Bernardo Arriaza - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Bernardo Arriaza

Nature Precedings, 2007

Hallucinogenic plants are often regarded as the main source of psychoactive drugs in antiquity to... more Hallucinogenic plants are often regarded as the main source of psychoactive drugs in antiquity to reach deep altered states of consciousness^1,2^. Many researchers believe this was particularly true during the Tiwanaku empire expansion, circa (500-1000 A.D.), along the Atacama Desert of Chile. Highly decorated snuffing tablets and tubes are often found as grave goods during this period^3,4,5,6,7,8^. Until now the type of drugs consumed in this paraphernalia has been unclear. From the modern city of Arica, naturally mummified human bodies with abundant hair provided a unique opportunity to test for hallucinogenic plants consumed in Andean prehistory. Analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry demonstrated the presence of harmine. The Banisteriopsis vine, commonly called Ayahuasca, was the probable source. This is the first confirmed evidence of psychoactive plant consumption in pre-Hispanic Andean populations along the Atacama coastal region. Of the 32 mummy hair samples an...

American journal of physical anthropology, Jan 9, 2018

The past two decades have seen a proliferation in bioarchaeological literature on the identificat... more The past two decades have seen a proliferation in bioarchaeological literature on the identification of scurvy, a disease caused by chronic vitamin C deficiency, in ancient human remains. This condition is one of the few nutritional deficiencies that can result in diagnostic osseous lesions. Scurvy is associated with low dietary diversity and its identification in human skeletal remains can provide important contextual information on subsistence strategy, resource allocation, and human-environmental interactions in past populations. A large and robust methodological body of work on the paleopathology of scurvy exists. However, the diagnostic criteria for this disease employed by bioarchaeologists have not always been uniform. Here we draw from previous research on the skeletal manifestations of scurvy in adult and juvenile human skeletal remains and propose a weighted diagnostic system for its identification that takes into account the pathophysiology of the disease, soft tissue ana...

Boletin De Arqueologia De La Fian, 1986

• Las reviJaas a que se refiere es1e com�mario y los que siguen a cominuación. podrán consuharse ... more • Las reviJaas a que se refiere es1e com�mario y los que siguen a cominuación. podrán consuharse en la Hemeroteca " Luis Lópcz de Mesa". Banco de la Kepúbltca. Bogo1á.

Science (New York, N.Y.), Jan 21, 2015

How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wid... more How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we find that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (KYA), and after no more than 8,000-year isolation period in Beringia. Following their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 KYA, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other is restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative…

Chungará (Arica), 2005

Molecular study of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) anciant DNA (aDNA) in the soft (nonskeletal) tiss... more Molecular study of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) anciant DNA (aDNA) in the soft (nonskeletal) tissues of 283 naturally (spontaneously) mummified bodies from coastal sites located in southern Peru and northern Chile demonstrated a Chagas disease prevalence rate of about 41% over the past 9,000 years. This rate is similar to that of several endemic areas within this region prior to initiation of public health control programs. This report focuses on the presence of T. cruzi aDNA in the coprolites of some of these mummies. Review of the possible mechanisms that may explain the presence of this parasite in the coprolites indicates numerous antemortem and postmortem circumstances that conceivably could have been responsible. In given conditions, all of these may need to be considered. These considerations indicate that the presence of T. cruzi aDNA in mummy coprolites cannot categorically be considered as evidence of ingestion of the parasite.

Bolivia) con el objetivo de identificar representaciones de fauna que vinculen a los anti-guos ha... more Bolivia) con el objetivo de identificar representaciones de fauna que vinculen a los anti-guos habitantes altiplánicos a zonas tropicales y/o a la costa del Pacífico. Se identificó fauna con la cual las poblaciones prehistóricas tuvieron contacto y que podría haber tenido participación en ciclos de transmisión zoonótica que involucraron la región amazónica boliviana y la costa del Pacífico.

Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 2014

This paper reports on an unknown yellowish mineral compound found in an archaeological context fr... more This paper reports on an unknown yellowish mineral compound found in an archaeological context from Chorrillos cemetery (Calama, Chile) dating to the Early Formative period (800-200 B.C.). We used optic microscopy, SEM, EDX, 1 H-RMN, 13 C-RMN, and infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy to tease out the chemical and molecular composition of the sample. The microscopic images show amorphous yellowish granulates with heterogeneous chemical surfaces. 1 H-RMN and 13 C-RMN negative results show that the sample is free of organic matter. The SEM and EDX indicate the presence of arsenic and sulfur in the sample. The IR and Raman analyses suggest the presence of orpiment which is a toxic yellow arsenic sulfide mineral.

Chungará (Arica), 2011

For decades anthropologists have discussed how and when the Americas were peopled. The prevailing... more For decades anthropologists have discussed how and when the Americas were peopled. The prevailing view is that the first Paleoindians, ancestors of the Amerindians, arrived from Asia and Beringia to the American continent using a Pacific coastal route in pre-Clovis times. In this article skeletal remains dated 9000-4000 BP, excavated from archaeological sites in northern, central and southern Chile, were analyzed using geometric morphometric and ancient mtDNA techniques. Results indicate that the ancient cranial material from southwestern South America exhibit a wide range of cranial vault shape variation which is independent of chronology. mtDNA restriction and sequence analysis performed on the same skeletal remains, revealed only the presence of the main four founding mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C and D) as early as 9,000 BP. Our results using morphometric and molecular mtDNA haplogroup data show that human populations inhabiting the Americas during archaic times can not be considered as belonging to two different groups on the basis of analyzed data. These results are consistent with those recently obtained using complete sequence mtDNA analyses.

Revista chilena de pediatría, 2014

Este trabajo cumple con los requisitos sobre consentimiento /asentimiento informado, comité de ét... more Este trabajo cumple con los requisitos sobre consentimiento /asentimiento informado, comité de ética, financiamiento, estudios animales y sobre la ausencia de conflictos de intereses según corresponda.

Chungará (Arica), 2013

Entre las lesiones que afectan la columna vertebral, una de las más comunes en las poblaciones hu... more Entre las lesiones que afectan la columna vertebral, una de las más comunes en las poblaciones humanas extintas son los nódulos de Schmörl. Si bien su etiología es desconocida, las causas más recurrentes parecen ser una debilidad congénita de los platillos vertebrales y el cambio degenerativo asociado a una demanda biomecánica excesiva. Este trabajo examina la prevalencia de nódulos de Schmörl en una muestra ósea de las poblaciones prehispánicas de Arica (N = 97) y su distribución por segmento vertebral, sexo, edad y período cultural. Los resultados muestran una frecuencia importante de individuos afectados en los tres períodos culturales estudiados y una disminución de esta lesión desde el Arcaico al Intermedio Tardío de 39,1%, 30% y 23,8%, respectivamente. Esto indica la existencia de un patrón ocupacional generalizado que demandó un sobreesfuerzo de la columna vertebral de parte de la población, y también una variabilidad interna donde varios individuos desempeñaron labores diferenciales extenuantes o con mayor intensidad que los demás. La presencia de diferencias asociadas a la distribución por segmentos vertebrales de los nódulos de Schmörl durante el Formativo indica que por entonces los hombres afectados comprometieron sus cuerpos en actividades laborales de mayor intensidad que las mujeres y el resto de su población. Palabras claves: nódulo de Schmörl, bioarqueología, actividades laborales, Arica, norte de Chile. Schmörl's nodes are common lesions found on the vertebral column of ancient human populations. Their direct etiology is unknown, but common causes can be congenital weakness of the intervertebral disk and degeneration of the spine due to excessive biomechanical stress. This paper examines the prevalence of Schmörl's nodes in a prehispanic skeletal population sample (N = 97) from the Arica valley and discusses its distribution by spinal segment, sex, age and cultural period. Results show that an important segment of the population was affected throughout the cultural periods under study and that the frequency of the lesions decreases from the Archaic to the Late Intermediate Period, ranging from 39.1%, 30% and 23.8% respectively. This suggests that heavy spinal stress and an overall demanding activity pattern were present in the past and that some individuals carried out more strenuous, demanding tasks than others. The differences in spinal distribution during the Formative Period indicate that men were engaging in heavier activity patterns than women and the population as a whole.

Maize offers an ideal system through which to demonstrate the potential of ancient population gen... more Maize offers an ideal system through which to demonstrate the potential of ancient population genomic techniques for reconstructing the evolution and spread of domesticates. The diffusion of maize from Mexico into the North American Southwest (SW) remains contentious with the available evidence being restricted to morphological studies of ancient maize plant material. We captured 1 Mb of nuclear DNA from 32 archaeological maize samples spanning 6000 years and compared them with modern landraces including those from the Mexican West coast and highlands. We found that the initial diffusion of domesticated maize into the SW is likely to have occurred through a highland route. However, by 2000 years ago a Pacific coastal corridor was also being used. Furthermore, we could distinguish between genes that were selected for early during domestication (such as zagl1 involved in shattering) from genes that changed in the SW context (e.g. related to sugar content and adaptation to drought) lik...

Revista chilena de historia natural, 2009

La influencia de migraciones desde las tierras bajas tropicales en la emergencia de cambios cultu... more La influencia de migraciones desde las tierras bajas tropicales en la emergencia de cambios culturales en los Andes Centrales, ha sido propuesta en términos generales desde comienzos de la última década (Tello 1929). Evidencia arqueológica y genético molecular reciente, particularmente la agricultura de cultígenos tropicales y la haplotipificacion de ADNmt antiguo, obtenida en el norte de Chile, sugieren una relación cronológicamente más acotada entre ambas regiones. Contrastamos en este artículo la hipótesis que el proceso de transformación cultural de las poblaciones prehistóricas costeras y vallunas del norte de Chile podría explicarse parcialmente por flujos migracionales originados en la vertiente oriental de los Andes y/o en las tierras bajas tropicales durante el periodo Arcaico Tardío / Formativo Temprano (ca. 3,500-2,000 A.P.).

Latin American Antiquity, 1995

The Chinchorros were a preceramic fishing society that inhabited the Atacama coast of southern Pe... more The Chinchorros were a preceramic fishing society that inhabited the Atacama coast of southern Peru and northern Chile from about 7020 to 1110 B. C., and their antiquity is much greater than originally thought. Previous Chinchorro chronologies have focused on seriation of fishing implements; this paper suggests analysis of mummies as another useful chronological tool. The Chinchorro system of artificial mummification, the oldest in the world, began about 5050 B. C, and was abandoned about 1720 B. C. Black, Red, Bandage, Mud-Coated, and Natural mummification styles represent diachronic cultural changes. In contrast to previous views, I argue here that the sophisticated Chinchorro mortuary practices originated locally, near Arica, specifically in the Camarones Gorge. The high concentration of cemeteries, high mortuary energy expenditure, presence of villages, and heavy reliance on maritime subsistence, as inferred from mummies, artifacts and human bone analyses, are all indicators tha...

Latin American Antiquity, 2010

Indicators of oral health were recorded in a sample of 200 Formative period (1500 B.C.–A.D. 500) ... more Indicators of oral health were recorded in a sample of 200 Formative period (1500 B.C.–A.D. 500) skeletons from archaeological sites located in the Lower Azapa Valley of northwest Chile. This period represents a major shift in subsistence strategies in the Atacama Desert, as coastal groups adopted agriculture and moved deeper into the valley. Frequencies of caries and antemortem tooth loss were compared between site locations (coast vs. valley) and by archaeological phase (early vs. late) to interpret the degree to which these incipient agriculturalists were reliant on domesticated resources. Overall, frequencies of caries (11.9 percent) and tooth loss (11.6 percent) are somewhat higher than for other prehistoric groups practicing a mixed subsistence strategy. However, residents of the interior valley exhibited significantly more dental decay and tooth loss than those along the coast. Our results identify that although the Formative period residents of the Lower Azapa Valley practic...

Latin American Antiquity, 2005

The burial found at Patapatane Cave in the highlands of Arica, northern Chile, yielded an incompl... more The burial found at Patapatane Cave in the highlands of Arica, northern Chile, yielded an incomplete skeleton of a 20-to-23-year-old female, dating to the end of the Middle Archaic period at 5910 ± 90 B.P. The site is located in a semiarid environment on the eastern side of Sierra de Huaylillas at 3800 m. in the hinterland of Arica, northern Chile. We argue that the missing bones, position of the cranium, and breakage of some elements resulted from both postdepositional human intervention and taphonomic processes. The body was laid to rest in a supine position and after it became skeletonized hunters revisited the inhumation and removed some bone elements. However, the other bones present in situ were not displaced and remained in proper anatomical position, with the exception of the cranium, which was placed vertically on top of the cervical vertebrae. The observed breakage of vertebrae, long bones, and skull seems to have been the result of taphonomic, nonanthropogenic, postburial...

Journal of Archaeological Science, 2010

This paper explores to what extent arsenic poisoning affected pre-Columbian northern Chile popula... more This paper explores to what extent arsenic poisoning affected pre-Columbian northern Chile populations living between Arica and Iquique cities. We hypothesize, the pre-Columbian inhabitants of this region, will show arseniasis according to modern geographic endemic levels. Continuous exposure to high levels of arsenic causes serious health problems. Today, in the Camarones valley, where many Chinchorro people lived, arsenic levels are

Current Anthropology, 2005

American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1993

The paleopathological study of human osteological remains from the site of Semna South, of northe... more The paleopathological study of human osteological remains from the site of Semna South, of northern Sudan, revealed that about thirteen percent of this ancient Nubian population had diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). As in modern cases, males were more affected than females. Two thousand years ago, ancient Nubian males had the same spinal problems elderly men have today. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2006

Calculating biodistances among South American populations using cranial measurements is often hin... more Calculating biodistances among South American populations using cranial measurements is often hindered, as many available skeletal collections exhibit deformation. Acknowledging vault modifications, researchers have sought measurements in other regions which are unaffected by deformation. In the 1970s, a set of 10 ''relatively'' unaffected facial measurements was identified in Argentinean crania that later became the basis of numerous South American biodistance studies. These measurements include: minimum frontal breadth, bizygomatic breadth, orbit height, orbit breadth, palate breath, palate length, upper facial height, basion-prosthion length, nasal height, and nasal breadth. Palate length was excluded from the present analysis due to considerable measurement error. The suitability of these measurements in populations other than Argentineans has not been rigorously tested. Using a sample of 350 prehistoric crania from the Museo Arqueológico San