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Papers by Benny Johnson

Textbooks have been the traditional method of providing learning content to students for decades,... more Textbooks have been the traditional method of providing learning content to students for decades, and therefore have become the standard in highquality content. Yet the static textbook format is unable to take advantage of the cognitive and learning science research on effective interactive learning methods. This gap between quality content and highly efficient methods of learning can be closed with advances in artificial intelligence. This paper will contextualize the need for improving textbooks as a learning resource using research-based cognitive and learning science methods, and describe a process by which artificial intelligence transforms textbooks into more effective online learning environments. The goal of this paper is to evaluate textbook-based automatic question generation using student data from a variety of natural learning environments. We believe this analysis, based on 786,242 total observations of student-question interactions, is the largest evaluation of automat...

Educational Data Science: Essentials, Approaches, and Tendencies

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2022

Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale

Although content creators, instructors, and students alike see the value in providing interactive... more Although content creators, instructors, and students alike see the value in providing interactive courseware to help students learn, they remain a costly solution to create. Platforms that allow the creation and delivery of interactive courseware are only fully utilized by those who can afford the labor cost of building hundreds of formative items just to start. Most of the time this means barriers are too high in either financial cost or extremely long development timelines. Our solution is called SmartStart, a process that works to reduce these barriers to creating courseware by automating basic steps that otherwise require significant manual labor. Automatic question generation (AQG) is one in a series of steps in the SmartStart process that work together to transform textbook content into a courseware learning environment.

The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1994

An implementation of analytic second derivatives of the gradient‐corrected density functional ene... more An implementation of analytic second derivatives of the gradient‐corrected density functional energy. [The Journal of Chemical Physics 100, 7429 (1994)]. Benny G. Johnson, Michael J. Fisch. Abstract. We report an implementation ...

The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1992

Journal of Accounting Education, 2009

This paper describes an electronic tutoring system, developed using principles of artificial inte... more This paper describes an electronic tutoring system, developed using principles of artificial intelligence (AI), to help students learn the accounting cycle. Unlike other educational technologies, the tutoring system provides instruction and feedback that is tailored to each individual student and addresses not only problem-solving outcomes but also problem-solving processes. To assess the effectiveness of the tutoring system, we administered a pre-test and then required students in a sophomore accounting course to use either the tutoring system or their textbook as a reference when journalizing transactions for a homework assignment. We then administered a post-test. A pre-post analysis showed that the tutor group's test performance increased approximately 27% points, whereas the textbook group's test performance improved by only 8% points. Implications of these findings for instructors and researchers are discussed.

Issues in Accounting Education, 2011

ABSTRACT: Prior research demonstrates that students learn more from homework practice when using ... more ABSTRACT: Prior research demonstrates that students learn more from homework practice when using online homework or intelligent tutoring systems than a paper-and-pencil format. However, no accounting education research directly compares the learning effects of online homework systems with the learning effects of intelligent tutoring systems. This paper presents a quasi-experiment that compares the two systems and finds that students’ transaction analysis performance increased at a significantly faster rate when they used an intelligent tutoring system rather than an online homework system. Implications for accounting instructors and researchers are discussed.

Issues in Accounting Education, 2012

In introductory accounting textbooks, virtually all end-of-chapter problems on transaction analys... more In introductory accounting textbooks, virtually all end-of-chapter problems on transaction analysis follow the same familiar format: a collection of transactions performed by a given business during a specified time period. Modern research-based models of human cognitive architecture suggest, however, that this format is suboptimal for beginning students. An approach better aligned with this learning research would give students practice with one transaction type at a time before proceeding to problems involving a mixture of transaction types. An experiment was conducted to test this hypothesis by randomly assigning students in an introductory financial accounting course to one of two practice conditions: conventional textbook problems and “targeted practice” in which the same transactions were grouped by type. All students were then given a conventional textbook problem as a post-test. During the practice phase, students in the targeted practice group analyzed transactions in less ...

International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 1991

We have attempted to optimize the cost (the total number of floating-point operations required) o... more We have attempted to optimize the cost (the total number of floating-point operations required) of using the McMurchie-Davidson RNLM, recurrence relation. Rigorous solutions of the tree-search problem inherent in the cost minimization are given for total angular momentum L 5 7. For L 2 8, the rigorous search algorithm is prohibitively expensive, and we propose an approximate algorithm that generates highly optimized trees. Cost comparisons demonstrate that the present scheme is consistently superior to two others currently in use.

International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 1991

Page 1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, VOL. 40,145-152 (1991) Two-Electron Repulsion... more Page 1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, VOL. 40,145-152 (1991) Two-Electron Repulsion Integrals Over Gaussian s Functions PETER MW GILL, BENNY G. JOHNSON, AND JOHN A. POPLE Department ...

International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 1992

We explore a hybrid methodology in which the Hartree-Fock energy and density are combined with th... more We explore a hybrid methodology in which the Hartree-Fock energy and density are combined with the nonlocal exchange functional of Becke (1988) and the nonlocal correlation functional of Lee, Yang and Pam (1988) to yield an estimate of the Schriidinger total energy. The resulting mean absolute deviation from a large number of experimental atomization energies, ionization potentials, electron affinities, and proton affinities is 3.86 kcal/mol. Performance comparisons are made with the recently developed G2 theory and nonconventional interpretations of the density functionals are discussed. 0

Chemical Physics Letters, 1993

ABSTRACT

Chemical Physics Letters, 1992

... Volume 199, number 6 CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 20 November 1992 John A. Pople, Peter MW Gill a... more ... Volume 199, number 6 CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 20 November 1992 John A. Pople, Peter MW Gill and Benny G. Johnson Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15312, USA Received 3August1992; in final ... (201 B.1. Dunlap, JWD Connolly ...

Chemical Physics Letters, 1995

We report the first calculations of Raman vibrational intensities by density functional theory, i... more We report the first calculations of Raman vibrational intensities by density functional theory, implemented within the Q-Chem program. Local (S-VWN) and gradient-corrected (B-LYP) DF'I" results are compared with experimental and Hartree-Fock results for the N 2, HF and C2H 6 molecules. Preliminary indications are that local DFT compares less favorably to experiment than either Hartree-Fock or gradient-corrected DF'I'. The Hartree-Fock and B-LYP results are generally similar except for the HF molecule, where B-LYP is somewhat better. For all methods, best results were obtained by augmenting the basis set with diffuse polarization functions.

Chemical Physics Letters, 1994

ABSTRACT

Chemical Physics Letters, 1994

... ELSEVIER 8 April 1994 Chemical Physics Letters 220 (1994 ) 377384 A rotationally invariant pr... more ... ELSEVIER 8 April 1994 Chemical Physics Letters 220 (1994 ) 377384 A rotationally invariant procedure for density functional calculations Benny G. Johnson ab *, Peter MW Gill c, John A. Pople d Department of Chemistry ... [22] RS Jones, JW Mintmire and BI Dunlap, Intern. ...

Chemical Physics Letters, 1996

Two approaches for forming the J-matrix of ab initio density functional theory calculations in ti... more Two approaches for forming the J-matrix of ab initio density functional theory calculations in time scaling linearly with molecular size are compared in terms of accuracy and efficiency.

Chemical Physics Letters, 1994

A new simple upper bound for Coulomb integrals is presented and shown to be significantly more po... more A new simple upper bound for Coulomb integrals is presented and shown to be significantly more powerful than the bound based on the Schwarz inequality.

Chemical Physics Letters, 1993

Density functional techniques including gradient corrections are used to investigate the relative... more Density functional techniques including gradient corrections are used to investigate the relative energies of the ring, bowl (corannulene-like), and cage (fullerene-like) isomers of Cl,,. In agreement with previous studies, the local density approximation yields the cage to be the most stable isomer with the bowl and ring forms being significantly higher in energy. However, the inclusion of gradient corrections completely reverses the energy ordering of the isomers. The gradient correction alters the relative energy between the cage and ring isomers by more than 7 eV and yields the ring as the most stable form.

Textbooks have been the traditional method of providing learning content to students for decades,... more Textbooks have been the traditional method of providing learning content to students for decades, and therefore have become the standard in highquality content. Yet the static textbook format is unable to take advantage of the cognitive and learning science research on effective interactive learning methods. This gap between quality content and highly efficient methods of learning can be closed with advances in artificial intelligence. This paper will contextualize the need for improving textbooks as a learning resource using research-based cognitive and learning science methods, and describe a process by which artificial intelligence transforms textbooks into more effective online learning environments. The goal of this paper is to evaluate textbook-based automatic question generation using student data from a variety of natural learning environments. We believe this analysis, based on 786,242 total observations of student-question interactions, is the largest evaluation of automat...

Educational Data Science: Essentials, Approaches, and Tendencies

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2022

Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale

Although content creators, instructors, and students alike see the value in providing interactive... more Although content creators, instructors, and students alike see the value in providing interactive courseware to help students learn, they remain a costly solution to create. Platforms that allow the creation and delivery of interactive courseware are only fully utilized by those who can afford the labor cost of building hundreds of formative items just to start. Most of the time this means barriers are too high in either financial cost or extremely long development timelines. Our solution is called SmartStart, a process that works to reduce these barriers to creating courseware by automating basic steps that otherwise require significant manual labor. Automatic question generation (AQG) is one in a series of steps in the SmartStart process that work together to transform textbook content into a courseware learning environment.

The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1994

An implementation of analytic second derivatives of the gradient‐corrected density functional ene... more An implementation of analytic second derivatives of the gradient‐corrected density functional energy. [The Journal of Chemical Physics 100, 7429 (1994)]. Benny G. Johnson, Michael J. Fisch. Abstract. We report an implementation ...

The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1992

Journal of Accounting Education, 2009

This paper describes an electronic tutoring system, developed using principles of artificial inte... more This paper describes an electronic tutoring system, developed using principles of artificial intelligence (AI), to help students learn the accounting cycle. Unlike other educational technologies, the tutoring system provides instruction and feedback that is tailored to each individual student and addresses not only problem-solving outcomes but also problem-solving processes. To assess the effectiveness of the tutoring system, we administered a pre-test and then required students in a sophomore accounting course to use either the tutoring system or their textbook as a reference when journalizing transactions for a homework assignment. We then administered a post-test. A pre-post analysis showed that the tutor group's test performance increased approximately 27% points, whereas the textbook group's test performance improved by only 8% points. Implications of these findings for instructors and researchers are discussed.

Issues in Accounting Education, 2011

ABSTRACT: Prior research demonstrates that students learn more from homework practice when using ... more ABSTRACT: Prior research demonstrates that students learn more from homework practice when using online homework or intelligent tutoring systems than a paper-and-pencil format. However, no accounting education research directly compares the learning effects of online homework systems with the learning effects of intelligent tutoring systems. This paper presents a quasi-experiment that compares the two systems and finds that students’ transaction analysis performance increased at a significantly faster rate when they used an intelligent tutoring system rather than an online homework system. Implications for accounting instructors and researchers are discussed.

Issues in Accounting Education, 2012

In introductory accounting textbooks, virtually all end-of-chapter problems on transaction analys... more In introductory accounting textbooks, virtually all end-of-chapter problems on transaction analysis follow the same familiar format: a collection of transactions performed by a given business during a specified time period. Modern research-based models of human cognitive architecture suggest, however, that this format is suboptimal for beginning students. An approach better aligned with this learning research would give students practice with one transaction type at a time before proceeding to problems involving a mixture of transaction types. An experiment was conducted to test this hypothesis by randomly assigning students in an introductory financial accounting course to one of two practice conditions: conventional textbook problems and “targeted practice” in which the same transactions were grouped by type. All students were then given a conventional textbook problem as a post-test. During the practice phase, students in the targeted practice group analyzed transactions in less ...

International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 1991

We have attempted to optimize the cost (the total number of floating-point operations required) o... more We have attempted to optimize the cost (the total number of floating-point operations required) of using the McMurchie-Davidson RNLM, recurrence relation. Rigorous solutions of the tree-search problem inherent in the cost minimization are given for total angular momentum L 5 7. For L 2 8, the rigorous search algorithm is prohibitively expensive, and we propose an approximate algorithm that generates highly optimized trees. Cost comparisons demonstrate that the present scheme is consistently superior to two others currently in use.

International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 1991

Page 1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, VOL. 40,145-152 (1991) Two-Electron Repulsion... more Page 1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, VOL. 40,145-152 (1991) Two-Electron Repulsion Integrals Over Gaussian s Functions PETER MW GILL, BENNY G. JOHNSON, AND JOHN A. POPLE Department ...

International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 1992

We explore a hybrid methodology in which the Hartree-Fock energy and density are combined with th... more We explore a hybrid methodology in which the Hartree-Fock energy and density are combined with the nonlocal exchange functional of Becke (1988) and the nonlocal correlation functional of Lee, Yang and Pam (1988) to yield an estimate of the Schriidinger total energy. The resulting mean absolute deviation from a large number of experimental atomization energies, ionization potentials, electron affinities, and proton affinities is 3.86 kcal/mol. Performance comparisons are made with the recently developed G2 theory and nonconventional interpretations of the density functionals are discussed. 0

Chemical Physics Letters, 1993

ABSTRACT

Chemical Physics Letters, 1992

... Volume 199, number 6 CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 20 November 1992 John A. Pople, Peter MW Gill a... more ... Volume 199, number 6 CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 20 November 1992 John A. Pople, Peter MW Gill and Benny G. Johnson Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15312, USA Received 3August1992; in final ... (201 B.1. Dunlap, JWD Connolly ...

Chemical Physics Letters, 1995

We report the first calculations of Raman vibrational intensities by density functional theory, i... more We report the first calculations of Raman vibrational intensities by density functional theory, implemented within the Q-Chem program. Local (S-VWN) and gradient-corrected (B-LYP) DF'I" results are compared with experimental and Hartree-Fock results for the N 2, HF and C2H 6 molecules. Preliminary indications are that local DFT compares less favorably to experiment than either Hartree-Fock or gradient-corrected DF'I'. The Hartree-Fock and B-LYP results are generally similar except for the HF molecule, where B-LYP is somewhat better. For all methods, best results were obtained by augmenting the basis set with diffuse polarization functions.

Chemical Physics Letters, 1994

ABSTRACT

Chemical Physics Letters, 1994

... ELSEVIER 8 April 1994 Chemical Physics Letters 220 (1994 ) 377384 A rotationally invariant pr... more ... ELSEVIER 8 April 1994 Chemical Physics Letters 220 (1994 ) 377384 A rotationally invariant procedure for density functional calculations Benny G. Johnson ab *, Peter MW Gill c, John A. Pople d Department of Chemistry ... [22] RS Jones, JW Mintmire and BI Dunlap, Intern. ...

Chemical Physics Letters, 1996

Two approaches for forming the J-matrix of ab initio density functional theory calculations in ti... more Two approaches for forming the J-matrix of ab initio density functional theory calculations in time scaling linearly with molecular size are compared in terms of accuracy and efficiency.

Chemical Physics Letters, 1994

A new simple upper bound for Coulomb integrals is presented and shown to be significantly more po... more A new simple upper bound for Coulomb integrals is presented and shown to be significantly more powerful than the bound based on the Schwarz inequality.

Chemical Physics Letters, 1993

Density functional techniques including gradient corrections are used to investigate the relative... more Density functional techniques including gradient corrections are used to investigate the relative energies of the ring, bowl (corannulene-like), and cage (fullerene-like) isomers of Cl,,. In agreement with previous studies, the local density approximation yields the cage to be the most stable isomer with the bowl and ring forms being significantly higher in energy. However, the inclusion of gradient corrections completely reverses the energy ordering of the isomers. The gradient correction alters the relative energy between the cage and ring isomers by more than 7 eV and yields the ring as the most stable form.