Bernardo Garicochea - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Bernardo Garicochea

Diagnóstico Clínico de HNPCC: Caracterização de Famílias "Amsterdam" Positivas Raul Cutait e Cols... more Diagnóstico Clínico de HNPCC: Caracterização de Famílias "Amsterdam" Positivas Raul Cutait e Cols. RESUMO: A utilização dos critérios de Amsterdam permanece ainda hoje o método mais acessível para o diagnóstico de HNPCC, uma vez que testes genéticos são pouco disponíveis e têm seu emprego restrito a centros de alta complexidade. Contudo, a maioria das informações clínico-epidemiológicas relativas ao HNPCC deriva das populações da Europa setentrional e dos Estados Unidos da América, sendo os dados brasileiros praticamente inexistentes. Objetivo: Caracterização clínico-epidemiológica de famílias brasileiras com diagnóstico clínico de HNPCC. Pacientes e Método: 20 famílias que preenchem os critérios de Amsterdam foram avaliadas através entrevista para obtenção de dados clínico-epidemiológicos e os tumores dos casos índice submetidos ao teste de instabilidade de microssatélites. Resultados: A média de idade ao diagnóstico de CCR foi de 49 anos e de 48,5 anos para tumores extra-cólicos. Identificaram-se 103 casos de CCR em 94 indivíduos; e 88 casos de cânceres extra-cólicos em 86 pacientes. Os tumores extra-cólicos mais freqüentes relacionados ao HNPCC foram: gástrico, de ovário e endométrio. Entre outros tumores de grande prevalência encontraram-se o câncer de mama e de próstata. 65% dos CCR apresentaram alta instabilidade de microssatélites, 15% baixa instabilidade e 20% foram estáveis. Discussão: Os dados clínico-epidemiológicos nesta série de famílias brasileiras portadoras de HNPCC parecem se sobrepor aos dados mundiais existentes, especialmente em relação à forma e idade de apresentação do CCR e câncer extra-cólico. Espera-se que a implementação de registros permita a obtenção de um perfil próprio do HNPCC em nossa população, com os benéficos da redução do impacto desta doença nos pacientes acometidos. Unitermos: câncer colorretal, HNPCC, epidemiologia, prevenção, instabilidade de microssatélites. DIAGNÓSTICO CLÍNICO DE HNPCC: CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE FAMÍLIAS "AMSTERDAM" POSITIVAS Trabalho realizado no Registro Brasileiro de Câncer Colorretal Hereditário (RBCCRH) -São Paulo (SP) -Brasil. ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS JANEIRO/ MARÇO 2005

Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology, 1997

Tumor cell dissemination in the bone marrow is an independent prognostic marker for relapse and s... more Tumor cell dissemination in the bone marrow is an independent prognostic marker for relapse and survival for patients with primary breast cancer. Parathyroid-hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is expressed in most primary tumors and bone metastases of patients with breast cancer. PTHrP acts as an autocrine growth factor for breast cancer cells in vitro and there is evidence that it is especially important for osseous metastasis. For a sensitive detection of PTHrP-positive disseminated tumor cells a reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) assay for PTHrP transcripts in the peripheral blood (PB) and in the bone marrow (BM) has been established. In mixing studies, the sensitivity of the reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) for PTHrP was one tumor cell in 1 x 10(6) mononuclear cells. At this level of sensitivity, transcripts of PTHrP were detected in none of 30 PB samples and in 3 of 25 BM samples of healthy volunteers; there were also no transcripts of...

NWTS ϭ National WT Study SIOP ϭ Societé Internationale d'Urologie Pédiatrique TF ϭ tissue factor ... more NWTS ϭ National WT Study SIOP ϭ Societé Internationale d'Urologie Pédiatrique TF ϭ tissue factor WT ϭ Wilms tumor Purpose: There is potential interaction between malignant cell growth and the coagulation pathway. Recent studies suggest that tissue factor, a primary initiator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, is expressed in various solid tumors in association with increased angiogenesis. To our knowledge we report for the first time the detection of tissue factor expression by immunohistochemistry in Wilms tumors and its correlation with clinical outcomes. Material and Methods: Tissue factor expression detected by immunohistochemistry was assessed in 41 formalin fixed, paraffin embedded Wilms tumor cases treated at university hospitals. We correlated findings with tumor recurrence and cancer specific survival. Results: Positive immunohistochemistry detection of tissue factor was observed in 88.3% of the tumors analyzed. Tissue factor on immunohistochemistry was associated with tumor recurrence and survival (p ϭ 0.01 and 0.02, respectively). Increased immunohistochemical detection of tissue factor was the most important risk factor for recurrence and mortality in our population on bivariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Tissue factor is a promising research subject as a prognostic factor for Wilms tumor. More studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms by which tissue factor affects cancer progression and outcome, and its potential role as a therapeutic target.

Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, 2007

Transfusion of platelets, red blood cells, or both is usually necessary immediately after splenic... more Transfusion of platelets, red blood cells, or both is usually necessary immediately after splenic artery ligature in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura who undergo splenectomy. To investigate whether preoperative embolization of the splenic artery reduced the need for transfusion of platelets, red blood cells, or both. Twenty- seven consecutive patients that underwent splenectomy for purpura between October 1999 and March 2006 performed by the same surgical team were enrolled. The first 17 patients did not undergo embolization and were compared with the next 10 patients, who composed the embolization group. The platelet count in the embolization group rose from a mean 7000 u/microl before to 75000 u/microl after the procedure. There was no need for platelet or red blood cell transfusion in the embolization group; in the group without preoperative embolization, 11 patients (p=0.001) required platelet transfusion and 8 (p=0.01), red blood cell transfusion. Embolization of the splenic artery before splenectomy is a safe method to avoid blood transfusions in patients with ITP.

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 2005

Objetivos: testar a hipótese de que o polimorfismo no códon 72 do gene TP53 é fator de risco para... more Objetivos: testar a hipótese de que o polimorfismo no códon 72 do gene TP53 é fator de risco para as lesões pré-malignas e malignas cervicais associadas ou não ao papilomavírus humano (HPV). Métodos: foram incluídas amostras de cérvice uterina, para pesquisa de DNA de HPV e do polimorfismo no códon 72 da p53 com o uso da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), de 155 pacientes que se submeteram à biópsia cervical. Foram formados três grupos de acordo com o diagnóstico histológico: lesão escamosa intra-epitelial de baixo grau (LSIL), lesão escamosa intra-epitelial de alto grau (HSIL) e carcinoma cervical. Aquelas pacientes sem alterações displásicas, citológicas e histológicas, foram consideradas controles. Para testar a associação entre o polimorfismo no códon 72 do gene TP53 e os grupos, foi utilizado o teste de χ 2 . Considerou-se como significativo o intervalo de confiança no nível de 95% (α=0,05). Resultados: quarenta pacientes tiveram o diagnóstico histológico de carcinoma cervical, 18 tinham HSIL, 24 tinham LSIL e 73 foram consideradas controles. O genótipo Arg/Arg p53 foi encontrado em 60,0% das pacientes com câncer, 50,0% dos casos com HSIL, 45,8% dos casos com LSIL e em 45,2% dos controles. Não houve diferença significativa entre as proporções de cada genótipo da p53 nos diferentes grupos independente da presença do HPV (χ 2 : 3,7; p=0,716). Conclusões: nossos dados não suportam a hipótese de que o polimorfismo no códon 72 do gene TP53 é importante no desenvolvimento de lesões cervicais pré-malignas e malignas associadas ou não ao HPV.

Case Reports in Oncological Medicine, 2014

Background. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a genetic disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations i... more Background. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a genetic disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in a tumor suppressor gene (NF1) which codifies the protein neurofibromin. The frequent genetic alterations that modify neurofibromin function are deletions and insertions. Duplications are rare and phenotype in patients bearing duplication of NF1 gene is thought to be restricted to developmental abnormalities, with no reference to cancer susceptibility in these patients. We evaluated a patient who presented with few clinical signs of neurofibromatosis type 1 and a conspicuous personal and familiar history of different types of cancer, especially lymphoproliferative malignancies. The coding region of the NF-1 gene was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was performed to detect the number of mutant copies. The NF1 gene analysis showed the following alterations: mosaic duplication of NF1, TRAF4, and MYO1D. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using probes (RP5-1002G3 and RP5-92689) flanking NF1 gene in 17q11.2 and CEP17 for 17q11.11.1 was performed. There were three signals (RP5-1002G3conRP5-92689) in the interphases analyzed and two signals (RP5-1002G3conRP5-92689) in 93% of cells. These findings show a tandem duplication of 17q11.2. Conclusion. The case suggests the possibility that NF1 gene duplication may be associated with a phenotype characterized by lymphoproliferative disorders.

ORL, 2007

The expression of the thyroid cancer-1(TC-1) gene seems to be related with malignant transformati... more The expression of the thyroid cancer-1(TC-1) gene seems to be related with malignant transformation in the thyroid tissue. We evaluated the potential use of TC-1 gene expression as a marker of malignancy in thyroid nodules. A total of 92 frozen thyroid samples were studied, including 46 samples from thyroid nodules (19 papillary carcinomas, 1 follicular carcinoma, 24 adenomatous goiters, and 2 follicular adenomas) and 46 samples from normal surrounding thyroid tissue. Total RNA was extracted and TC-1 expression was assessed by semiquantitative Multiplex PCR. Results were verified using real-time RT-PCR in some of the samples. Overall mean TC-1 gene expression (normalized by the ABL gene) was 1.73 +/- 1.67 (0.33-9.33). There was a significant difference (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001) between TC-1 gene expression in benign thyroid lesions (1.07 +/- 0.10) and carcinomas (2.73 +/- 0.51). Our results suggest that TC-1 gene expression may be useful in the differential diagnosis of goiters and thyroid papillary carcinomas.

Clinics, 2009

potential tumor marker in ovarian cancer-a pilot study. Clinics. 2009;64 : 641-4.

Virchows Archiv, 2011

The E-twenty-six (ETS) family of transcription factors is known to act as positive or negative re... more The E-twenty-six (ETS) family of transcription factors is known to act as positive or negative regulators of the expression of genes that are involved in diverse biological processes, including those that control cellular proliferation, differentiation, hematopoiesis, apoptosis, metastasis, tissue remodeling, and angiogenesis. Identification of target gene promoters of normal and oncogenic transcription factors provides new insights into the regulation of genes that are involved in the control of normal cell growth and differentiation. The aim of the present investigation was to analyze the differential expression of 11 ETS (ELF-3, ESE3, ETS1, ETV3, ETV4, ETV6, NERF, PDEF, PU1, Spi-B, and Spi-C) as potential markers for prognostic of colorectal cancer. A series of paired tissue biopsies consisting of a tumor and a non-affected control sample were harvested from 28 individuals suffering from diagnosed colorectal lesions. Total RNA was isolated from the samples, and after reverse transcription, differential expression of the select ETS was carried out through real-time polymerase chain reaction. Tumor staging as determined by histopathology was carried out to correlate the degree of tumor invasiveness with the expression of the ETS genes. The results demonstrated a different quantitative profile of expression in tumors and normal tissues. ETV4 was significantly upregulated with further increase in the event of lymph node involvement. PDEF and Spi-B presented downregulation, which was more significant when lymph node involvement was present. These findings were supported by immunohistochemistry of tumoral tissues. The results suggest that select ETS may serve as potential markers of colorectal cancer invasiveness and metastasis.

Revista de Saúde Pública, 2009

To analyze age as a prognostic factor in early breast cancer.

Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy, 2013

Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, is one of the most cancer-specif... more Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, is one of the most cancer-specific proteins identified to date. Survivin expression is low or undetectable in most adult tissues, but, alternatively, is overexpressed in a large number of tumors. This multifunctional protein is recognized as a key regulator in apoptosis, proliferation and angiogenesis in the tumor environment. Several studies have shown a correlation between survivin upregulation and poor cancer prognosis, and, as expected, its downregulation or inactivation leads to inhibition of tumor growth. Therefore, survivin has attracted increasing attention both as a potential cancer biomarker and as a new target for anticancer therapies. This review summarizes and discusses survivin expression and its potential as a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker in different types of tumors, as well as provides an overview of the current therapeutic challenges of targeting survivin as a treatment strategy.

Leukemia, 2011

Massively parallel pyrosequencing allows sensitive deep sequencing to detect molecular aberration... more Massively parallel pyrosequencing allows sensitive deep sequencing to detect molecular aberrations. Thus far, data are limited on the technical performance in a clinical diagnostic setting. Here, we investigated as an international consortium the robustness, precision and reproducibility of amplicon nextgeneration deep sequencing across 10 laboratories in eight countries. In a cohort of 18 chronic myelomonocytic leukemia patients, mutational analyses were performed on TET2, a frequently mutated gene in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Additionally, hotspot regions of CBL and KRAS were investigated. The study was executed using GS FLX sequencing instruments and the small volume 454 Life Sciences Titanium emulsion PCR setup. We report a high concordance in mutation detection across all laboratories, including a robust detection of novel variants, which were undetected by standard Sanger sequencing. The sensitivity to detect low-level variants present with as low as 1-2% frequency, compared with the 20% threshold for Sanger-based sequencing is increased. Together with the output of high-quality long reads and fast run time, we demonstrate the utility of deep sequencing in clinical applications. In conclusion, this multicenter analysis demonstrated that amplicon-based deep sequencing is technically feasible, achieves high concordance across multiple laboratories and allows a broad and in-depth molecular characterization of cancer specimens with high diagnostic sensitivity. Relative variant frequency (%)

The Journal of Urology, 2009

Einstein (São Paulo), 2014

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Survival and prognosis depend on tum... more Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Survival and prognosis depend on tumor stage upon diagnosis, and in more than 50% of cases, the tumor has already invaded adjacent tissues or metastasis has occurred. Aiming to improve diagnosis, clinical prognosis and treatment of patients with colorectal cancer, several studies have investigated microRNAs as molecular markers of the disease due to their potential regulatory functions on tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. This review aimed to summarize the main topics related to the use of microRNAs in diagnosis, clinical prognosis and evaluating treatment response in colorectal cancer.

Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume), 2008

International Journal of Surgery, 2010

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasm affecting the gastrointesti... more Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasm affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The incidental occurrence of mesenchymal tumors and other primary tumors has not been well described in literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathologic features of GIST occurring synchronously with other primary tumors. Forty-three patients with diagnosis of GIST treated surgically with curative intent at our institution from 1998 to 2006 were included. The patient clinical data and pathological reports were reviewed. Of the 43 patients, there were 6 (14%) cases of synchronous GIST and other primary tumors discovered as coincidental findings. The synchronous GISTs analyzed were located in the stomach (50%) and small intestine (50%), size ranging from 0.7 to 7.6 cm (median 3.35 cm). Five (83%) of the concurrent primary tumors were from gastrointestinal origin and only one (17%) patient presented with concurrent breast cancer and GIST. The synchronous GISTs immunofenotype shows positivity for CD117 and CD34 (100%), smooth-muscle actin (SMA) (67%), S100 (50%) and desmin (33%). Whereas staining for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and PDGF were all negative. According to GIST risk category for aggressive behavior three were classified as very low, one intermediate and two high. The synchronous occurrence of GISTs and other primary neoplasm is not an uncommon entity and usually they are discovery incidentally. Epithelial tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are the most associated with concomitant GISTs. Further studies are required to clarify the molecular and genetic mechanisms of carcinogenesis and progression associating GIST and synchronous tumors.

Human Mutation, 1998

Abstract Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer results from heritable defects in the MLH1, MSH2, P... more Abstract Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer results from heritable defects in the MLH1, MSH2, PMS1 and PMS2 genes, which encode proteins involved in the mismatch repair process. In this work we report the identification of two novel germline mutations in the MLH1 gene from two unrelated HNPCC families. The two affected families do not fulfill the Amsterdam criteria. In family 1 we found a missense S93G mutation, which lies in a MLH1 domain critical for its MMR functions. In family 2 we found a two nucleotide insertion (AG) ...

Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 2007

The increased expression of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) has been identified i... more The increased expression of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) has been identified in many human cancers. Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism changing the sense codon 388 from glycine to arginine was identified in the FGFR4 gene. The FGFR4 Arg(388) allele was found to be associated with a poor prognosis for positive node breast cancer, high-grade soft-tissue sarcoma, colon carcinoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We decided to verify the impact of the FGFR4 Arg(388) allele on survival as well as its association with histoclinical data in 75 cases of HNSCC. The FGFR4 Arg(388) allele was detected by PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing. The FGFR4 Arg(388) allele was detected in 42.5% of the tumors (37% heterozygous Gly/Arg and 5.5% homozygous Arg/Arg). The presence of at least one Arg allele was significantly correlated with reduced overall survival after 24 months of follow-up. The cases involving the Arg allele presented an increased mortality risk of 2.2 if compared to the non-carrier cases. The FGFR4 Arg(388) allele is associated with a shortened survival.

European Urology, 2000

Lymphoma is the most frequent testicular malignancy in men over 60 years of age. Even though pati... more Lymphoma is the most frequent testicular malignancy in men over 60 years of age. Even though patients present initially with localized disease, the high incidence of bilateral involvement, synchronous or not, and early systemic dissemination are characteristic of these neoplasms. Sometimes the interval between tumor involvement of both testes is long. The question is raised whether either the patient has a predisposition to present new clones of transformed lymphocytes, or the same disease using the same pathway from a systemic reservoir infiltrates the contralateral testis. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to detect immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) rearrangement in paraffin-embedded specimens from asynchronous tumors affecting the right and left testis of a 85-year-old man with an interval period of 13 months. Both tumors showed the same IgH rearrangement. The lymphoma affecting the left and right testis derived from the same clone. It makes a strong case that lymphoma of the testis is the first manifestation of a systemic disease and should be treated aggressively early at the beginning of the disease.