Baixin Chen - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Baixin Chen

Heat Transfer: Volume 1, 2000

Sequestration of liquid CO2 into the intermediate depth ocean has been considered as a means to r... more Sequestration of liquid CO2 into the intermediate depth ocean has been considered as a means to reduce atmospheric concentration of this greenhouse gas and mitigate global warming. A number of CO2 droplets are released and diluted into the intermediate ocean. The behavior of CO2 dissolution is very important in order to control the concentration of CO2 and to keep the environmental impact minimum. Under conditions in the intermediate ocean, that is, high pressure and low temperature, the CO2 clathrate hydrate film was formed on the CO2 droplet surface. The hydrate film has been considered to decrease the dissolution rate and the CO2 concentration near the droplet surface. The authors applied a LIF technique with a new kind of the dye as a pH indicator. The new dye in the CO2 dissolved water emitted intense fluorescence dependent on its pH. The visualized images showed the two dimensional distribution of the pH, i.e., CO2 concentration, around the CO2 droplet with or without the hydr...

Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies - 6th International Conference, 2003

Publisher Summary This chapter describes efforts to understand the dynamics of liquid CO2 plumes ... more Publisher Summary This chapter describes efforts to understand the dynamics of liquid CO2 plumes in seawater using both laboratory and computer models. It also includes a summary of proposed field measurements designed to validate these models as part of the International Collaboration on Ocean CO2 Sequestration. CO2 discharged into seawater at intermediate depths results in a collection of liquid droplets. The nature of the CO2 breakup and the resulting droplet size distribution has been described in the chapter. As the droplets rise, they form a buoyant plume that entrains ambient seawater, much like a sewage or thermal plume. The liquid CO2 gradually dissolves, causing the concentration of dissolved CO2 in seawater to increase and the pH to decrease. Because of its buoyancy, the undissolved liquid CO2 rises, while ambient currents and stratification cause the CO2 enriched seawater to separate from the droplets. In addition, the CO2-enriched seawater is heavier than ambient seawater, promoting sinking. These processes have been studied using a combination of laboratory and computer models. The chapter also summarizes proposed field measurements designed to validate these models as part of the International Collaboration on Ocean CO2 Sequestration.

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2022

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2021

Evaluation of seismic reflection data has identified the presence of fluid escape structures cros... more Evaluation of seismic reflection data has identified the presence of fluid escape structures cross-cutting overburden stratigraphy within sedimentary basins globally. Seismically-imaged chimneys/pipes are considered to be possible pathways for fluid flow, which may hydraulically connect deeper strata to the seabed. The properties of fluid migration pathways through the overburden must be constrained to enable secure, long-term subsurface carbon dioxide (CO2) storage. We have investigated a site of natural active fluid escape in the North Sea, the Scanner pockmark complex, to determine the physical characteristics of focused fluid conduits, and how they control fluid flow. Here we show that a multiscale, multidisciplinary experimental approach is required for complete characterisation of fluid escape structures. Geophysical techniques are necessary to resolve fracture geometry and subsurface structure (e.g., multi-frequency seismics) and physical parameters of sediments (e.g., controlled source electromagnetics) across a wide range of length scales (m to km). At smaller (mm to cm) scales, sediment cores were sampled directly and their physical and chemical properties assessed using laboratory-based methods. Numerical modelling approaches bridge the resolution gap, though their validity is dependent on calibration and constraint from field and laboratory experimental data. Further, time-lapse seismic and acoustic methods capable of resolving temporal changes are key for determining fluid flux. Future optimisation of experiment resource use may be facilitated by the installation of permanent seabed infrastructure, and replacement of manual data processing with automated workflows. This study can be used to inform measurement, monitoring and verification workflows that will assist policymaking, regulation, and best practice for CO2 subsurface storage operations.

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2021

Abstract The dynamics and plume development of injected CO2 dispersion and dissolution through se... more Abstract The dynamics and plume development of injected CO2 dispersion and dissolution through sediments into water column, at the STEMM-CCS field experiment conducted in Goldeneye, are simulated and predicted by a newly developed two-phase flow model based on Navier-Stokes-Darcy equations. In the experiment, CO2 gas was released into shallow marine sediment 3.0 m below the seafloor at 120 m water depth in the North Sea. The pre-experimental survey data of porosity, grain size distributions, and brine concentration are used to reconstruct the model sediments. The gas CO2 is then injected into the sediments at a rate of 5.7 kg/day to 143 kg/day. The model is validated by diagnostic simulations to compare with field observation data of CO2 eruption time, changes in pH in sediments, and the gas leakage rates. Then the dynamics of the CO2 plume development in the sediments are investigated by model simulations, including the leakage pathways, the fluids interactions among CO2/brine/sediments, and CO2 dissolution, in order to comprehend the mechanisms of CO2 leakage through sediments. It is shown from model simulations that the CO2 plume develops horizontally in the sediments at a rate of 0.375 m/day, CO2 dissolution in the sediments is at an overall average rate of 0.03 g/sec with some peaks of 0.45 g/sec, 0.15 g/sec, and 0.3 g/sec, respectively, following the increase in injection rates, when some fresh brine provided. These, therefore, lead to a ratio of 0.90~0.93 of CO2 leakage rate to injection rate.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019

The location and potential intensity of any possible CO 2 leakage at the seafloor are critically ... more The location and potential intensity of any possible CO 2 leakage at the seafloor are critically dependent on the distribution and permeability of fluid pathways in the sediment overburden overlying any putative storage reservoir. Evaluation of seismic reflection data, as part of a European Union funded project (STEMM-CCS), has revealed structures crosscutting the overburden within the North Sea and Norwegian Sea. These seismicallyimaged pipes and chimneys are considered to be possible pathways for fluid flow. Natural fluids from deeper strata have migrated through these structures at some point in geological time. If CO 2 leaking from sub-seafloor storage reservoirs reaches the base of these structures, and if their permeability is sufficiently high, they could act as CO 2 leakage pathways towards the seafloor and overlying water column. To provide a reliable

This paper demonstrates the characteristics of interparticle forces and forcing schemes in pseudo... more This paper demonstrates the characteristics of interparticle forces and forcing schemes in pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann simulations. The Yuan-Schaefer (YS), multipseudopotential interaction (MPI) and piecewise linear methods are examined as techniques of equation of state (EOS) inclusion in pseudopotential models. It is suggested here that it is important to have an understanding of the interparticle forces generated by the models in order to obtain good quality results. Poor choice of parameters can lead to generation of unphysical interactions. The piecewise linear method is found to perform well and to decouple parameters. It decouples the density ratio from the surface tension and from the collision operator relaxation rates. It is proposed that the decoupling occurs due to generation of lower values of high-order error terms in the interfacial region by the piecewise linear EOS. In general, the multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) collision operator should be combined with the Huang-Wu forcing scheme for simulating high values of surface tension and with the Li-Luo method for simulating low values of surface tension. It is found that reducing kinematic viscosity is more detrimental to the stability of the simulations than increasing the density ratio. Introducing a kinematic viscosity ratio between the phases practically eliminates the influence of density ratio on spurious velocities. The factors affecting stability of dynamic simulations are examined. It is found that they have the following hierarchy from the greatest impact to the least: kinematic viscosity ratio between the phases; bulk viscosity; method of EOS inclusion and reduced temperature/ density ratio.

The proceedings of the JSME annual meeting

Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan, 2000

Journal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing, 1999

ERCOFTAC Series, 2004

... 1. pp. 59-68. (1977). Rona, PA. Palmer. DR. Jones. C., Chayes, DA. Czarnecki. M.. Carey, EW, ... more ... 1. pp. 59-68. (1977). Rona, PA. Palmer. DR. Jones. C., Chayes, DA. Czarnecki. M.. Carey, EW, and Geurrero, ]. C.: Acoustic Imaging of Hydrothermal Plumes, East Pacific Rise, 2ION, I09OW, Geophys Res. Lett., vol. 18 (12). pp. 2233-2236,(1991). Song. Y. Nishio. M.. Chen. ...

Environmental Science & Technology, 2006

Computers & Mathematics with Applications

⋅ biological impacts, ⋅ zooplankton, ⋅ activity index, ⋅ ocean turbulence, ⋅ two-phase plume, ⋅ e... more ⋅ biological impacts, ⋅ zooplankton, ⋅ activity index, ⋅ ocean turbulence, ⋅ two-phase plume, ⋅ eulerian scheme.

AOPC 2020: Optical Sensing and Imaging Technology

In analogy to the velocity decomposition in continuum mechanics, we introduce two new tensors, re... more In analogy to the velocity decomposition in continuum mechanics, we introduce two new tensors, referred to as the deformation-rate tensor and rotation-rate tensor, to the optical coherence theory for stochastic optical field, and decompose a coherence current vector into its translation, rotation and deformation components to study the optical coherence dynamics. To investigate the optical coherence propagation and evolution, we have conducted an experiment with results given to demonstrate the two newly introduced tensors.

We estimated the effects of initial vertical distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) on ... more We estimated the effects of initial vertical distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) on storage efficiency of direct injection of CO2 into the ocean. Our simulations shown that the storage efficiencies could be reduced up to 10% if a relative large droplet (30 mm in diameter) was injected at depth of 1500m. The storage efficiency of CO2 ocean sequestration is strongly related with not only injection depth but also the initial CO2 droplet diameter. With a given injection rate, the larger droplets injected will produce a dilute DIC plume and thus improve the acute biological impacts but a smaller storage effective due to droplet ascending. INTRODUCTION CO2 ocean sequestration had been studied as a mean to mitigate the accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere [Marchetti, 1977], To assess this technology, simulations, using either ocean general circulation models [OGCMs, Caldeira et al., 2002] or one-dimensional diffusion models (Herzog et al., 2003), predicted that th...

Heat Transfer: Volume 1, 2000

Sequestration of liquid CO2 into the intermediate depth ocean has been considered as a means to r... more Sequestration of liquid CO2 into the intermediate depth ocean has been considered as a means to reduce atmospheric concentration of this greenhouse gas and mitigate global warming. A number of CO2 droplets are released and diluted into the intermediate ocean. The behavior of CO2 dissolution is very important in order to control the concentration of CO2 and to keep the environmental impact minimum. Under conditions in the intermediate ocean, that is, high pressure and low temperature, the CO2 clathrate hydrate film was formed on the CO2 droplet surface. The hydrate film has been considered to decrease the dissolution rate and the CO2 concentration near the droplet surface. The authors applied a LIF technique with a new kind of the dye as a pH indicator. The new dye in the CO2 dissolved water emitted intense fluorescence dependent on its pH. The visualized images showed the two dimensional distribution of the pH, i.e., CO2 concentration, around the CO2 droplet with or without the hydr...

Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies - 6th International Conference, 2003

Publisher Summary This chapter describes efforts to understand the dynamics of liquid CO2 plumes ... more Publisher Summary This chapter describes efforts to understand the dynamics of liquid CO2 plumes in seawater using both laboratory and computer models. It also includes a summary of proposed field measurements designed to validate these models as part of the International Collaboration on Ocean CO2 Sequestration. CO2 discharged into seawater at intermediate depths results in a collection of liquid droplets. The nature of the CO2 breakup and the resulting droplet size distribution has been described in the chapter. As the droplets rise, they form a buoyant plume that entrains ambient seawater, much like a sewage or thermal plume. The liquid CO2 gradually dissolves, causing the concentration of dissolved CO2 in seawater to increase and the pH to decrease. Because of its buoyancy, the undissolved liquid CO2 rises, while ambient currents and stratification cause the CO2 enriched seawater to separate from the droplets. In addition, the CO2-enriched seawater is heavier than ambient seawater, promoting sinking. These processes have been studied using a combination of laboratory and computer models. The chapter also summarizes proposed field measurements designed to validate these models as part of the International Collaboration on Ocean CO2 Sequestration.

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2022

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2021

Evaluation of seismic reflection data has identified the presence of fluid escape structures cros... more Evaluation of seismic reflection data has identified the presence of fluid escape structures cross-cutting overburden stratigraphy within sedimentary basins globally. Seismically-imaged chimneys/pipes are considered to be possible pathways for fluid flow, which may hydraulically connect deeper strata to the seabed. The properties of fluid migration pathways through the overburden must be constrained to enable secure, long-term subsurface carbon dioxide (CO2) storage. We have investigated a site of natural active fluid escape in the North Sea, the Scanner pockmark complex, to determine the physical characteristics of focused fluid conduits, and how they control fluid flow. Here we show that a multiscale, multidisciplinary experimental approach is required for complete characterisation of fluid escape structures. Geophysical techniques are necessary to resolve fracture geometry and subsurface structure (e.g., multi-frequency seismics) and physical parameters of sediments (e.g., controlled source electromagnetics) across a wide range of length scales (m to km). At smaller (mm to cm) scales, sediment cores were sampled directly and their physical and chemical properties assessed using laboratory-based methods. Numerical modelling approaches bridge the resolution gap, though their validity is dependent on calibration and constraint from field and laboratory experimental data. Further, time-lapse seismic and acoustic methods capable of resolving temporal changes are key for determining fluid flux. Future optimisation of experiment resource use may be facilitated by the installation of permanent seabed infrastructure, and replacement of manual data processing with automated workflows. This study can be used to inform measurement, monitoring and verification workflows that will assist policymaking, regulation, and best practice for CO2 subsurface storage operations.

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2021

Abstract The dynamics and plume development of injected CO2 dispersion and dissolution through se... more Abstract The dynamics and plume development of injected CO2 dispersion and dissolution through sediments into water column, at the STEMM-CCS field experiment conducted in Goldeneye, are simulated and predicted by a newly developed two-phase flow model based on Navier-Stokes-Darcy equations. In the experiment, CO2 gas was released into shallow marine sediment 3.0 m below the seafloor at 120 m water depth in the North Sea. The pre-experimental survey data of porosity, grain size distributions, and brine concentration are used to reconstruct the model sediments. The gas CO2 is then injected into the sediments at a rate of 5.7 kg/day to 143 kg/day. The model is validated by diagnostic simulations to compare with field observation data of CO2 eruption time, changes in pH in sediments, and the gas leakage rates. Then the dynamics of the CO2 plume development in the sediments are investigated by model simulations, including the leakage pathways, the fluids interactions among CO2/brine/sediments, and CO2 dissolution, in order to comprehend the mechanisms of CO2 leakage through sediments. It is shown from model simulations that the CO2 plume develops horizontally in the sediments at a rate of 0.375 m/day, CO2 dissolution in the sediments is at an overall average rate of 0.03 g/sec with some peaks of 0.45 g/sec, 0.15 g/sec, and 0.3 g/sec, respectively, following the increase in injection rates, when some fresh brine provided. These, therefore, lead to a ratio of 0.90~0.93 of CO2 leakage rate to injection rate.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019

The location and potential intensity of any possible CO 2 leakage at the seafloor are critically ... more The location and potential intensity of any possible CO 2 leakage at the seafloor are critically dependent on the distribution and permeability of fluid pathways in the sediment overburden overlying any putative storage reservoir. Evaluation of seismic reflection data, as part of a European Union funded project (STEMM-CCS), has revealed structures crosscutting the overburden within the North Sea and Norwegian Sea. These seismicallyimaged pipes and chimneys are considered to be possible pathways for fluid flow. Natural fluids from deeper strata have migrated through these structures at some point in geological time. If CO 2 leaking from sub-seafloor storage reservoirs reaches the base of these structures, and if their permeability is sufficiently high, they could act as CO 2 leakage pathways towards the seafloor and overlying water column. To provide a reliable

This paper demonstrates the characteristics of interparticle forces and forcing schemes in pseudo... more This paper demonstrates the characteristics of interparticle forces and forcing schemes in pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann simulations. The Yuan-Schaefer (YS), multipseudopotential interaction (MPI) and piecewise linear methods are examined as techniques of equation of state (EOS) inclusion in pseudopotential models. It is suggested here that it is important to have an understanding of the interparticle forces generated by the models in order to obtain good quality results. Poor choice of parameters can lead to generation of unphysical interactions. The piecewise linear method is found to perform well and to decouple parameters. It decouples the density ratio from the surface tension and from the collision operator relaxation rates. It is proposed that the decoupling occurs due to generation of lower values of high-order error terms in the interfacial region by the piecewise linear EOS. In general, the multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) collision operator should be combined with the Huang-Wu forcing scheme for simulating high values of surface tension and with the Li-Luo method for simulating low values of surface tension. It is found that reducing kinematic viscosity is more detrimental to the stability of the simulations than increasing the density ratio. Introducing a kinematic viscosity ratio between the phases practically eliminates the influence of density ratio on spurious velocities. The factors affecting stability of dynamic simulations are examined. It is found that they have the following hierarchy from the greatest impact to the least: kinematic viscosity ratio between the phases; bulk viscosity; method of EOS inclusion and reduced temperature/ density ratio.

The proceedings of the JSME annual meeting

Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan, 2000

Journal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing, 1999

ERCOFTAC Series, 2004

... 1. pp. 59-68. (1977). Rona, PA. Palmer. DR. Jones. C., Chayes, DA. Czarnecki. M.. Carey, EW, ... more ... 1. pp. 59-68. (1977). Rona, PA. Palmer. DR. Jones. C., Chayes, DA. Czarnecki. M.. Carey, EW, and Geurrero, ]. C.: Acoustic Imaging of Hydrothermal Plumes, East Pacific Rise, 2ION, I09OW, Geophys Res. Lett., vol. 18 (12). pp. 2233-2236,(1991). Song. Y. Nishio. M.. Chen. ...

Environmental Science & Technology, 2006

Computers & Mathematics with Applications

⋅ biological impacts, ⋅ zooplankton, ⋅ activity index, ⋅ ocean turbulence, ⋅ two-phase plume, ⋅ e... more ⋅ biological impacts, ⋅ zooplankton, ⋅ activity index, ⋅ ocean turbulence, ⋅ two-phase plume, ⋅ eulerian scheme.

AOPC 2020: Optical Sensing and Imaging Technology

In analogy to the velocity decomposition in continuum mechanics, we introduce two new tensors, re... more In analogy to the velocity decomposition in continuum mechanics, we introduce two new tensors, referred to as the deformation-rate tensor and rotation-rate tensor, to the optical coherence theory for stochastic optical field, and decompose a coherence current vector into its translation, rotation and deformation components to study the optical coherence dynamics. To investigate the optical coherence propagation and evolution, we have conducted an experiment with results given to demonstrate the two newly introduced tensors.

We estimated the effects of initial vertical distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) on ... more We estimated the effects of initial vertical distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) on storage efficiency of direct injection of CO2 into the ocean. Our simulations shown that the storage efficiencies could be reduced up to 10% if a relative large droplet (30 mm in diameter) was injected at depth of 1500m. The storage efficiency of CO2 ocean sequestration is strongly related with not only injection depth but also the initial CO2 droplet diameter. With a given injection rate, the larger droplets injected will produce a dilute DIC plume and thus improve the acute biological impacts but a smaller storage effective due to droplet ascending. INTRODUCTION CO2 ocean sequestration had been studied as a mean to mitigate the accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere [Marchetti, 1977], To assess this technology, simulations, using either ocean general circulation models [OGCMs, Caldeira et al., 2002] or one-dimensional diffusion models (Herzog et al., 2003), predicted that th...