large legal person shareholders have the incentive and the power to monitor and control the behaviour of management, and play a significant role in corporate governance. II. 6 The Governance Role of Audit Committees Several empirical studies in ...

African Journal of Business Management, 2012

Empowerment of women is one of the important issues in developing countries. Women are an integra... more Empowerment of women is one of the important issues in developing countries. Women are an integral part of the society, their participation in decision making through their participation in economic activities is very low. Microfinance plays a significant role in improving women decision making through participation in economic activities. The study is an attempt to explore the socioeconomic determinants of women empowerment, focusing on the women who have availed the micro-credit. Women empowerment is measured by constructing simple index based on five indicators related to child health, education, selection of spouse of children, purchase of basic goods and decision of household savings. The results based on the primary data of District Bahawalpur show that women empowerment is considerably influenced by age, education of husband, father inherited assets, marital status, number of sons alive and amount of microfinance. The study decomposes data into two subsets showing where the loan is utilized by women themselves and where the loan is utilized by other members of the household, like husband, father or head of household. It is concluded that females using loan by themselves have better effects of microfinance on empowerment as compared to the loans utilized by other members of the household. Finally, it is concluded that microfinance as a major explanatory variable of the study has shown positive effect on empowerment of women but not as much as it was expected. It is suggested that along with provision of education and family protection the enlarged volume of microfinance and its utilization by the woman must be ensured. Microfinance institutions should strengthen and expand their support to women for their empowerment.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022

The massive rise in the world’s average temperature has created major economic and environmental ... more The massive rise in the world’s average temperature has created major economic and environmental issues that must be addressed by strict environmental legislation. Carbon pricing is seen as a sustainable instrument capable of assisting in the reduction of negative environmental externalities associated with global carbon emissions. The race-to-the-bottom (RTB) hypothesis describes a competitive environment in which economies sacrifice environmental quality standards to undercut competitors, thus undermining the ecological sustainability objective. The study contributed to the evaluation of the RTB hypothesis by examining the role of emissions cap trading instruments in conjunction with inbound foreign direct investment, economic growth, renewable energy demand, and trade openness in reducing carbon emissions, using aggregated data from high-income countries from 1975 to 2019. The linear and non-linear ARDL estimator is used for empirical analysis. The results show that emissions cap trading lowers carbon emissions in the long run while increasing in the short run. Inbound FDI confirmed the “pollution halo hypothesis” in the long run while verifying the “pollution haven hypothesis” in the short run. The per capita income and its associated positive shocks substantially decrease carbon emissions in the short and long runs. Renewable energy demand and trade openness increases carbon emissions in the short and long runs, respectively. On the other hand, trade openness decreases carbon emissions in the short run. The results confirmed the RTB hypothesis in the short run. At the same time, it substantiates the “race-to-the top” (RTT) in the long run, by imposing stringent environmental policies to the way forward towards green and clean development. The study concludes that emissions cap trading and investment in cleaner technologies played a decisive role in reducing environmental pollution. As a result, it is desired to make environmental regulations more environmentally friendly by adopting carbon pricing and technology transfer that will lower the average world temperature.

Archives of the Social Sciences: A Journal of Collaborative Memory, 2023

This study examines the knowledge, attitudes, and perspectives of the public towards COVID-19 imm... more This study examines the knowledge, attitudes, and perspectives of the public towards COVID-19 immunization in Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a well-structured questionnaire and distributed through internet means. The results showed that socio-economic variables such as age, gender, education level, and wealth are essential predictors of vaccination uptake. Highly educated, wealthy, and urban residents have a positive attitude towards vaccination. The media plays a critical role in distributing information and shaping attitudes. Effective communication and availability of information also
significantly contribute to illness susceptibility and prevention behavior. The study suggests that the government and healthcare system can improve public awareness and adopt preventive behavior to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.