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Papers by Barbara Kochanska

Research paper thumbnail of Desktop micro-CT imaging as a novel gold standard in caries diagnosis

Research paper thumbnail of Measurements of impedance of dental enamel in low frequency region

Research paper thumbnail of An X-ray microtomographic study of SnF2 and YbCl3 uptake and retention in approximal caries lesions

Research paper thumbnail of Analiza rozkładu prądu w celce do pomiaru parametrów elektrycznych - model MES

Research paper thumbnail of Les substituts salivaires

Revue Belge de Médecine Dentaire, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of A Study of Oral Health Parameters and the Properties and Composition of Saliva in Oncological Patients with and without Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Who Take Bisphosphonates

Medicina

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine how the status of the oral cavity... more Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine how the status of the oral cavity, composition and properties of saliva change in oncological patients with and without Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) undergoing bisphosphonate therapy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case–control study of 49 oncological patients using bisphosphonates (BPs) was conducted. The study population was divided into two groups—Group I consisted of 29 patients with MRONJ and Group II of 20 patients without MRONJ. The control group consisted of 32 persons without oncological history and without antiresorptive therapy. Standard dental examination included the assessment of the number of teeth remaining, teeth with caries and fillings, Approximal Plaque Index (API) and Bleeding on Probing (BOP). In terms of MRONJ, localization and stage were assessed. Laboratory tests of saliva included determination of pH and concentrations of Ca and PO4 ions, total protein, lactoferri...

Research paper thumbnail of Measurement cell - current density analysis

International Conference Electrical Bioimpedance, 2004

Research paper thumbnail of Recurrent or persistent salivary gland enlargement in children: When is it Sjögren's?

Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 2021

To describe characteristic features in children with recurrent or persistent salivary gland enlar... more To describe characteristic features in children with recurrent or persistent salivary gland enlargement and to propose a diagnostic algorithm with specific consideration for Sjögren's disease (SD). In this single-center, prospective study, 45 patients < 18 years, with recurrent or persistent salivary gland enlargement of unknown etiology were enrolled from 2006 to 2019. We collected detailed clinical information to characterize this group of patients including specific details of their major salivary gland signs and symptoms. We compared clinical, laboratory and radiological parameters between 4 groups based on the results of labial salivary gland biopsy (LSGB) and between patients who met existing SD criteria or not. 44 patients, with a mean age of 6.8 years and female to male ratio 21:23 were observed over a mean of 3.8 years. Characteristics of salivary gland swelling episodes varied considerably between individuals, but the majority experienced ≤5 episodes per year, lasting ≤ 1 week, with swelling affecting either or both glands. Ocular and oral dryness symptoms were observed only in 25% and 59% patients, respectively. The majority were positive for ANA, but negative for SD-specific antibodies. A total of 75% patients fulfilled at least one of the existing SD criteria. SD is a major cause of recurrent salivary gland enlargement in children. For children meeting adult criteria, the diagnosis of SD is clear. However, for the many children without dryness symptoms, objective dryness, or SD-specific antibodies, further workup including a combination of salivary gland imaging and histopathological examination can help establish the diagnosis of SD.

Research paper thumbnail of Health behaviour of pregnant women and oral health preservation – questionnaire

Research paper thumbnail of Frequency of Isolation of Gram-Negative Obligate Anaerobes Rods from Dental Periapical Granulomas with their Sensitivity to Antibiotics and 5-Nitroimidazole Derivatives

Dental and Medical Problems, 2012

Background. in infections within the root-canal and the periapical tissue besides other bacteria ... more Background. in infections within the root-canal and the periapical tissue besides other bacteria of mixed infection the gram-negative strictly anaerobic bacteria occur. Those may cause non-specific inflammations of the periapical tissues or take part in creating an endodontic abcesses and chronic inflammatories of periapical tissue etiology. Objectives. To define the most frequently isolated species and genera of gram-negative bacteria in obligate anaerobic periapical granuloma and their assessment of the sensitivity to antibiotics and derivatives 5-nitroimidasol. Material and Methods. The material for the microbiological study were 70 periapical granulomas. The tested materials were inoculated on substrates suitable for anaerobic bacteria and incubated at anaerobic in aerostats at 37°c for 10 days. cultured anaerobic bacteria were identified in anaerobic conditions with applicable standards of identifying anaerobic bacteria api20a (bioMérieux). Sensitivity (Mic) of anaerobic bacter...

Research paper thumbnail of Late Post-Operative Occurrence of Dentin Hypersensitivity in Adult Patients Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation—A Preliminary Report

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) is one of the most commonly perform... more Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) is one of the most commonly performed transplantation procedures nowadays. Despite the significant progress made in the treatment, alloHSCT is still associated with numerous complications also affecting the oral cavity. One of them is dentin hypersensitivity (DH)—a sharp, short-term pain that occurs when stimuli act on exposed dentin. Various authors point out that DH may result in a significantly lower quality of life, among other things by impeding the consumption of food as well as causing difficulties in daily oral hygiene. The aim of the study was a preliminary analysis of the incidence rate and severity of DH pain in adult patients during late period after alloHSCT. The impact of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) and time after alloHCT were also considered. A total of 80 patients were examined. cGvHD was identified in 52 participants. The incidence rate and severity of DH pain was assessed on the basis of a ...

Research paper thumbnail of Effectiveness of Brushing the Tooth Enamel with the Paste Containing 5000 ppm NaF Examined by CRT (Enamel Resistance to Acid) Test – in Vitro Study

Dental and Medical Problems, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Activity of cedar oil (Oleum Cedri) on aerobic bacteria

Research paper thumbnail of The activity of Aromatol against anaerobic bacteria

Research paper thumbnail of Pomiary impedancji szkliwa zębÓw w zakresie niskiej częstotliwości

The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the state of dental dec... more The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the state of dental decay and electrical resistivity and capacitance of the human enamel in vitro. Four states of the dental enamel were investigated: sound and with demineralization, cracks and cavities. The values of electrical conductivity were the lowest for the sound enamel (0.3 to 152 nS). Higher values were measured for demineralization of the enamel (3 to 500 nS). Cracks and cavities resulted in the highest range of electrical conductivity of about 4 to 183 μS. An increase in conductivity correlated with an increase in capacitance. The range of capacitance is from 0.2 pF to 1.7 nF. The electrical impedance was measured in hygrostat where relative humidity varied between 20% and 100%. The conductance of the human enamel is humidity dependent and can lower down to a hundred times with increasing humidity. The sound enamel is the most sensitive to humidity. Demineralization is slightly less sensitive. Cav...

Research paper thumbnail of Selected aspects of dental prophylaxis in cancer patients

Jak wynika z danych epidemiologicznych, w Polsce stale rośnie liczba zachorowań na nowotwory złoś... more Jak wynika z danych epidemiologicznych, w Polsce stale rośnie liczba zachorowań na nowotwory złośliwe. Terapia onkologiczna wiąże się z wieloma powikłaniami, w tym również występującymi w jamie ustnej. Niejednokrotnie stanowią one przyczynę długotrwałego cierpienia chorych, prowadząc do znacznego obniżenia jakości ich życia oraz zagrażając powodzeniu postępowania przeciwnowotworowego. Objawy te mogą być m.in. manifestacją choroby podstawowej, a także bezpośrednim lub pośrednim skutkiem jej leczenia. Powikłaniom w jamie ustnej można często skutecznie zapobiegać poprzez odpowiednie działania profilaktyczne. Planując stomatologiczne działania profilaktyczne należy przede wszystkim pamiętać, że muszą one być przygotowane indywidualnie dla każdego pacjenta i uwzględniać zarówno stan zdrowia jamy ustnej chorego, jak i jego sytuację ogólnozdrowotną. Postępowanie zapobiegawcze będzie różniło się także w zależności od etapu terapii onkologicznej, tzn. przed Wybrane aspekty profilaktyki chorób jamy ustnej u pacjentów onkologicznych Selected aspects of dental prophylaxis in cancer patients

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Antioxidant Capacity and Nucleotide Metabolites in Saliva

Toxics, 2021

The balance between reactive oxygen species production and the activity of antioxidant systems pr... more The balance between reactive oxygen species production and the activity of antioxidant systems present in saliva is an important element in maintaining oral environment homeostasis. E-cigarettes adversely affect the oral cavity and their cytotoxic effect is related to oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of using electronic cigarettes on antioxidant capacity of saliva. The study involved 110 subjects (35 e-cigarettes users, 33 traditional cigarettes smokers and 42 non-smokers). Laboratory analysis involved quantitation of uric acid, hypoxanthine, xanthine, TAOS (total antioxidant status) and TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) in saliva. Lower values for TAOS and TEAC were observed among e-cigarettes users and traditional cigarettes smokers in comparison to non-smokers. Uric acid concentration tended to be higher among e-cigarettes users while no differences in hypoxanthine and xanthine saliva concentrations were observed. Electronic cigarett...

Research paper thumbnail of Selected Physicochemical Properties of Saliva in Menopausal Women—A Pilot Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020

The aim of this study was to estimate differences in selected physicochemical properties of saliv... more The aim of this study was to estimate differences in selected physicochemical properties of saliva between menopausal and premenopausal women. Methods: The study population consisted of 9 menopausal women and 15 women of the control group. Laboratory tests included the determination of pH saliva, salivary flow rate, and concentrations of lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, and ionized calcium. Results: Among menopausal women, statistically significant differences were observed in values of salivary flow rate and lysozyme and ionized calcium concentrations; however, no statistically significant differences for pH and concentrations of lactoferrin and immunoglobulin A were found. The salivary flow rate in the study group was significantly lower compared to that in premenopausal women. In relation to lysozyme, statistically significant differences were found between control group and menopausal women to the disadvantage of the latter. However, the concentration of ionized calcium ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Analysis of the Frequency of Leukoplakia in Reference of Tobacco Smoking among Northern Polish Population

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020

Objective: The aim of the study was an updated analysis of the frequency of leukoplakia in refere... more Objective: The aim of the study was an updated analysis of the frequency of leukoplakia in reference to tobacco smoking among the northern Polish population. Material and Methods: Medical records of 5720 patients who suffer from abnormalities and oral mucosa diseases between January 2015–December 2018 were analyzed. Among them, 416 medical charts of patients with leukoplakia were selected. The study group consisted of 196 women and 220 men aged between 21–86 years (average 45.6 years). The analysis was conducted in terms of age, gender, and smoking tobacco. The basic criterion for inclusion in the study was the presence of oral leukoplakia confirmed by histopathological examination, recorded in the chart. Information about the patient’s active smoking was obtained from documented medical interviews. An active smoker was defined as a patient who smoked 10 or more cigarettes a day for at least the previous six months. The study used parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. R...

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Selected Antibacterial Properties of Saliva

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019

The aim of this study was to estimate changes in selected physicochemical properties of saliva co... more The aim of this study was to estimate changes in selected physicochemical properties of saliva collected from users of electronic cigarettes. Methods: The study population consisted of 120 patients (40 users of electronic cigarettes, 40 smokers of traditional cigarettes and 40 non-smokers). Laboratory tests included verification of saliva amount of lysozyme, lactoferrin and IgA. Results: Among e-cigarette users, statistically significant differences were observed in values of lysozyme and lactoferrin; however, no statistically significant differences for the IgA value were found. In the group of traditional cigarette smokers, statistically significant differences were observed among all tested parameters in relation to the control group. In relation to IgA, statistically significant differences were found between e-cigarette users and traditional cigarette smokers, to the disadvantage of the latter. Conclusion: Saliva of e-cigarette users showed changes of antibacterial properties i...

Research paper thumbnail of Desktop micro-CT imaging as a novel gold standard in caries diagnosis

Research paper thumbnail of Measurements of impedance of dental enamel in low frequency region

Research paper thumbnail of An X-ray microtomographic study of SnF2 and YbCl3 uptake and retention in approximal caries lesions

Research paper thumbnail of Analiza rozkładu prądu w celce do pomiaru parametrów elektrycznych - model MES

Research paper thumbnail of Les substituts salivaires

Revue Belge de Médecine Dentaire, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of A Study of Oral Health Parameters and the Properties and Composition of Saliva in Oncological Patients with and without Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Who Take Bisphosphonates

Medicina

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine how the status of the oral cavity... more Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine how the status of the oral cavity, composition and properties of saliva change in oncological patients with and without Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) undergoing bisphosphonate therapy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case–control study of 49 oncological patients using bisphosphonates (BPs) was conducted. The study population was divided into two groups—Group I consisted of 29 patients with MRONJ and Group II of 20 patients without MRONJ. The control group consisted of 32 persons without oncological history and without antiresorptive therapy. Standard dental examination included the assessment of the number of teeth remaining, teeth with caries and fillings, Approximal Plaque Index (API) and Bleeding on Probing (BOP). In terms of MRONJ, localization and stage were assessed. Laboratory tests of saliva included determination of pH and concentrations of Ca and PO4 ions, total protein, lactoferri...

Research paper thumbnail of Measurement cell - current density analysis

International Conference Electrical Bioimpedance, 2004

Research paper thumbnail of Recurrent or persistent salivary gland enlargement in children: When is it Sjögren's?

Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 2021

To describe characteristic features in children with recurrent or persistent salivary gland enlar... more To describe characteristic features in children with recurrent or persistent salivary gland enlargement and to propose a diagnostic algorithm with specific consideration for Sjögren's disease (SD). In this single-center, prospective study, 45 patients < 18 years, with recurrent or persistent salivary gland enlargement of unknown etiology were enrolled from 2006 to 2019. We collected detailed clinical information to characterize this group of patients including specific details of their major salivary gland signs and symptoms. We compared clinical, laboratory and radiological parameters between 4 groups based on the results of labial salivary gland biopsy (LSGB) and between patients who met existing SD criteria or not. 44 patients, with a mean age of 6.8 years and female to male ratio 21:23 were observed over a mean of 3.8 years. Characteristics of salivary gland swelling episodes varied considerably between individuals, but the majority experienced ≤5 episodes per year, lasting ≤ 1 week, with swelling affecting either or both glands. Ocular and oral dryness symptoms were observed only in 25% and 59% patients, respectively. The majority were positive for ANA, but negative for SD-specific antibodies. A total of 75% patients fulfilled at least one of the existing SD criteria. SD is a major cause of recurrent salivary gland enlargement in children. For children meeting adult criteria, the diagnosis of SD is clear. However, for the many children without dryness symptoms, objective dryness, or SD-specific antibodies, further workup including a combination of salivary gland imaging and histopathological examination can help establish the diagnosis of SD.

Research paper thumbnail of Health behaviour of pregnant women and oral health preservation – questionnaire

Research paper thumbnail of Frequency of Isolation of Gram-Negative Obligate Anaerobes Rods from Dental Periapical Granulomas with their Sensitivity to Antibiotics and 5-Nitroimidazole Derivatives

Dental and Medical Problems, 2012

Background. in infections within the root-canal and the periapical tissue besides other bacteria ... more Background. in infections within the root-canal and the periapical tissue besides other bacteria of mixed infection the gram-negative strictly anaerobic bacteria occur. Those may cause non-specific inflammations of the periapical tissues or take part in creating an endodontic abcesses and chronic inflammatories of periapical tissue etiology. Objectives. To define the most frequently isolated species and genera of gram-negative bacteria in obligate anaerobic periapical granuloma and their assessment of the sensitivity to antibiotics and derivatives 5-nitroimidasol. Material and Methods. The material for the microbiological study were 70 periapical granulomas. The tested materials were inoculated on substrates suitable for anaerobic bacteria and incubated at anaerobic in aerostats at 37°c for 10 days. cultured anaerobic bacteria were identified in anaerobic conditions with applicable standards of identifying anaerobic bacteria api20a (bioMérieux). Sensitivity (Mic) of anaerobic bacter...

Research paper thumbnail of Late Post-Operative Occurrence of Dentin Hypersensitivity in Adult Patients Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation—A Preliminary Report

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) is one of the most commonly perform... more Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) is one of the most commonly performed transplantation procedures nowadays. Despite the significant progress made in the treatment, alloHSCT is still associated with numerous complications also affecting the oral cavity. One of them is dentin hypersensitivity (DH)—a sharp, short-term pain that occurs when stimuli act on exposed dentin. Various authors point out that DH may result in a significantly lower quality of life, among other things by impeding the consumption of food as well as causing difficulties in daily oral hygiene. The aim of the study was a preliminary analysis of the incidence rate and severity of DH pain in adult patients during late period after alloHSCT. The impact of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) and time after alloHCT were also considered. A total of 80 patients were examined. cGvHD was identified in 52 participants. The incidence rate and severity of DH pain was assessed on the basis of a ...

Research paper thumbnail of Effectiveness of Brushing the Tooth Enamel with the Paste Containing 5000 ppm NaF Examined by CRT (Enamel Resistance to Acid) Test – in Vitro Study

Dental and Medical Problems, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Activity of cedar oil (Oleum Cedri) on aerobic bacteria

Research paper thumbnail of The activity of Aromatol against anaerobic bacteria

Research paper thumbnail of Pomiary impedancji szkliwa zębÓw w zakresie niskiej częstotliwości

The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the state of dental dec... more The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the state of dental decay and electrical resistivity and capacitance of the human enamel in vitro. Four states of the dental enamel were investigated: sound and with demineralization, cracks and cavities. The values of electrical conductivity were the lowest for the sound enamel (0.3 to 152 nS). Higher values were measured for demineralization of the enamel (3 to 500 nS). Cracks and cavities resulted in the highest range of electrical conductivity of about 4 to 183 μS. An increase in conductivity correlated with an increase in capacitance. The range of capacitance is from 0.2 pF to 1.7 nF. The electrical impedance was measured in hygrostat where relative humidity varied between 20% and 100%. The conductance of the human enamel is humidity dependent and can lower down to a hundred times with increasing humidity. The sound enamel is the most sensitive to humidity. Demineralization is slightly less sensitive. Cav...

Research paper thumbnail of Selected aspects of dental prophylaxis in cancer patients

Jak wynika z danych epidemiologicznych, w Polsce stale rośnie liczba zachorowań na nowotwory złoś... more Jak wynika z danych epidemiologicznych, w Polsce stale rośnie liczba zachorowań na nowotwory złośliwe. Terapia onkologiczna wiąże się z wieloma powikłaniami, w tym również występującymi w jamie ustnej. Niejednokrotnie stanowią one przyczynę długotrwałego cierpienia chorych, prowadząc do znacznego obniżenia jakości ich życia oraz zagrażając powodzeniu postępowania przeciwnowotworowego. Objawy te mogą być m.in. manifestacją choroby podstawowej, a także bezpośrednim lub pośrednim skutkiem jej leczenia. Powikłaniom w jamie ustnej można często skutecznie zapobiegać poprzez odpowiednie działania profilaktyczne. Planując stomatologiczne działania profilaktyczne należy przede wszystkim pamiętać, że muszą one być przygotowane indywidualnie dla każdego pacjenta i uwzględniać zarówno stan zdrowia jamy ustnej chorego, jak i jego sytuację ogólnozdrowotną. Postępowanie zapobiegawcze będzie różniło się także w zależności od etapu terapii onkologicznej, tzn. przed Wybrane aspekty profilaktyki chorób jamy ustnej u pacjentów onkologicznych Selected aspects of dental prophylaxis in cancer patients

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Antioxidant Capacity and Nucleotide Metabolites in Saliva

Toxics, 2021

The balance between reactive oxygen species production and the activity of antioxidant systems pr... more The balance between reactive oxygen species production and the activity of antioxidant systems present in saliva is an important element in maintaining oral environment homeostasis. E-cigarettes adversely affect the oral cavity and their cytotoxic effect is related to oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of using electronic cigarettes on antioxidant capacity of saliva. The study involved 110 subjects (35 e-cigarettes users, 33 traditional cigarettes smokers and 42 non-smokers). Laboratory analysis involved quantitation of uric acid, hypoxanthine, xanthine, TAOS (total antioxidant status) and TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) in saliva. Lower values for TAOS and TEAC were observed among e-cigarettes users and traditional cigarettes smokers in comparison to non-smokers. Uric acid concentration tended to be higher among e-cigarettes users while no differences in hypoxanthine and xanthine saliva concentrations were observed. Electronic cigarett...

Research paper thumbnail of Selected Physicochemical Properties of Saliva in Menopausal Women—A Pilot Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020

The aim of this study was to estimate differences in selected physicochemical properties of saliv... more The aim of this study was to estimate differences in selected physicochemical properties of saliva between menopausal and premenopausal women. Methods: The study population consisted of 9 menopausal women and 15 women of the control group. Laboratory tests included the determination of pH saliva, salivary flow rate, and concentrations of lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, and ionized calcium. Results: Among menopausal women, statistically significant differences were observed in values of salivary flow rate and lysozyme and ionized calcium concentrations; however, no statistically significant differences for pH and concentrations of lactoferrin and immunoglobulin A were found. The salivary flow rate in the study group was significantly lower compared to that in premenopausal women. In relation to lysozyme, statistically significant differences were found between control group and menopausal women to the disadvantage of the latter. However, the concentration of ionized calcium ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Analysis of the Frequency of Leukoplakia in Reference of Tobacco Smoking among Northern Polish Population

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020

Objective: The aim of the study was an updated analysis of the frequency of leukoplakia in refere... more Objective: The aim of the study was an updated analysis of the frequency of leukoplakia in reference to tobacco smoking among the northern Polish population. Material and Methods: Medical records of 5720 patients who suffer from abnormalities and oral mucosa diseases between January 2015–December 2018 were analyzed. Among them, 416 medical charts of patients with leukoplakia were selected. The study group consisted of 196 women and 220 men aged between 21–86 years (average 45.6 years). The analysis was conducted in terms of age, gender, and smoking tobacco. The basic criterion for inclusion in the study was the presence of oral leukoplakia confirmed by histopathological examination, recorded in the chart. Information about the patient’s active smoking was obtained from documented medical interviews. An active smoker was defined as a patient who smoked 10 or more cigarettes a day for at least the previous six months. The study used parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. R...

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Selected Antibacterial Properties of Saliva

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019

The aim of this study was to estimate changes in selected physicochemical properties of saliva co... more The aim of this study was to estimate changes in selected physicochemical properties of saliva collected from users of electronic cigarettes. Methods: The study population consisted of 120 patients (40 users of electronic cigarettes, 40 smokers of traditional cigarettes and 40 non-smokers). Laboratory tests included verification of saliva amount of lysozyme, lactoferrin and IgA. Results: Among e-cigarette users, statistically significant differences were observed in values of lysozyme and lactoferrin; however, no statistically significant differences for the IgA value were found. In the group of traditional cigarette smokers, statistically significant differences were observed among all tested parameters in relation to the control group. In relation to IgA, statistically significant differences were found between e-cigarette users and traditional cigarette smokers, to the disadvantage of the latter. Conclusion: Saliva of e-cigarette users showed changes of antibacterial properties i...