Basanta Shrestha - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Basanta Shrestha

The malocclusion is a malrelationship between the arches in any of the planes or in which there a... more The malocclusion is a malrelationship between the arches in any of the planes or in which there are anomalies in tooth position beyond the normal limits. The epidemiological data has a key role in planning which varies between different countries, ethnic and age groups. Aims and objective: To find out the prevalence of malocclusion among high school students in three districts of Kathmandu valley. Materials and method: The sample consists of 937 children (537 males and 400 females) with the age groups between 14 and 16 years. The samples were selected voluntarily from seven different schools of Kathamandu valley using multistage sampling technique. This is a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study. Results: Normal occlusion is found to be in 27 %. The prevalence of Class I malocclusion is 59% followed by Class II (25%) and Class III (16%). Male to female ratio was found to be 57:43%. Out of two major ethnic groups, 64% of Indo Aryans and 36% of Janajati had malocclusion. Moreover, Class II malocclusion was seen more in Indo Aryans than in Janajati populations. Conclusion: The prevalence of normal occlusion was 27% and malocclusion was found to be 73%. Class I malocclusion is most prevalent followed by Class II malocclusion and the Class III malocclusion showed least prevalence.

The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) has been working towards de... more The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) has been working towards developing a Regional Spatial Data Infrastructure (RSDI) in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region to attain the common goals of an accurate geo-information base to address the various issues related to sustaining mountain ecosystems. The present activities in this endeavour, challenges and the approaches for way forward are discussed in this paper. Climate change, water and poverty are the three strategic thrust areas of ICIMOD with its activities focusing on addressing the needs to investigate, to develop adaptation mechanisms and to prepare the communities and nations of the HKH to successfully manage the changes that are taking place. Many of these issues are of trans- boundary concern and an improved understanding of key components of these issues is necessary to effectively address them. Geographic information has been a common denominator for studies in many areas of concern. However...

The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) through its Mountain Enviro... more The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) through its Mountain Environment and Natural Resources Information Systems (MENRIS) program has been focusing on GIS capacity building and networking of the national institutions in the HKH region to promote the development of GIS and its application for sustainable mountain development since early 1990. Developing human resources in the field of GIS and Remote Sensing has been a major focus of the program since its inception. In the process, MENRIS has developed a number of training courses suitable to different audiences such as the policy makers, managers and professionals, and conducted these courses in almost all the member countries of ICIMOD, namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan. It has also developed many training manuals focusing on specific applications, GIS training CD-ROM and "GIS for Beginners" - an introductory textbook on GIS targeted for schools. At present...

Nepal Agriculture Research Journal, 2009

Many feed industries in various parts of the country have been producing and marketing different ... more Many feed industries in various parts of the country have been producing and marketing different types of compound feeds. The source of feed ingredients also varies greatly which will ultimately lead to the variation in the quality of finished products. Altogether 493 samples of 50 different feed ingredients and compound feed were collected from Baglung, Baitadi, Banke, Tanahun districts. Highest content of dry matter (99.51%), organic matter (98.45%), total ash (98.14%) and crude protein (67.85%) was recorded for oyster cell, white maize grain, oyster cell and meat meal respectively. Similarly, the rice husk was found to be superior in crude fibre content (34.46%) In terms of mineral oyster cell was found to be superior in calcium content (35.94%) and bone meal in phosphorous content (1.59%) as compared to other feed ingredients.

Integrating System Dynamics in the Spatial Decision Support Toolbox (DST) for Management of Mountain Protected Areas

The HKKH Partnership project has conceived Decision Support Toolbox (DST) as a collection of part... more The HKKH Partnership project has conceived Decision Support Toolbox (DST) as a collection of participatory and computer based modules to provide a set of integrated but self contained tools to support decision making in management of mountain protected areas. Sagarmatha National Park (SNP) in Nepal was taken as a pilot case for DST development. Participatory methods such as P3DM, Scenario

The Cryosphere Discussions, 2011

The changes in seasonal snow covered area in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region have been exam... more The changes in seasonal snow covered area in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region have been examined using Moderate -resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 8-day standard snow products. The average snow covered area of the HKH region based on satellite data from 2000 to 2010 is 0.76 million km 2 which is 18.23% of 5 the total geographical area of the region. The linear trend in annual snow cover from 2000 to 2010 is −1.25 ± 1.13%. This is in consistent with earlier reported decline of the decade from 1990 to 2001. A similar trend for western, central and eastern HKH region is 8.55 ± 1.70%, +1.66% ± 2.26% and 0.82 ± 2.50%, respectively. The snow covered area in spring for HKH region indicates a declining trend (−1.04±0.97%). The 10 amount of annual snowfall is correlated with annual seasonal snow cover for the western Himalaya, indicating that changes in snow cover are primarily due to interannual variations in circulation patterns. Snow cover trends over a decade were also found to vary across seasonally and the region. Snow cover trends for western HKH are positive for all seasons. In central HKH the trend is positive (+15.53 ± 5.69%) in autumn 15 and negative (−03.68 ± 3.01) in winter. In eastern HKH the trend is positive in summer (+3.35±1.62%) and autumn (+7.74±5.84%). The eastern and western region of HKH has an increasing trend of 10% to 12%, while the central region has a declining trend of 12% to 14% in the decade between 2000 and 2010. Snow cover depletion curve plotted for the hydrological year 2000-2001 reveal peaks in the month of February

Research in Biodiversity - Models and Applications, 2011

Use and analysis of temporal map algebra for vegetation index compositing

International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images, 2005., 2005

... Preeti Mali, Charles O' Hara, Bijay Shrestha and Veeraraghavan Vijayaraj GeoResource... more ... Preeti Mali, Charles O' Hara, Bijay Shrestha and Veeraraghavan Vijayaraj GeoResources Institute, Mississippi State University Mississippi State, MS 39762 ... Along with the image datasets quality datasets, sensor and solar angles datasets related with images for each day were ...

31 Global changes and sustainable development in the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalaya

Developments in Earth Surface Processes, 2007

The Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan (HKKH) region, stretching 3500km over eight countries, from Af... more The Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan (HKKH) region, stretching 3500km over eight countries, from Afghanistan in the west to Mynamar in the east, is home to more than 150 million people and affects the lives of three times as many in the plains and river basins below. The region is not only the world's highest mountain region, but also its most populous. The

International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2013

This paper addresses a snow-mapping algorithm for the Tibetan Plateau region using Moderate Resol... more This paper addresses a snow-mapping algorithm for the Tibetan Plateau region using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Accounting for the effects of the atmosphere and terrain on the satellite observations at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), particularly in the rugged Tibetan Plateau region, the surface reflectance is retrieved from the TOA reflectance after atmospheric and topographic corrections. To reduce the effect of the misclassification of snow and cloud cover, a normalized difference cloud index (NDCI) model is proposed to discriminate snow/cloud pixels, separate from the MODIS cloud mask product MOD35. The MODIS land surface temperature (LST) product MOD11 L2 is also used to ensure better accuracy of the snow cover classification. Comparisons of the resulting snow cover with those estimated from high spatial-resolution Landsat ETM+ data and obtained from MODIS snow cover product MOD10 L2 for the Mount Everest region for different seasons in 2002, show that the MODIS snow cover product MOD10 L2 overestimates the snow cover with relative error ranging from 20.1% to 55.7%, whereas the proposed algorithm estimates the snow cover more accurately with relative error varying from 0.3% to 9.8%. Comparisons of the snow cover estimated with the proposed algorithm and those obtained from MOD10 L2 product with in situ measurements over the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region for December 2003 and January 2004 (the snowy seasons) indicate that the proposed algorithm can map the snow cover more accurately with greater than 90% agreement.

Improvement of MODIS snow cover algorithm for the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region

2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2010

Abstract This work aimed to refine the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) base... more Abstract This work aimed to refine the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) based snow cover algorithm for the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region. Taking into account the effect of the atmosphere and terrain on the satellite observations at the ...

Journal of Environmental Management, 2015

Land cover and its change analysis across the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is realized as an... more Land cover and its change analysis across the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is realized as an urgent need to support diverse issues of environmental conservation. This study presents the first and most complete national land cover database of Nepal prepared using public domain Landsat TM data of 2010 and replicable methodology. The study estimated that 39.1% of Nepal is covered by forests and 29.83% by agriculture. Patch and edge forests constituting 23.4% of national forest cover revealed proximate biotic interferences over the forests. Core forests constituted 79.3% of forests of Protected areas where as 63% of area was under core forests in the outside protected area. Physiographic regions wise forest fragmentation analysis revealed specific conservation requirements for productive hill and mid mountain regions. Comparative analysis with Landsat TM based global land cover product showed difference of the order of 30e60% among different land cover classes stressing the need for significant improvements for national level adoption. The online web based land cover validation tool is developed for continual improvement of land cover product. The potential use of the data set for national and regional level sustainable land use planning strategies and meeting several global commitments also highlighted.

Prevalence of Malocclusion Among Medical Students in Institute of Medicine, Nepal: A Preliminary Report

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal, 2013

The Integrated Web Portal (IWP)

Mountain Research and Development, 2010

The Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan (HKKH) Partnership Project involves implementation of various ... more The Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan (HKKH) Partnership Project involves implementation of various applied research and development activities that require integration of diverse data and information as well as interpretation of various forms of information and knowledge, ...

An Integrated Decision Support Toolbox (DST) for the Management of Mountain Protected Areas

Mountain Research and Development, 2010

... Protected area systems are seen as one of the most common strategies adopted to achieve ... r... more ... Protected area systems are seen as one of the most common strategies adopted to achieve ... region, and pollutants are increasing, in the form of both organic waste and solid waste that find its ... The spatial metadata are based on an ISO 19115 geospatial metadata standard of the ...

Mountain Research and Development, 2010

... Kumar Maskey 3 , Sanjay Nath Khanal 3 , Dinesh Bhuju 4 , Marco Carrer 5 , Silu Bhochhibhoya 3... more ... Kumar Maskey 3 , Sanjay Nath Khanal 3 , Dinesh Bhuju 4 , Marco Carrer 5 , Silu Bhochhibhoya 3 , Maria Teresa Melis 1, 6 , Francesco Giannino 7 , Anna Staiano 7 , Fabrizio Carteni 7 , Stefano Mazzoleni 7 , Annalisa Cogo 1, 8 , Atindra Sapkota 3 , Sandeep Shrestha 3 , Rojan ...

Mountain Research and Development, 2010

Abstract Glaciers are the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth, supporting one third of the w... more Abstract Glaciers are the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth, supporting one third of the world's population. The Himalaya possess one of the largest resources of snow and ice, which act as a freshwater reservoir for more than 1.3 billion people. This article describes a new project called HIMALA, which focuses on utilizing satellite-based products for better understanding of hydrological processes of the river basins of the region. With support from the US Agency for International Development (USAID), the International Centre for ...

Usefulness of Geo-Information technology to address various issues on sustainable development has... more Usefulness of Geo-Information technology to address various issues on sustainable development has been well realized. However, the real applications of the technology are hindered due to lack of proper data sharing mechanisms, giving rise to lot of duplication of efforts. Many countries are working on developing National Spatial Data Infrastructures (NSDI) to look after various components necessary to facilitate spatial data sharing to a broad user base. In this context, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) has been working on spatial data infrastructure at a regional level in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region to develop a common framework for sharing data and knowledge for application of GIS to sustainable mountain development. A mountain GIS Portal has been developed using the latest GIS and the Internet technologies. The portal developed to share GIS resources such as metadata, spatial data, application methodologies, publications and training materials will certainly reinforce the NSDI efforts in the countries of the HKH. ICIMOD is also working with its national partners to develop national portals in the similar framework which will be a part of the larger network at the regional level. It is envisaged that this distributed network with a building block approach will ultimately grow into a regional spatial data infrastructure in the HKH.

Journal of Environmental Management, 2014

Land cover (LC) is one of the most important and easily detectable indicators of change in ecosys... more Land cover (LC) is one of the most important and easily detectable indicators of change in ecosystem services and livelihood support systems. This paper describes the decadal dynamics in LC changes at national and sub-national level in Bhutan derived by applying object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques to 1990, 2000, and 2010 Landsat (30 m spatial resolution) data. Ten LC classes were defined in order to give a harmonized legend land cover classification system (LCCS). An accuracy of 83% was achieved for LC-2010 as determined from spot analysis using very high resolution satellite data from Google Earth Pro and limited field verification. At the national level, overall forest increased from 25,558 to 26,732 km 2 between 1990 and 2010, equivalent to an average annual growth rate of 59 km 2 /year (0.22%). There was an overall reduction in grassland, shrubland, and barren area, but the observations were highly dependent on time of acquisition of the satellite data and climatic conditions. The greatest change from non-forest to forest (277 km 2 ) was in Bumthang district, followed by Wangdue Phodrang and Trashigang, with the least (1 km 2 ) in Tsirang. Forest and scrub forest covers close to 75% of the land area of Bhutan, and just over half of the total area (51%) has some form of conservation status. This study indicates that numerous applications and analyses can be carried out to support improved land cover and land use (LCLU) management. It will be possible to replicate this study in the future as comparable new satellite data is scheduled to become available.

The direct observations of large aerosol radiative forcing in the Himalayan region

Geophysical Research Letters, 2004

Bidya B. Pradhan and Basanta Shrestha Mountain Environment and Natural Resources Information syst... more Bidya B. Pradhan and Basanta Shrestha Mountain Environment and Natural Resources Information system, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal Received 11 October 2003; revised 14 January 2004; accepted 4 February 2004; ...

The malocclusion is a malrelationship between the arches in any of the planes or in which there a... more The malocclusion is a malrelationship between the arches in any of the planes or in which there are anomalies in tooth position beyond the normal limits. The epidemiological data has a key role in planning which varies between different countries, ethnic and age groups. Aims and objective: To find out the prevalence of malocclusion among high school students in three districts of Kathmandu valley. Materials and method: The sample consists of 937 children (537 males and 400 females) with the age groups between 14 and 16 years. The samples were selected voluntarily from seven different schools of Kathamandu valley using multistage sampling technique. This is a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study. Results: Normal occlusion is found to be in 27 %. The prevalence of Class I malocclusion is 59% followed by Class II (25%) and Class III (16%). Male to female ratio was found to be 57:43%. Out of two major ethnic groups, 64% of Indo Aryans and 36% of Janajati had malocclusion. Moreover, Class II malocclusion was seen more in Indo Aryans than in Janajati populations. Conclusion: The prevalence of normal occlusion was 27% and malocclusion was found to be 73%. Class I malocclusion is most prevalent followed by Class II malocclusion and the Class III malocclusion showed least prevalence.

The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) has been working towards de... more The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) has been working towards developing a Regional Spatial Data Infrastructure (RSDI) in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region to attain the common goals of an accurate geo-information base to address the various issues related to sustaining mountain ecosystems. The present activities in this endeavour, challenges and the approaches for way forward are discussed in this paper. Climate change, water and poverty are the three strategic thrust areas of ICIMOD with its activities focusing on addressing the needs to investigate, to develop adaptation mechanisms and to prepare the communities and nations of the HKH to successfully manage the changes that are taking place. Many of these issues are of trans- boundary concern and an improved understanding of key components of these issues is necessary to effectively address them. Geographic information has been a common denominator for studies in many areas of concern. However...

The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) through its Mountain Enviro... more The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) through its Mountain Environment and Natural Resources Information Systems (MENRIS) program has been focusing on GIS capacity building and networking of the national institutions in the HKH region to promote the development of GIS and its application for sustainable mountain development since early 1990. Developing human resources in the field of GIS and Remote Sensing has been a major focus of the program since its inception. In the process, MENRIS has developed a number of training courses suitable to different audiences such as the policy makers, managers and professionals, and conducted these courses in almost all the member countries of ICIMOD, namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan. It has also developed many training manuals focusing on specific applications, GIS training CD-ROM and "GIS for Beginners" - an introductory textbook on GIS targeted for schools. At present...

Nepal Agriculture Research Journal, 2009

Many feed industries in various parts of the country have been producing and marketing different ... more Many feed industries in various parts of the country have been producing and marketing different types of compound feeds. The source of feed ingredients also varies greatly which will ultimately lead to the variation in the quality of finished products. Altogether 493 samples of 50 different feed ingredients and compound feed were collected from Baglung, Baitadi, Banke, Tanahun districts. Highest content of dry matter (99.51%), organic matter (98.45%), total ash (98.14%) and crude protein (67.85%) was recorded for oyster cell, white maize grain, oyster cell and meat meal respectively. Similarly, the rice husk was found to be superior in crude fibre content (34.46%) In terms of mineral oyster cell was found to be superior in calcium content (35.94%) and bone meal in phosphorous content (1.59%) as compared to other feed ingredients.

Integrating System Dynamics in the Spatial Decision Support Toolbox (DST) for Management of Mountain Protected Areas

The HKKH Partnership project has conceived Decision Support Toolbox (DST) as a collection of part... more The HKKH Partnership project has conceived Decision Support Toolbox (DST) as a collection of participatory and computer based modules to provide a set of integrated but self contained tools to support decision making in management of mountain protected areas. Sagarmatha National Park (SNP) in Nepal was taken as a pilot case for DST development. Participatory methods such as P3DM, Scenario

The Cryosphere Discussions, 2011

The changes in seasonal snow covered area in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region have been exam... more The changes in seasonal snow covered area in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region have been examined using Moderate -resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 8-day standard snow products. The average snow covered area of the HKH region based on satellite data from 2000 to 2010 is 0.76 million km 2 which is 18.23% of 5 the total geographical area of the region. The linear trend in annual snow cover from 2000 to 2010 is −1.25 ± 1.13%. This is in consistent with earlier reported decline of the decade from 1990 to 2001. A similar trend for western, central and eastern HKH region is 8.55 ± 1.70%, +1.66% ± 2.26% and 0.82 ± 2.50%, respectively. The snow covered area in spring for HKH region indicates a declining trend (−1.04±0.97%). The 10 amount of annual snowfall is correlated with annual seasonal snow cover for the western Himalaya, indicating that changes in snow cover are primarily due to interannual variations in circulation patterns. Snow cover trends over a decade were also found to vary across seasonally and the region. Snow cover trends for western HKH are positive for all seasons. In central HKH the trend is positive (+15.53 ± 5.69%) in autumn 15 and negative (−03.68 ± 3.01) in winter. In eastern HKH the trend is positive in summer (+3.35±1.62%) and autumn (+7.74±5.84%). The eastern and western region of HKH has an increasing trend of 10% to 12%, while the central region has a declining trend of 12% to 14% in the decade between 2000 and 2010. Snow cover depletion curve plotted for the hydrological year 2000-2001 reveal peaks in the month of February

Research in Biodiversity - Models and Applications, 2011

Use and analysis of temporal map algebra for vegetation index compositing

International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images, 2005., 2005

... Preeti Mali, Charles O' Hara, Bijay Shrestha and Veeraraghavan Vijayaraj GeoResource... more ... Preeti Mali, Charles O' Hara, Bijay Shrestha and Veeraraghavan Vijayaraj GeoResources Institute, Mississippi State University Mississippi State, MS 39762 ... Along with the image datasets quality datasets, sensor and solar angles datasets related with images for each day were ...

31 Global changes and sustainable development in the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalaya

Developments in Earth Surface Processes, 2007

The Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan (HKKH) region, stretching 3500km over eight countries, from Af... more The Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan (HKKH) region, stretching 3500km over eight countries, from Afghanistan in the west to Mynamar in the east, is home to more than 150 million people and affects the lives of three times as many in the plains and river basins below. The region is not only the world's highest mountain region, but also its most populous. The

International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2013

This paper addresses a snow-mapping algorithm for the Tibetan Plateau region using Moderate Resol... more This paper addresses a snow-mapping algorithm for the Tibetan Plateau region using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Accounting for the effects of the atmosphere and terrain on the satellite observations at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), particularly in the rugged Tibetan Plateau region, the surface reflectance is retrieved from the TOA reflectance after atmospheric and topographic corrections. To reduce the effect of the misclassification of snow and cloud cover, a normalized difference cloud index (NDCI) model is proposed to discriminate snow/cloud pixels, separate from the MODIS cloud mask product MOD35. The MODIS land surface temperature (LST) product MOD11 L2 is also used to ensure better accuracy of the snow cover classification. Comparisons of the resulting snow cover with those estimated from high spatial-resolution Landsat ETM+ data and obtained from MODIS snow cover product MOD10 L2 for the Mount Everest region for different seasons in 2002, show that the MODIS snow cover product MOD10 L2 overestimates the snow cover with relative error ranging from 20.1% to 55.7%, whereas the proposed algorithm estimates the snow cover more accurately with relative error varying from 0.3% to 9.8%. Comparisons of the snow cover estimated with the proposed algorithm and those obtained from MOD10 L2 product with in situ measurements over the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region for December 2003 and January 2004 (the snowy seasons) indicate that the proposed algorithm can map the snow cover more accurately with greater than 90% agreement.

Improvement of MODIS snow cover algorithm for the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region

2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2010

Abstract This work aimed to refine the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) base... more Abstract This work aimed to refine the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) based snow cover algorithm for the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region. Taking into account the effect of the atmosphere and terrain on the satellite observations at the ...

Journal of Environmental Management, 2015

Land cover and its change analysis across the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is realized as an... more Land cover and its change analysis across the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is realized as an urgent need to support diverse issues of environmental conservation. This study presents the first and most complete national land cover database of Nepal prepared using public domain Landsat TM data of 2010 and replicable methodology. The study estimated that 39.1% of Nepal is covered by forests and 29.83% by agriculture. Patch and edge forests constituting 23.4% of national forest cover revealed proximate biotic interferences over the forests. Core forests constituted 79.3% of forests of Protected areas where as 63% of area was under core forests in the outside protected area. Physiographic regions wise forest fragmentation analysis revealed specific conservation requirements for productive hill and mid mountain regions. Comparative analysis with Landsat TM based global land cover product showed difference of the order of 30e60% among different land cover classes stressing the need for significant improvements for national level adoption. The online web based land cover validation tool is developed for continual improvement of land cover product. The potential use of the data set for national and regional level sustainable land use planning strategies and meeting several global commitments also highlighted.

Prevalence of Malocclusion Among Medical Students in Institute of Medicine, Nepal: A Preliminary Report

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal, 2013

The Integrated Web Portal (IWP)

Mountain Research and Development, 2010

The Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan (HKKH) Partnership Project involves implementation of various ... more The Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan (HKKH) Partnership Project involves implementation of various applied research and development activities that require integration of diverse data and information as well as interpretation of various forms of information and knowledge, ...

An Integrated Decision Support Toolbox (DST) for the Management of Mountain Protected Areas

Mountain Research and Development, 2010

... Protected area systems are seen as one of the most common strategies adopted to achieve ... r... more ... Protected area systems are seen as one of the most common strategies adopted to achieve ... region, and pollutants are increasing, in the form of both organic waste and solid waste that find its ... The spatial metadata are based on an ISO 19115 geospatial metadata standard of the ...

Mountain Research and Development, 2010

... Kumar Maskey 3 , Sanjay Nath Khanal 3 , Dinesh Bhuju 4 , Marco Carrer 5 , Silu Bhochhibhoya 3... more ... Kumar Maskey 3 , Sanjay Nath Khanal 3 , Dinesh Bhuju 4 , Marco Carrer 5 , Silu Bhochhibhoya 3 , Maria Teresa Melis 1, 6 , Francesco Giannino 7 , Anna Staiano 7 , Fabrizio Carteni 7 , Stefano Mazzoleni 7 , Annalisa Cogo 1, 8 , Atindra Sapkota 3 , Sandeep Shrestha 3 , Rojan ...

Mountain Research and Development, 2010

Abstract Glaciers are the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth, supporting one third of the w... more Abstract Glaciers are the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth, supporting one third of the world's population. The Himalaya possess one of the largest resources of snow and ice, which act as a freshwater reservoir for more than 1.3 billion people. This article describes a new project called HIMALA, which focuses on utilizing satellite-based products for better understanding of hydrological processes of the river basins of the region. With support from the US Agency for International Development (USAID), the International Centre for ...

Usefulness of Geo-Information technology to address various issues on sustainable development has... more Usefulness of Geo-Information technology to address various issues on sustainable development has been well realized. However, the real applications of the technology are hindered due to lack of proper data sharing mechanisms, giving rise to lot of duplication of efforts. Many countries are working on developing National Spatial Data Infrastructures (NSDI) to look after various components necessary to facilitate spatial data sharing to a broad user base. In this context, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) has been working on spatial data infrastructure at a regional level in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region to develop a common framework for sharing data and knowledge for application of GIS to sustainable mountain development. A mountain GIS Portal has been developed using the latest GIS and the Internet technologies. The portal developed to share GIS resources such as metadata, spatial data, application methodologies, publications and training materials will certainly reinforce the NSDI efforts in the countries of the HKH. ICIMOD is also working with its national partners to develop national portals in the similar framework which will be a part of the larger network at the regional level. It is envisaged that this distributed network with a building block approach will ultimately grow into a regional spatial data infrastructure in the HKH.

Journal of Environmental Management, 2014

Land cover (LC) is one of the most important and easily detectable indicators of change in ecosys... more Land cover (LC) is one of the most important and easily detectable indicators of change in ecosystem services and livelihood support systems. This paper describes the decadal dynamics in LC changes at national and sub-national level in Bhutan derived by applying object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques to 1990, 2000, and 2010 Landsat (30 m spatial resolution) data. Ten LC classes were defined in order to give a harmonized legend land cover classification system (LCCS). An accuracy of 83% was achieved for LC-2010 as determined from spot analysis using very high resolution satellite data from Google Earth Pro and limited field verification. At the national level, overall forest increased from 25,558 to 26,732 km 2 between 1990 and 2010, equivalent to an average annual growth rate of 59 km 2 /year (0.22%). There was an overall reduction in grassland, shrubland, and barren area, but the observations were highly dependent on time of acquisition of the satellite data and climatic conditions. The greatest change from non-forest to forest (277 km 2 ) was in Bumthang district, followed by Wangdue Phodrang and Trashigang, with the least (1 km 2 ) in Tsirang. Forest and scrub forest covers close to 75% of the land area of Bhutan, and just over half of the total area (51%) has some form of conservation status. This study indicates that numerous applications and analyses can be carried out to support improved land cover and land use (LCLU) management. It will be possible to replicate this study in the future as comparable new satellite data is scheduled to become available.

The direct observations of large aerosol radiative forcing in the Himalayan region

Geophysical Research Letters, 2004

Bidya B. Pradhan and Basanta Shrestha Mountain Environment and Natural Resources Information syst... more Bidya B. Pradhan and Basanta Shrestha Mountain Environment and Natural Resources Information system, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal Received 11 October 2003; revised 14 January 2004; accepted 4 February 2004; ...