B. Tullis - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by B. Tullis
Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, 1994
The remediation of soil contaminated with organic substances such as gasoline products is a subje... more The remediation of soil contaminated with organic substances such as gasoline products is a subject of growing concern. One method often employed is fiooding the soil with water or a water-surfactant mixture to wash the contaminant down to the water table. The organics are then pumped out of the subsurface with the ground water for treatment. This procedure has produced only limited results. It has been speculated that this lack of success is due in part to what is known as wetting front instability. Wetting front instability can occur during infiltration of a liquid into porous media, particularly when a fine soil layer is overlying a coarse layer. Instability of the wetting front implies that the interface between the advancing fluid and the portion of the porous media still at initial conditions does not advance as a fiat front, but rather it breaks up into finger-like flow paths. Through the usc of neutron radioscopy and three-dimensional, computer reconstruction, three dimensional infiltration experiments, with water and organic liquids infiltrating into layered porous media, were conducted in an attempt to evaluate the influences of initial moisture content, and type of infiltrating fluid on the formation of fingers. Experimental data was also evaluated for the purpose of calibrating dimensionless relations for predicting finger properties such as finger diameter and propagation velocity.
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1994
An inspection of the original study that developed the rating equations for Parshall flumes indic... more An inspection of the original study that developed the rating equations for Parshall flumes indicates that the calibration tests were not conducted for discharges as low as is currently recommended for the flumes' use. A numerical model was developed to predict the effect of fluid viscosity on the depth‐discharge relation. An experimental investigation for several flume sizes indicates that the original rating equations and data overpredict the discharge at flow rates that are less than about 15% of the maximum rated discharge for the flume. The discrepancy can be as much as 25% for the range of flows for which the flume is recommended to be used. The numerical model successfully matches the experimental data for the flume sizes studied. Alternative rating equations are developed for use at low discharges.
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007, 2007
Traditional culvert designs, in many cases, have become habitat barriers to aquatic animal specie... more Traditional culvert designs, in many cases, have become habitat barriers to aquatic animal species. In response, environmentally sensitive culvert designs have been developed to function as ecological bridges. Bottomless and buried invert culverts are examples of such designs and are commonly used for fish passage. Additional design guidance specific to streambed stability in buriedinvert or bottomless culverts under high flow events is needed. This study investigated incipient motion conditions for four substrate materials in a 2-ft (0.61-m) diameter circular bottomless arch culvert and in a 1-ft (0.30-m) wide rectangular flume in a laboratory setting. General scour of the streambed within the bottomless arch culvert was also investigated under partially pressurized and non-pressurized flow conditions. This thesis discusses the experimental methods used to determine incipient motion conditions and analyses of incipient motion prediction methods. This thesis also presents the experimental results obtained from both test iii facilities with the results of other published incipient motion studies on gravel streambeds. Finally, the prediction efficiency of eight stone sizing methods (open channel and culvert application) applied to the experimental results was analyzed, which may be useful for determining stable stone diameters to be used as riprap in simulated streambeds through bottomless culverts. (237 pages) iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008, 2008
ABSTRACT Bottomless arch culverts are employed as ecological passageways at road crossings. Such ... more ABSTRACT Bottomless arch culverts are employed as ecological passageways at road crossings. Such culverts are commonly used for fish passage as the adjacent natural channel reaches can be simulated and habitat barriers minimized (i.e. high base flow velocities, perched culvert outlets, etc). Though they have been developed to be environmentally sensitive, there is limited understanding of the hydraulic characteristics of bottomless arch culverts. To provide some design guidance specific to streambed stability in culverts, a streambed stability study was conducted using a smooth walled, 0.61-m (2-ft) diameter circular bottomless arch culvert and featured four different streambed armoring materials with the d50 ranging in size from 6.75-mm to 37.3-mm. Several culvert entrance configurations were tested with headwater depths ranging from unsubmerged to submerged inlet conditions. Experimental data were used to evaluate eight published riprap stone-sizing stability relationships for potential applicability to streambed stability design in bottomless arch culverts. Permalink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)230 © 2008 American Society of Civil Engineers
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dams in the Societies of the 21st Century, 22nd International Congress on Large Dams (ICOLD), Barcelona, Spain, 18 June 2006, 2006
Design-based courses often afford instructors more latitude in teaching styles and curriculum (in... more Design-based courses often afford instructors more latitude in teaching styles and curriculum (inductive teaching/learning), relative to the more traditional courses (deductive teaching/learning). With some effort and planning, design-based classes can be developed into a successful alternative learning environment. Three key principles, which have been found to enhance learning, are discussed. These principles include integrating lab and lecture topics, promoting student enthusiasm, and providing exposure to real-world engineering. The suggestions and techniques presented in this paper come from the authors' experiences associated with developing and teaching a design-based hydraulic structures course over the last six years at Utah State University.
Many traditional culvert designs develop into fish barriers due to excessive channel degradation.... more Many traditional culvert designs develop into fish barriers due to excessive channel degradation. Increased concern for and interest in better facilitating fish migration or passage through culverts have fostered alternative culvert designs. Such culvert designs include buried-invert and bottomless culverts. The goal of buried-invert and bottomless culvert designs is to minimize discontinuity between the adjacent natural channel reaches by, in most cases, installing a culvert of sufficient size as to span the entire channel width. The large culverts minimize the discontinuities in channel width and flow velocities between the culvert and the adjacent channel reaches. The buried-invert or bottomless culvert geometries also help natural sediment transport processes. Bottomless culvert research, to date, has primarily focused on fish passage; there is a limited understanding of the hydraulic characteristics of bottomless and buried-invert culverts. http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/re...
Discharge outlet structures are a critical component of reservoirs that must be correctly designe... more Discharge outlet structures are a critical component of reservoirs that must be correctly designed to facilitate proper reservoir operation and ensure safety. Controllability, cavitation, uplift forces, unstable flow conditions, debris removal, scour, and environmental impacts must be considered in addition to the head discharge relationships of the spillway structure when selecting and designing a type of outlet structure for a reservoir.
Nappes, the free-falling jet on the downstream side of a weir, are known to oscillate under certa... more Nappes, the free-falling jet on the downstream side of a weir, are known to oscillate under certain hydraulic conditions. Characteristics of this dynamic behavior include excessive acoustic energy (sound pressure waves) and horizontal waves in the nappe. The resultant acoustic energy can reach nuisance levels locally. The instability of water jets moving through air has been a topic of study for over a century. This study, however, focuses specifically on instabilities in curvilinear weir nappe flow, including causes and mitigation techniques Research was conducted at the Utah Water Research Laboratory (UWRL) using a large physical model (15.3-ft wide and 11-ft tall). While nappe oscillation most commonly occurs under confined or suppressed nappe conditions (enclosed air pocket behind the nappe), this study investigates the occurrence of nappe oscillation under unconfined conditions. Oscillation frequencies were recorded for a variety of weir configurations and analyzed using a micr...
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Dabling, Tullis, and Crookston presented experimentally determined head-discharge data for multip... more Dabling, Tullis, and Crookston presented experimentally determined head-discharge data for multiple-staged labyrinth weirs with a constant sidewall angle of 12 degrees. These data were then analyzed to determine the influence on discharge of the lower stage length, depth, and location. A comparison was made to validate the accuracy of a head-discharge predictive technique based upon superposition, which applies experimentally determined discharge data for a traditional labyrinth weir separately to each labyrinth weir stage and sums each component to get the combined head-discharge relationship. The authors thank the discusser in providing additional labyrinth weir literature references. More extensive literature citations regarding labyrinth weirs can also be found in previously published papers by the authors (e.g., Crookston 2010; Crookston and Tullis 2013).
Non-linear weirs, such as labyrinth and piano key weirs, are commonly used in dam rehabilitation ... more Non-linear weirs, such as labyrinth and piano key weirs, are commonly used in dam rehabilitation projects to economically increase spillway capacity to meet discharge performance requirements. However, utilizing hydraulically more efficient weirs also increase peak discharges for more frequent flood events, which may require consideration during design. A relatively new rehabilitation technique is to modify the outflow hydrograph of a non-linear weir by implementing multiple crest elevations or stages. This study illustrates the hydraulic performance of a staged non-linear weir relative to existing conditions and a single-stage non-linear weir. Four reservoir flood routing scenarios were performed using recently published head-discharge data for labyrinth weirs, staged labyrinth weirs, and the ogee weirs. The impacts of each spillway on reservoir attenuation and outflow are discussed, based upon outflow hydrograph characteristics. A summary of labyrinth spillway geometries is also i...
Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, 1994
The remediation of soil contaminated with organic substances such as gasoline products is a subje... more The remediation of soil contaminated with organic substances such as gasoline products is a subject of growing concern. One method often employed is fiooding the soil with water or a water-surfactant mixture to wash the contaminant down to the water table. The organics are then pumped out of the subsurface with the ground water for treatment. This procedure has produced only limited results. It has been speculated that this lack of success is due in part to what is known as wetting front instability. Wetting front instability can occur during infiltration of a liquid into porous media, particularly when a fine soil layer is overlying a coarse layer. Instability of the wetting front implies that the interface between the advancing fluid and the portion of the porous media still at initial conditions does not advance as a fiat front, but rather it breaks up into finger-like flow paths. Through the usc of neutron radioscopy and three-dimensional, computer reconstruction, three dimensional infiltration experiments, with water and organic liquids infiltrating into layered porous media, were conducted in an attempt to evaluate the influences of initial moisture content, and type of infiltrating fluid on the formation of fingers. Experimental data was also evaluated for the purpose of calibrating dimensionless relations for predicting finger properties such as finger diameter and propagation velocity.
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1994
An inspection of the original study that developed the rating equations for Parshall flumes indic... more An inspection of the original study that developed the rating equations for Parshall flumes indicates that the calibration tests were not conducted for discharges as low as is currently recommended for the flumes' use. A numerical model was developed to predict the effect of fluid viscosity on the depth‐discharge relation. An experimental investigation for several flume sizes indicates that the original rating equations and data overpredict the discharge at flow rates that are less than about 15% of the maximum rated discharge for the flume. The discrepancy can be as much as 25% for the range of flows for which the flume is recommended to be used. The numerical model successfully matches the experimental data for the flume sizes studied. Alternative rating equations are developed for use at low discharges.
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007, 2007
Traditional culvert designs, in many cases, have become habitat barriers to aquatic animal specie... more Traditional culvert designs, in many cases, have become habitat barriers to aquatic animal species. In response, environmentally sensitive culvert designs have been developed to function as ecological bridges. Bottomless and buried invert culverts are examples of such designs and are commonly used for fish passage. Additional design guidance specific to streambed stability in buriedinvert or bottomless culverts under high flow events is needed. This study investigated incipient motion conditions for four substrate materials in a 2-ft (0.61-m) diameter circular bottomless arch culvert and in a 1-ft (0.30-m) wide rectangular flume in a laboratory setting. General scour of the streambed within the bottomless arch culvert was also investigated under partially pressurized and non-pressurized flow conditions. This thesis discusses the experimental methods used to determine incipient motion conditions and analyses of incipient motion prediction methods. This thesis also presents the experimental results obtained from both test iii facilities with the results of other published incipient motion studies on gravel streambeds. Finally, the prediction efficiency of eight stone sizing methods (open channel and culvert application) applied to the experimental results was analyzed, which may be useful for determining stable stone diameters to be used as riprap in simulated streambeds through bottomless culverts. (237 pages) iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008, 2008
ABSTRACT Bottomless arch culverts are employed as ecological passageways at road crossings. Such ... more ABSTRACT Bottomless arch culverts are employed as ecological passageways at road crossings. Such culverts are commonly used for fish passage as the adjacent natural channel reaches can be simulated and habitat barriers minimized (i.e. high base flow velocities, perched culvert outlets, etc). Though they have been developed to be environmentally sensitive, there is limited understanding of the hydraulic characteristics of bottomless arch culverts. To provide some design guidance specific to streambed stability in culverts, a streambed stability study was conducted using a smooth walled, 0.61-m (2-ft) diameter circular bottomless arch culvert and featured four different streambed armoring materials with the d50 ranging in size from 6.75-mm to 37.3-mm. Several culvert entrance configurations were tested with headwater depths ranging from unsubmerged to submerged inlet conditions. Experimental data were used to evaluate eight published riprap stone-sizing stability relationships for potential applicability to streambed stability design in bottomless arch culverts. Permalink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)230 © 2008 American Society of Civil Engineers
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dams in the Societies of the 21st Century, 22nd International Congress on Large Dams (ICOLD), Barcelona, Spain, 18 June 2006, 2006
Design-based courses often afford instructors more latitude in teaching styles and curriculum (in... more Design-based courses often afford instructors more latitude in teaching styles and curriculum (inductive teaching/learning), relative to the more traditional courses (deductive teaching/learning). With some effort and planning, design-based classes can be developed into a successful alternative learning environment. Three key principles, which have been found to enhance learning, are discussed. These principles include integrating lab and lecture topics, promoting student enthusiasm, and providing exposure to real-world engineering. The suggestions and techniques presented in this paper come from the authors' experiences associated with developing and teaching a design-based hydraulic structures course over the last six years at Utah State University.
Many traditional culvert designs develop into fish barriers due to excessive channel degradation.... more Many traditional culvert designs develop into fish barriers due to excessive channel degradation. Increased concern for and interest in better facilitating fish migration or passage through culverts have fostered alternative culvert designs. Such culvert designs include buried-invert and bottomless culverts. The goal of buried-invert and bottomless culvert designs is to minimize discontinuity between the adjacent natural channel reaches by, in most cases, installing a culvert of sufficient size as to span the entire channel width. The large culverts minimize the discontinuities in channel width and flow velocities between the culvert and the adjacent channel reaches. The buried-invert or bottomless culvert geometries also help natural sediment transport processes. Bottomless culvert research, to date, has primarily focused on fish passage; there is a limited understanding of the hydraulic characteristics of bottomless and buried-invert culverts. http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/re...
Discharge outlet structures are a critical component of reservoirs that must be correctly designe... more Discharge outlet structures are a critical component of reservoirs that must be correctly designed to facilitate proper reservoir operation and ensure safety. Controllability, cavitation, uplift forces, unstable flow conditions, debris removal, scour, and environmental impacts must be considered in addition to the head discharge relationships of the spillway structure when selecting and designing a type of outlet structure for a reservoir.
Nappes, the free-falling jet on the downstream side of a weir, are known to oscillate under certa... more Nappes, the free-falling jet on the downstream side of a weir, are known to oscillate under certain hydraulic conditions. Characteristics of this dynamic behavior include excessive acoustic energy (sound pressure waves) and horizontal waves in the nappe. The resultant acoustic energy can reach nuisance levels locally. The instability of water jets moving through air has been a topic of study for over a century. This study, however, focuses specifically on instabilities in curvilinear weir nappe flow, including causes and mitigation techniques Research was conducted at the Utah Water Research Laboratory (UWRL) using a large physical model (15.3-ft wide and 11-ft tall). While nappe oscillation most commonly occurs under confined or suppressed nappe conditions (enclosed air pocket behind the nappe), this study investigates the occurrence of nappe oscillation under unconfined conditions. Oscillation frequencies were recorded for a variety of weir configurations and analyzed using a micr...
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Dabling, Tullis, and Crookston presented experimentally determined head-discharge data for multip... more Dabling, Tullis, and Crookston presented experimentally determined head-discharge data for multiple-staged labyrinth weirs with a constant sidewall angle of 12 degrees. These data were then analyzed to determine the influence on discharge of the lower stage length, depth, and location. A comparison was made to validate the accuracy of a head-discharge predictive technique based upon superposition, which applies experimentally determined discharge data for a traditional labyrinth weir separately to each labyrinth weir stage and sums each component to get the combined head-discharge relationship. The authors thank the discusser in providing additional labyrinth weir literature references. More extensive literature citations regarding labyrinth weirs can also be found in previously published papers by the authors (e.g., Crookston 2010; Crookston and Tullis 2013).
Non-linear weirs, such as labyrinth and piano key weirs, are commonly used in dam rehabilitation ... more Non-linear weirs, such as labyrinth and piano key weirs, are commonly used in dam rehabilitation projects to economically increase spillway capacity to meet discharge performance requirements. However, utilizing hydraulically more efficient weirs also increase peak discharges for more frequent flood events, which may require consideration during design. A relatively new rehabilitation technique is to modify the outflow hydrograph of a non-linear weir by implementing multiple crest elevations or stages. This study illustrates the hydraulic performance of a staged non-linear weir relative to existing conditions and a single-stage non-linear weir. Four reservoir flood routing scenarios were performed using recently published head-discharge data for labyrinth weirs, staged labyrinth weirs, and the ogee weirs. The impacts of each spillway on reservoir attenuation and outflow are discussed, based upon outflow hydrograph characteristics. A summary of labyrinth spillway geometries is also i...