Barry Bodhaine - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Barry Bodhaine

Unknown eBooks, Aug 1, 1983

An experiment to measure the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on clouds and solar radiation was ... more An experiment to measure the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on clouds and solar radiation was conducted during the summers of 1981 and 1982 at Whiteface Mountain, N.Y. This report presents light-scattering and condensation nucleus data for the summer of 1982 in graphical and tabular form. In addition, 10-day back trajectories for which Whiteface Mountain is the destination are presented for the same time period.

Springer eBooks, Apr 6, 2008

An aerosol experiment was conducted during 1987 at the Amundsen-Scott station, South Pole. We mea... more An aerosol experiment was conducted during 1987 at the Amundsen-Scott station, South Pole. We measured condensation nuclei (CN) concentration, aerosol scattering extinction ((Yp), aerosol chemistry, aerosol size distribution in the Aitken size range, and aerosol carbon concentration. In addition, a complete set of meteorology data was obtained.

Journal of applied meteorology, Nov 1, 1982

Reviews of Geophysics, 1988

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric background air quality, solar radiation, and Administration ... more The National Oceanic and Atmospheric background air quality, solar radiation, and Administration program of Geophysical Monitoring meteorology monitoring program was begun on a for Climatic Change (GMCC) has operated a back-coordinated basis with three other United States ground atmospheric monitoring observatory in stations under the National Oceanic and Atmos-Antarctica at the United States Amundsen-Scott pheric Administration (NOAA) Geophysical Monitor-South Pole Station since 1972. The program ing for Climatic Change (GMCC) program. The other objectives at South Pole, as at the other three GMCC observatories are at Barrow, Alaska (71.3ON, GMCC observatories, include the determination of 156.6øW, 0 km msl [mean sea level]); Mauna Loa, concentrations, variations with time, and other Hawaii (19.5øN, 155.6øW, 3.4 km msl); and Tututla properties of atmospheric trace gases and aerosol Island, American Samoa (14.3øS, 170.6øW, 0 km particles which can potentially impact climate. msl). With the adoption of corresponding metho-In addition, GMCC monitors solar radiation and dologies at the several NOAA/GMCC observatories meteorological factors to determine long-term also established at about the same time, cornparmeans and any trends that could be associated with isons can be drawn readily between conditions at climatic changes as well as to examine correla-South Pole and at other global monitoring stations between meteorological and air chemistry tions. This report emphasizes the long-term air parameters. This discussion emphasizes the long-quality studies made since 1972 at South Pole term GMCC South Pole air chemistry record for under the NOAA/GMCC program (Table 1). In carbon dioxide, total ozone, surface ozone, addition to the air chemistry program, the GMCC methane, halocarbons, nitrous oxide, and aerosol activities at South Pole and the other observaconcentrations. Comparisons of South Pole tories include comprehensive solar radiation findings with other global GMCC data are also measurements as well as the common meteorological given. The total ozone discussion includes the variables of wind, temperature, humidity, and results of recent GMCC ozonesonde operations and precipitation. an assessment of Dobson ozone spectrophotometer The overall GMCC program at South Pole includes data taken at South Pole by NOAA since 1964. not only the field measurement activity and its These data sets are directly applicable to technical support, but also the compilation and Antarctic "ozone hole" investigations, and current archiving of field data [e.g., Thompson et al., findings related to this phenomenon are discussed. 1985; Komhyr et al., 1987; Komhyr and Harris, 1977] and the interpretation of GMCC data with The NOAA/GMCC program at the South Pole is a jointly supported program between NOAA and the /Mauna Loa Observatory, Geophysical Monitoring National Science Foundation (NSF). In this Joint for Climatic Change, National Oceanic and Atmos-effort the NSF Division of Polar Programs provides pheric Administration, Hilo, Hawaii. logistic support and the facilities at South Pole 2Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change, while NOAA provides the support for personnel, all Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and instrumentation and supplies, and data processing Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado. and analysis. 3Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado/NOAA, Observational Facilities Boulder. The GMCC program at SPO in 1972 was an exten-This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. Pub-sion of prior NOAA activities and consisted of lished in 1988 by the American Geophysical Union. Dobson total ozone, surface ozone, and Aitken or "condensation" nuclei measurements. All of these Paper number 8R0055. measurements were made from the Dobson observation

Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, 1991

Abstract A new nephelometer suitable for aircraft measurements of aerosol scattering extinction c... more Abstract A new nephelometer suitable for aircraft measurements of aerosol scattering extinction coefficient (σ sp) has been constructed and operated under field conditions. This instrument is vacuum tight for operation in a pressurized aircraft cabin and is capable of ...

Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, Jun 1, 1993

Airborne lidar and in-situ measurements of the aerosol properties were conducted between Svalbard... more Airborne lidar and in-situ measurements of the aerosol properties were conducted between Svalbard Island and Scandinavia in April 2008. Evidence of aerosol transport from Europe and Asia is given. The analysis of the aerosol optical properties based on a multiwavelength lidar (355, 532, 1064 nm) including volume depolarization at 355 nm aims at distinguishing the role of the different aerosol sources (Siberian wild fires, Eastern Asia and European anthropogenic emissions). Combining, first aircraft measurements, second FLEXPART simulations with a calculation of the PBL air fraction originating from the three different mid-latitude source regions, and third level-2 CALIPSO data products (i.e. backscatter coefficient 532 nm,volume depolarization and color ratio between 1064 and 532 nm in aerosol layers) along the transport pathways, appears a valuable approach to identify the role of the different aerosol sources even after a transport time larger than 4 days. Optical depth of the aerosol layers are always rather small (<4%) while transported over the Arctic and ratio of the total attenuated backscatter (i.e. including molecular contribution) provide more stable result than conventional aerosol backscatter ratio. Above Asia, CALIPSO data indicate more depolarization (up to 15%) and largest color ratio (>0.5) for the northeastern Asia emissions (i.e. an expected mixture of Asian pollution and dust), while low depolarization together with smaller and quasi constant color ratio (≈0.3) are observed for the Siberian biomass burning emissions. A similar difference is visible between two layers observed by the aircraft above Scandinavia. The analysis of the time evolution of the aerosol optical properties revealed by CALIPSO between Asia and Scandinavia shows a gradual decrease of

Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 1989

As part of the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP II) continuous measurements ... more As part of the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP II) continuous measurements of atmospheric aerosol black carbon (BC) were made at the NOAA/GMCC observatory at Barrow, Alaska (71°19'N, 156°36'W) during the period March 21-April 22, 1986. Black carbon is produced only by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials and so is a particularly useful atmospheric indicator of anthropogenic activities. The BC data have been analyzed together with the concurrent measurements of carbon dioxide (COz), methane (CI-I4), and condensation nuclei (CN) that are routinely made at the observatory. All four species showed elevated and highly variable concentrations due to local human activities, principally in the township of Barrow, 7 km to the southwest, and at the DEW Line radar installation 1 km to the northwest. We distinguish between those periods of the record that are affected by local activities and those that are not, on the basis of the short-term (periods of up to 1 hour) variability of the continuous CO2 and CN records, with large short-term variabilities indicating local sources. We identified seven periods of time (events) with durations ranging from 13 to 37 hours when the BC, CO2, and CI-h concentrations changed smoothly over time, were highly correlated with each other, and were not influenced by local activities. These events had BC/CO2 ratios in the range (50-103) × 10-6. These ratios are dimensionless since we convert the CO 2 concentrations to units of ng m-3 of carbon. Such values of BC/CO2 are characteristic of the combustion effluent from large installations burning heavy fuel oil or coal, automobiles, and domestic-scale natural gas usage. We conclude that these events are indicative of air masses that have been polluted with combustion emissions in a distant location and then transported to the Arctic. In the absence of species-selective loss mechanisms, these air masses will maintain their combustion effluent signatures during the transpert. The BC/CO2 ratios found for the local combustion activities are consistent with those expected from known combustion processes.

Environmental Science & Technology, 2001

Aerosol data consisting of condensation nuclei (CN) counts, black carbon (BC) mass concentration,... more Aerosol data consisting of condensation nuclei (CN) counts, black carbon (BC) mass concentration, and aerosol light scattering coefficient at the wavelength of 450 nm (SC) measured at Barrow, AK, from 1986 to 1997 have been analyzed. BC and SC show an annual cycle with the Arctic haze maxima in the winter and spring and the minima in the summer. The CN time series shows two maxima in March and August. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) that combines the aerosol data with air parcel backward trajectories was applied to identify potential source areas and the preferred pathways that give rise to the observed high aerosol concentrations at Barrow. Tenday isentropic back trajectories arriving twice daily at 500 and 1500 m above sea level were calculated for the period from 1986 to 1997. The PSCF analyses were performed based on the 80th percentile criterion values for the 2and 24-h averages of the measured aerosol parameters. There was a good correspondence between PSCF maps for the 2-and 24-h averages, indicating that 1-day aerosol sampling in the Arctic adequately represents the aerosol source areas. In winter, the high PSCF values for BC and SC are related to industrial source areas in Eurasia. The trajectory domain in winter and spring is larger than in summer, reflecting weaker transport in summer. No high PSCF areas for BC and SC can be observed in summer. The result is related to the poor transport into the Arctic plus the strong removal of aerosol by precipitation in summer. In contrast to the BC and SC maps, the CN plot for summer shows high PSCF areas in the North Pacific Ocean. High CN values appear to be mostly connected with the longrange transport from Eurasia in winter and spring and with the reduced sulfur compound emission from biogenic activities in the ocean in the summer. PSCF analysis was found to be effective in identifying potential aerosol source areas.

Journal of Geophysical Research, 1992

As part of the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment (MLOPEX) total reactive oxidized n... more As part of the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment (MLOPEX) total reactive oxidized nitrogen (NOy) was measured during May and early June of 1988 at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the NOAA-Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change Baseline Monitoring Station, located at 3.4-km elevation on the island of Hawaii. Gold catalytic surface conversion of individual reactive oxidized nitrogen species to NO and subsequent quantification of the NO by NO/O3 chemiluminescence was used to measure the N Oy mixing ratio. The N Oy abundance at the site was governed by the local downslope/upslope wind systems as well as synoptic-scale transport. With some exceptions, downslope wind brought air representative of the free troposphere, while upslope winds transported air from below the trade wind inversion to the site. The upslope air masses could be a mix of marine boundary layer air and free tropospheric air modified by anthropogenic and natural emissions from island sources. It was possible to identify free tropospheric air in the downslope flow through meteorological and chemical tracers. Reflecting the remote location, low NOy mixing ratios with median values of 262 and 239 pptv were found in free tropospheric and upslope air masses, respectively. The median NOy levels in free tropospheric air are consistent with airborne N Oy measurements made during NASA's Global Tropospheric ExperimenqChemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (CITE 2) program over the northeastern Pacific Ocean at corresponding altitudes. The median NOy values in upslope flow are significantly higher than those measured in the remote marine boundary layer during CITE 2, reflecting probably the influence of island source and/or mixing of free tropospheric air with boundary layer air. The low correlation found between NOy and tracers of anthropogenic sources, such as carbon monoxide, tetrachloroethylene, and n-propyl nitrate, in free tropospheric air samples is consistent with a stratospheric or upper tropospheric source for NOy. Simultaneous particulate nitrate (NO3-) measurements suggest that at times not all aerosol NO3was quantitatively converted to NO by the Au-surface converter technique. These episodes were usually found during upslope flow and were characterized by high sodium concentrations, suggesting that possibly the sodium nitrate contained in these aerosols was not converted efficiently by the Au converter.

Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1973

Abstract Nephelometry, in conjunction with a tube furnace and an Aitken nuclei counter, has been ... more Abstract Nephelometry, in conjunction with a tube furnace and an Aitken nuclei counter, has been applied to the investigation of the volatile component of the aerosol budget at Cape Kumukahi, Hilo. and Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. It was found that heating of the incoming air sample resulted in a decrease in light scattering above 100C due to the loss of organics and other easily volatilized compounds, and a drastic increase in Aitken nuclei counts at temperatures above 150C in the presence of ammonium sulfate. In the marine aerosol, a decrease in light mattering at about 45C was observed which is probably due to the loss of moisture during the phase transition from droplet to crystal. A second decrease near 120C is probably caused by the volatilization of organics from the droplet aerosol. In heating to 150C, the amount of light-scattering decrease was found to depend on the air mass. On occasions when volcanic effluent was apparently present, an increase in Aitken nuclei was noted in the heated air. T...

Geophysical Research Letters, 1974

A 4λ nephelometer has been included as part of the aerosol monitoring program at Mauna Loa Observ... more A 4λ nephelometer has been included as part of the aerosol monitoring program at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. This instrument is capable of measuring the clean air (nighttime downslope wind conditions) aerosol light scattering coefficient of bsp ≃ 3 × 10−7m−1, about 1% of the molecular scattering of air. Typical light scattering values for “dirty” (upslope wind) conditions are of the order of bsp ≃ 5 × 10−5m−1. Although rare, vigorous fountaining at Kilauea Volcano occasionally ejects particulate into the upper air and encroaches upon the clean air at Mauna Loa. However, volcanism does not interfere significantly with the background monitoring program. The aerosol size information obtained from the 4λ nephelometer functions as an indicator of the aerosol source and therefore of possible global trends in aerosol size or concentration.

Arctic Air Pollution, 1987

Journal of Aerosol Science, 1981