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Papers by Bernadeta Gajda

SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings, 2020

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 2018

The demand for indium is increasing every year. This metal is mainly used as indium tin oxide (IT... more The demand for indium is increasing every year. This metal is mainly used as indium tin oxide (ITO) in the production of transparent conductive coatings for liquid crystal displays (LCD). This paper focuses on biohydrometallurgical methods used for the recovery of indium and tin from LCD sourced from spent mobile phones. Bioleaching experiments were carried out in two different leaching media: 9K medium and H2SO4 solution, using mixed, adapted bacteria Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidothiobacillus thiooxidans. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the potential and efficiency of indium and tin extraction in the presence of acidophilic microorganisms. Within 35 days, using 9K medium, 55.6% of indium was bioleached, whereas the chemical leaching resulted in a value of 3.4%. Leaching efficiency of tin was 90.2% on the 14th day of the experiment for the biological system (9K) and 93.4% on 21st day of control leaching.

The competitive permeation of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions from chloride solutions through poly... more The competitive permeation of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions from chloride solutions through polymer inclusion membranes containing 1-alkylimidazoilum (n=10,11,12) as a mobile carrier has been studied. The effect of chloride ion concentration on the ion permeation was analysed. The results suggest that 1alkilimidazoles are adequate to extract metal ions from aqueous solutions. The separation factor for mickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions were calculated at different experimental conditions.

It has been demonstrated that the overall stability constants of Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes in t... more It has been demonstrated that the overall stability constants of Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes in the organic phase in the extraction systems with dialkyl XYP(O)OH acids and hydrocarbon diluents can be easily calculated applying the algorithm based on the property parameters of extractants and diluents and taking into account the ionic strength of the aqueous phase

The equilibria of Co(II) and Ni(II) extraction with commercial acidic extractants with branched s... more The equilibria of Co(II) and Ni(II) extraction with commercial acidic extractants with branched structure of alkoxy - and/or alkyl groups, i.e. D2EHPA, PC-88A, PIA-8 and Cyanex 272, have been analysed in terms of: (i) temperature effects; (ii) varying composition of the aqueous phase; (iii) properties of extractants; (iv) properties of hydrocarbon diluents, respectively. From the dependences of extraction constants on temperature the enthalpy and entropy changes followed Co(II) and Ni(II) extraction with organophosphorus acidic extractants have been evaluated. The parameters of Co(II) and Ni(II) separation, namely the ratio of their extraction constants and the difference of pH of half extraction, have been also discussed in similar way.

METAL 2019 Conference Proeedings, 2019

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 2021

The influence of pure and mixed culture of A. ferrooxidans and A. tiooxidans as well as different... more The influence of pure and mixed culture of A. ferrooxidans and A. tiooxidans as well as different pulp density (1 and 2%) of LCD panels on the In and Sn bioleaching efficiency was investigated. Pulp density is one of the factors affecting the metals extraction efficiency during biological leaching. It has been shown that lower pulp density results in higher indium and tin dissolution. The A. ferrooxidans bioleaching system showed better metal extraction results than A. thiooxidans, especially for tin, indicating the special role of iron and A. ferrooxidans in tin recovery. The highest leaching rate of both indium (94.7%) and tin (98.2%) was obtained using iron and sulfur medium inoculated with mixed bacteria and a pulp density of 1% w/v.

Applications of Ion Exchange Materials in the Environment, 2019

Rare earth elements (REEs) belong to the group of strategic elements. Their separation together w... more Rare earth elements (REEs) belong to the group of strategic elements. Their separation together with the spectral, magnetic and coordinative properties of REEs is essential for their further applications. However, separation of individual REEs on an industrial scale is very complex. Obtaining REEs of high purity requires purification of their concentrates. This is usually achieved by precipitation of REEs such as double sulphates NaLn(SO4)2 or oxalates Ln2(C2O4)3 as well as extraction and/or ion exchange method application. Currently, the recovery of rare earth metals from secondary sources is also very important. The details connected with the rare earth element recovery from nickel–metal hydride batteries and permanent magnets as well as their separation will be described in the paper.

Materials, 2021

In leaching processes controlled by diffusion and convectional transport of mass, the hydrodynami... more In leaching processes controlled by diffusion and convectional transport of mass, the hydrodynamic structure formed in the reactor’s working volume is an additional factor affecting the process. This research work presents results related to hydrodynamic structures developing in batch reactors, different in shape, recorded by means of the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method. The movement of the distilled water and leaching solution was analyzed during investigations. Next, the system hydrodynamics and the process of tin leaching were analyzed. Finally, the leaching is affected by the reactor geometry and the hydrodynamic structure developed in its working volume, especially when a convectional or diffusion mass transport decides the process efficiency.

Membranes, 2020

This study investigates copper(II) ion transport through a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) conta... more This study investigates copper(II) ion transport through a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) containing 1-alkyl-1,2,4-triazole (n = 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14), o-nitrophenyl octyl ether as the plasticizer and cellulose triacetate as the polymer matrix. The feeding phase was a solution of 0.1 mol/dm3CuCl2 and an equimolar (0.1 mol/dm3) mixture of copper, nickel, and cobalt chlorides with varying concentrations of chloride anions (from 0.5 to 5.0 mol/dm3) established with NaCl. The receiving phase was demineralized water. The flow rate of the source and receiving phases through the membrane module was within the range from 0.5 cm3/min to 4.5 cm3/min. The tests were carried out at temperatures of 20, 30, 40 and 50 °C. Transport of NaCl through the membrane was excluded for the duration of the test. It was noted that the flow rate through the membrane changes depending on the length of the carbon chain in the alkyl substituent from 16.1 μmol/(m2s) to 1.59 μmol/(m2s) in the following order: C8...

steel research international, 2020

The tundish as a flow reactor has a special feature, that is, the liquid metal stays in its worki... more The tundish as a flow reactor has a special feature, that is, the liquid metal stays in its working capacity for a certain period of time before it enters the mold. This time is effectively used to correct the chemical composition of cast steel. The object of investigation is the wedge‐type tundish, being a component of the continuous casting slab machine. According to the criterion of similarity, the glass model of the tundish is built to a 0.4 linear scale. A tracer is fed into water using the pulse‐step method. During the casting sequences, the time for starting the alloying process, the depth of immersion of the ladle shroud, and the location of feeding the alloy addition change. On the basis of the recorded tracer concentration curves, the mixing time is calculated between the start of feeding the marker to the water and obtaining the required level of chemical homogenization in the water flowing out of the tundish model. Based on the conducted experiments, it is stated that mi...

Ironmaking & Steelmaking, 2020

ABSTRACT The continuous steel casting process is characterised by physico-chemical phenomena that... more ABSTRACT The continuous steel casting process is characterised by physico-chemical phenomena that are considered in the macro- and microscale. This paper attempts to assess the impact of local changes in the hydrodynamics of liquid steel flow in a one-strand slab tundish on the behaviour of the alloy addition, and consequently, the chemical homogenisation of the liquid steel entering the mould. Four variants of feeding the alloy addition to the liquid steel were considered. Water glass model was used for laboratory experiments. A tracer was fed into the water using the pulse-step method. Based on the mixing curves, the mixing time was calculated. Based on the laboratory experiments carried out, it has been found that, the alloy addition feeding site affects the mixing time, both for symmetric and asymmetric feeding relative to the longitudinal axis of the tundish.

HUTNIK - WIADOMOŚCI HUTNICZE, 2015

Selective distribution of cobalt(II), nickel(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ions from chloride sol... more Selective distribution of cobalt(II), nickel(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ions from chloride solutions through polymer inclusion membranes (PIM) has been studied. The carrier was 1-decylimidazole. The effect of chloride ion concentration on the ion permeation was analysed. The results suggest that some of metal ions change for the worse selectivity of separation process. Especially zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ions decreased five-fold selectivity of ion separation process.

The paper presents the results of studies on the extraction of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions fro... more The paper presents the results of studies on the extraction of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions from sulphate solutions with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA). As the modifier of extracting capacity, tributyl phosphate (TBP) was used. The obtained experimental results indicate that a high excess of TBP in relation to D2EHPA reduces the extracting capacity of the latter, whereas its small amount (in

SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings, 2020

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 2018

The demand for indium is increasing every year. This metal is mainly used as indium tin oxide (IT... more The demand for indium is increasing every year. This metal is mainly used as indium tin oxide (ITO) in the production of transparent conductive coatings for liquid crystal displays (LCD). This paper focuses on biohydrometallurgical methods used for the recovery of indium and tin from LCD sourced from spent mobile phones. Bioleaching experiments were carried out in two different leaching media: 9K medium and H2SO4 solution, using mixed, adapted bacteria Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidothiobacillus thiooxidans. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the potential and efficiency of indium and tin extraction in the presence of acidophilic microorganisms. Within 35 days, using 9K medium, 55.6% of indium was bioleached, whereas the chemical leaching resulted in a value of 3.4%. Leaching efficiency of tin was 90.2% on the 14th day of the experiment for the biological system (9K) and 93.4% on 21st day of control leaching.

The competitive permeation of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions from chloride solutions through poly... more The competitive permeation of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions from chloride solutions through polymer inclusion membranes containing 1-alkylimidazoilum (n=10,11,12) as a mobile carrier has been studied. The effect of chloride ion concentration on the ion permeation was analysed. The results suggest that 1alkilimidazoles are adequate to extract metal ions from aqueous solutions. The separation factor for mickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions were calculated at different experimental conditions.

It has been demonstrated that the overall stability constants of Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes in t... more It has been demonstrated that the overall stability constants of Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes in the organic phase in the extraction systems with dialkyl XYP(O)OH acids and hydrocarbon diluents can be easily calculated applying the algorithm based on the property parameters of extractants and diluents and taking into account the ionic strength of the aqueous phase

The equilibria of Co(II) and Ni(II) extraction with commercial acidic extractants with branched s... more The equilibria of Co(II) and Ni(II) extraction with commercial acidic extractants with branched structure of alkoxy - and/or alkyl groups, i.e. D2EHPA, PC-88A, PIA-8 and Cyanex 272, have been analysed in terms of: (i) temperature effects; (ii) varying composition of the aqueous phase; (iii) properties of extractants; (iv) properties of hydrocarbon diluents, respectively. From the dependences of extraction constants on temperature the enthalpy and entropy changes followed Co(II) and Ni(II) extraction with organophosphorus acidic extractants have been evaluated. The parameters of Co(II) and Ni(II) separation, namely the ratio of their extraction constants and the difference of pH of half extraction, have been also discussed in similar way.

METAL 2019 Conference Proeedings, 2019

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 2021

The influence of pure and mixed culture of A. ferrooxidans and A. tiooxidans as well as different... more The influence of pure and mixed culture of A. ferrooxidans and A. tiooxidans as well as different pulp density (1 and 2%) of LCD panels on the In and Sn bioleaching efficiency was investigated. Pulp density is one of the factors affecting the metals extraction efficiency during biological leaching. It has been shown that lower pulp density results in higher indium and tin dissolution. The A. ferrooxidans bioleaching system showed better metal extraction results than A. thiooxidans, especially for tin, indicating the special role of iron and A. ferrooxidans in tin recovery. The highest leaching rate of both indium (94.7%) and tin (98.2%) was obtained using iron and sulfur medium inoculated with mixed bacteria and a pulp density of 1% w/v.

Applications of Ion Exchange Materials in the Environment, 2019

Rare earth elements (REEs) belong to the group of strategic elements. Their separation together w... more Rare earth elements (REEs) belong to the group of strategic elements. Their separation together with the spectral, magnetic and coordinative properties of REEs is essential for their further applications. However, separation of individual REEs on an industrial scale is very complex. Obtaining REEs of high purity requires purification of their concentrates. This is usually achieved by precipitation of REEs such as double sulphates NaLn(SO4)2 or oxalates Ln2(C2O4)3 as well as extraction and/or ion exchange method application. Currently, the recovery of rare earth metals from secondary sources is also very important. The details connected with the rare earth element recovery from nickel–metal hydride batteries and permanent magnets as well as their separation will be described in the paper.

Materials, 2021

In leaching processes controlled by diffusion and convectional transport of mass, the hydrodynami... more In leaching processes controlled by diffusion and convectional transport of mass, the hydrodynamic structure formed in the reactor’s working volume is an additional factor affecting the process. This research work presents results related to hydrodynamic structures developing in batch reactors, different in shape, recorded by means of the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method. The movement of the distilled water and leaching solution was analyzed during investigations. Next, the system hydrodynamics and the process of tin leaching were analyzed. Finally, the leaching is affected by the reactor geometry and the hydrodynamic structure developed in its working volume, especially when a convectional or diffusion mass transport decides the process efficiency.

Membranes, 2020

This study investigates copper(II) ion transport through a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) conta... more This study investigates copper(II) ion transport through a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) containing 1-alkyl-1,2,4-triazole (n = 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14), o-nitrophenyl octyl ether as the plasticizer and cellulose triacetate as the polymer matrix. The feeding phase was a solution of 0.1 mol/dm3CuCl2 and an equimolar (0.1 mol/dm3) mixture of copper, nickel, and cobalt chlorides with varying concentrations of chloride anions (from 0.5 to 5.0 mol/dm3) established with NaCl. The receiving phase was demineralized water. The flow rate of the source and receiving phases through the membrane module was within the range from 0.5 cm3/min to 4.5 cm3/min. The tests were carried out at temperatures of 20, 30, 40 and 50 °C. Transport of NaCl through the membrane was excluded for the duration of the test. It was noted that the flow rate through the membrane changes depending on the length of the carbon chain in the alkyl substituent from 16.1 μmol/(m2s) to 1.59 μmol/(m2s) in the following order: C8...

steel research international, 2020

The tundish as a flow reactor has a special feature, that is, the liquid metal stays in its worki... more The tundish as a flow reactor has a special feature, that is, the liquid metal stays in its working capacity for a certain period of time before it enters the mold. This time is effectively used to correct the chemical composition of cast steel. The object of investigation is the wedge‐type tundish, being a component of the continuous casting slab machine. According to the criterion of similarity, the glass model of the tundish is built to a 0.4 linear scale. A tracer is fed into water using the pulse‐step method. During the casting sequences, the time for starting the alloying process, the depth of immersion of the ladle shroud, and the location of feeding the alloy addition change. On the basis of the recorded tracer concentration curves, the mixing time is calculated between the start of feeding the marker to the water and obtaining the required level of chemical homogenization in the water flowing out of the tundish model. Based on the conducted experiments, it is stated that mi...

Ironmaking & Steelmaking, 2020

ABSTRACT The continuous steel casting process is characterised by physico-chemical phenomena that... more ABSTRACT The continuous steel casting process is characterised by physico-chemical phenomena that are considered in the macro- and microscale. This paper attempts to assess the impact of local changes in the hydrodynamics of liquid steel flow in a one-strand slab tundish on the behaviour of the alloy addition, and consequently, the chemical homogenisation of the liquid steel entering the mould. Four variants of feeding the alloy addition to the liquid steel were considered. Water glass model was used for laboratory experiments. A tracer was fed into the water using the pulse-step method. Based on the mixing curves, the mixing time was calculated. Based on the laboratory experiments carried out, it has been found that, the alloy addition feeding site affects the mixing time, both for symmetric and asymmetric feeding relative to the longitudinal axis of the tundish.

HUTNIK - WIADOMOŚCI HUTNICZE, 2015

Selective distribution of cobalt(II), nickel(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ions from chloride sol... more Selective distribution of cobalt(II), nickel(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ions from chloride solutions through polymer inclusion membranes (PIM) has been studied. The carrier was 1-decylimidazole. The effect of chloride ion concentration on the ion permeation was analysed. The results suggest that some of metal ions change for the worse selectivity of separation process. Especially zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ions decreased five-fold selectivity of ion separation process.

The paper presents the results of studies on the extraction of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions fro... more The paper presents the results of studies on the extraction of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions from sulphate solutions with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA). As the modifier of extracting capacity, tributyl phosphate (TBP) was used. The obtained experimental results indicate that a high excess of TBP in relation to D2EHPA reduces the extracting capacity of the latter, whereas its small amount (in