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Papers by Bessimbaye Nadlaou

Scholars journal of applied medical sciences, Jan 11, 2024

Original Research Article Background: Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted to humans throug... more Original Research Article Background: Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted to humans through the bite of a female mosquito (Anopheles). however, blood transfusion, which is a life-saving medical procedure in many settings, represents a potential route of Plasmodium transmission. The objective of this study was to determine the plasmodial parasitemia in blood donors with a view to assessing the quality of the erythrocyte concentrates produced at the National Blood Transfusion Center (CNTS) of Chad. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study involving 271 subjects who came to donate blood at the CNTS in N'Djamena over a period from March 1 to June 1, 2023. After obtaining the tacit and/or informed consent of potential donors, a questionnaire was administered to them to collect sociodemographic data, knowledge and practical attitudes towards malaria. A blood sample was taken from each individual. The following biological analyzes were carried out: Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test, thick smear, blood smear. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software version 26.0, and the Chi square test was used to compare proportions and a logistic regression model to look for risk factors associated with malaria infection. Results: This study reveals that: the most represented age group was that of 18-28 years (68.6%), with a sex ratio of 4.1 in favor of the male sex, family type donors were more represented (73.4%). The prevalence of plasmodial infection was 12.2% with a parasitemia of between 100 and 600 parasites/µL of blood. The species in question was Plasmodium falciparum. A statistically significant association was established between sex, non-use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets, lack of knowledge about malaria and malaria infection. Conclusion: This work showed that the residual transfusion risk of malaria is real at the CNTS. It would therefore be necessary to ultimately adopt an innovative safety strategy including systematic screening of donations for Plasmodium falciparum.

Journal of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology

Acute bacterial pneumonias are non-tuberculous bacterial infections of the lung. They constitute ... more Acute bacterial pneumonias are non-tuberculous bacterial infections of the lung. They constitute a common pathology in children and adults. The objective of this study was to promote microbiological diagnosis for optimal treatment in terms of antibiotic therapy. This is a prospective observational and analytical study running from June 2022 to February 2023 based on cytobacteriological examinations of sputum from patients of all genders and ages admitted to the pulmonology and infectious diseases department of the National Reference University Hospital Center (CHURN) from N’Djamena. The isolation, identification and antibiogram of the bacteria responsible for acute pneumonia were carried out according to standard clinical microbiology techniques. Of the 207 patients receiving sputum cytobacteriological screening, 121 bacterial agents were isolated, representing a prevalence of bacterial pneumonia of 58.45%. The most isolated bacterial strains were Staphylococcus (45.25%) followed by...

Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 2007

Fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms was assessed in 272 in... more Fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms was assessed in 272 inpatients, 162 outpatients, and 426 asymptomatic healthy individuals. Of 860 stool samples cultured, 152 (17.7%) yielded ESBL-producing organisms. Isolates were recovered from 71 (26.1%) of the inpatients, 25 (15.4%) of the outpatients, and 56 (13.1%) of the healthy individuals. These findings suggest that the community could be a reservoir of ESBL-producing organisms.

International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences

Le lait et les produits laitiers présentent des qualités nutritionnelles importantes pour la pop... more Le lait et les produits laitiers présentent des qualités nutritionnelles importantes pour la population tchadienne en générale et celle de la ville de N’Djamena en particulier. L’objectif de cette étude était de suivre le procédé de fabrication des produits laitiers consommés dans la ville de N’Djamena au Tchad. Les produits laitiers tels que le lait caillé (rouaba), le lait entier fermenté (rayeb) et le lait frais sucré (halib) sont traditionnellement très appréciés du public Tchadien. Malheureusement les études antérieurs conduites sur les procédés de fabrication de ces produits laitiers ont montré des insuffisances sur le respect de bonne pratique de fabrication et d’hygiène. Certaines techniques de filtration, de pasteurisation et de conditionnement traditionnels ne respectent pas les bonnes pratiques d’hygiène et de fabrication et affectent la qualité hygiénique ainsi que les caractéristiques texturale et organoleptique du produit fini. L’utilisation abusive des produits vétér...

Journal of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, 2024

Monitoring drug resistance and identifying the genetic basis of resistance to first-and secondlin... more Monitoring drug resistance and identifying the genetic basis of resistance to first-and secondline anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drugs provides important information to optimize patient care. The present study was an observational, cross-sectional and analytical study aimed at determining the prevalence of resistance genes to rifampicin, isoniazid and resistant and multiresistant genes with mutations associated with second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (Levofloxacin Amikacin, Kanamycin and Capreomycin) among strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in nine hospitals in four provinces of Chad with three new molecular techniques. The TB-LAMP molecular technique made it possible to detect 264 (25.14%) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex among 1050 people referred for tuberculosis research, including 37 cases in relapse and 237 new cases under treatment or not without clinical improvement. The average age of the patients was 34.15 years with the extremes ranging from 12 to 77 years. The sex ratio was 3.33 in favor of men. The GeneXpert made it possible to confirm the 264 positive cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB+) of which 76% of men and 24% of women had the MTB+ profile sensitive to rifampicin, and 80% of men and 20% of women harbored the Mycobacterium complex. rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis. The determination of resistance genes including 13% (rpoB) to rifampicin, 4% (inhA) to isoniazid and 8% (rpoB/KatG and/or KatG/inhA) multi-resistant (MDR) genes was carried out using the Line Probe Assay technique. This technique also made it possible to determine resistance genes with associated mutations including 13.6% (gyrA and gyrB), 7.6% (eis), 6.1% (rrs and eis) and 10.6% being mutations affecting the different alleles on the chromosomes of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. This study highlighted the emergence of resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid as well as resistance with mutations associated with second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. It raises the need to implement an effective surveillance system to detect the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to anti-tuberculosis drugs in Chad and even in Central Africa.

African Journal of Microbiology Research, Mar 31, 2021

The present study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of yellow fever virus in patients... more The present study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of yellow fever virus in patients with clinical signs of febrile jaundice giving suspicion of yellow fever and to evaluate diagnostic techniques for surveillance of yellow fever in the Republic from Chad. From January 2015 to July 2020, an observational study of virological markers was conducted in jaundice patients in Chad. Of the 1730 patients included in this study, a seroprevalence of 0.28% of yellow fever virus was determined. The distribution of pathogens responsible for diseases associated with yellow fever was: 49.47% (Plasmodium falciparum), 2% (hepatitis E virus), 4.62% (hepatitis C virus), and 29.00% (hepatitis virus B), respectively. Discrepancies in the results between the regional reference laboratories and the national laboratory of the Republic of Chad were observed. All genders and age groups were affected. Of the 1730 samples taken, 55.49% were female and 44.51% male (p = 0.01, a significant difference in favor of the female sex). The male/female sex ratio was 1.25. This study, the first, made it possible to determine the rate of the yellow fever virus in the absence of an outbreak in forest areas and with heavy rainfall and to evaluate the MAC-ELISA-CDC techniques used between the national laboratory of the Republic of Chad and those regional references. It was recommended that real-time polymerization chain reaction techniques be made available to national laboratories and reagents from the same manufacturing company in order to carry out effective monitoring of yellow fever. Key words: Evaluation, surveillance, seroprevalence, techniques, yellow fever.

International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Jul 8, 2022

La transfusion sanguine est un acte Médical qui sauve des vies, à condition d'être effectuée dans... more La transfusion sanguine est un acte Médical qui sauve des vies, à condition d'être effectuée dans les règles de l'art. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les pratiques en la matière dans notre contexte d'exercice. Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive multicentrique menée dans deux Hôpitaux Nationaux de référence et au Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine (CNTS). De juillet à septembre 2016, 3002 formulaires de demande de sang parvenus au Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine (CNTS) ont été retenus et analysés. Une interview des malades et/ou parents des malades et la revue des dossiers médicaux ont permis de collecter des données complémentaires. Il ressort de cette analyse que la majorité des demandes des PSL (61,9%) provenaient de l'Hôpital de la Mère et de l'Enfant. Les prescripteurs étaient majoritairement des étudiants en médecine (59,1%) suivis des infirmiers (12,7%) et des sages-femmes (6,4%) contre (6,3%) uniquement des médecins. Cette étude a montré que les prescripteurs de PLS sont majoritairement des étudiants en médecine. Il faut accroître la sensibilisation et la formation pour une meilleure prescription des PSL.

Journal of Tropical Medicine and Health, 2019

Background: Collective catering is important in the diet and nutrition of the population. However... more Background: Collective catering is important in the diet and nutrition of the population. However, the handling and production of these foods under unhygienic conditions could lead to food poisoning for consumers. In order to improve the microbiological quality of meals served in restaurants, surveys have been conducted with restaurant owners. Methods: We collected and analyzed 90 samples of meat, fruit and fruit juice, drinking water and rinsing water. These samples were sampled aseptically and analyzed according to standard methods. Results: The study shows that 82.75% of the manipulators did not wash their hands with soap and 79.31% did not carry out medical examinations. Compared to microbiological analyzes, the compliance rate varies between 73.33% and 100% for all samples. Total Mesophilic Aerobic Flora, (FAMT) Total Coliforms (TC), Fecal Coliforms (FC) were found in the samples of minced meat sauce "sarkima", grilled meats and rinsing. Fruit and vegetable samples do not contain coliforms, but there is fungal flora with 30% and 20% non-compliance, respectively. As for the samples of drinking water, they were compliant for all the germs sought. Salmonellae are absent in all samples. Conclusion: The results of the analyzes are generally satisfactory, but there are still some failures in terms of hygiene to ensure a healthy production of meals. Good hygiene practices and good manufacturing practices are still needed to promote collective restoration advantage to protect the health of consumers.

Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine

The objective of this study was to contribute to the prevention of anti-erythrocyte alloimmunizat... more The objective of this study was to contribute to the prevention of anti-erythrocyte alloimmunization in patients with sickle cell disease (DS) in Chad. This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study from December 2021 to June 2022 in sickle cell patients regularly followed in two University Hospital Centers (CHU) in N'Djamena. The search for irregular antibodies was carried out by a combination of three techniques: indirect anti-globulin test (Coombs), enzymatic test (Papain) and the test in a low ionic strength medium, in a partner laboratory of the National Blood Transfusion Center in France. The study included 57 sickle cell patients, 45 of whom (78.9%) were actually transfused. Sickle cell patients accounted for 84.2% of cases. The sex ratio Male/Female (M/F) was 1.03. The average age of the transfused was 9.3 ± 5.4 years. Four of the transfused patients (8.8%) had produced 7 antibodies including 85.7% anti-rhesus and 14.3% anti-Kell. Age, sex and number of bloo...

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Apr 30, 2021

The aim is to assess the level of contamination of wound bacteria in operated patients in the sur... more The aim is to assess the level of contamination of wound bacteria in operated patients in the surgical departments of the

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jul 3, 2021

The aim is to determine the epidemiological and cytogenetic profile (Philadelphia chromosome: Ph1... more The aim is to determine the epidemiological and cytogenetic profile (Philadelphia chromosome: Ph1) and the bcr-abl gene in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and to assess the therapeutic response of patients to hydroxyurea and Imatinib treatment. From January 1, 2010 to December 30, 2020, an observational study for diagnostic and analytical purposes was carried out in 54 cases of CML at the National Reference University Hospital (CHU-RN) of N'Djamena. All selected patients presented with splenomegaly on physical examination. Significant differences were observed between the proportion of housewives (31.48%) and civil servants (3.70%), emaciated patients (27.84%) and those with fever (3.70%) with the probabilities of 0.001 and 0.001 respectively. Hyperleukocytosis ranged from 100,000-149,000 GB / mm 3 (42.30%) and the platelet count ranged from 20,000 / mm 3 to 611,000 / mm 3. Polymorphic and massive myeloma was 30-80% of cases, a medullary karyotype with 33.33% Ph1 + chromosome and 66.66% Ph1-, 33.33% bcr-abl transcript and 33.33% transcribed b3 a2 respectively. The treatment regimens were: Hydroxy-Urea (HU) + prednisolone (60%), and Imatinib + prednisolone (40%). Partial hematological remission was obtained in 40% of cases. CML is a condition that occurs at all ages and especially in men in our region. The continuation of this study at the national level will allow the public authorities to achieve national prevalence and to organize effective prevention and early management.

Chemotherapy, 2016

Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon as old as the advent of antibiotics. Today, often of synthe... more Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon as old as the advent of antibiotics. Today, often of synthetic origin and produced by humans, antibiotics are from natural substances produced by fungi but also bacteria to defend against other bacteria. The first who learned to synthesize antibiotics developed at the same time the means to protect themselves. In assessing the prospects for the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria (BMR) in hospitals in Chad, samples of biological products for patients from different departments of the General Referral Hospital (HGRN) were examined for Search multi-resistant bacteria. 1,285 patients whose average age was 35.5 ± 14 years were included in this study. Isolation of bacteria was made after seeding of organic products on the following agar media: Hektoen, Mac Conkey, CLED, Chapman, Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar and polyvitex. The biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria were performed using the compact PLC VITEK ® 2TM 15 to HGRN laboratory. Of the 1285 cultures analyzed, 328 (25.25%) were positive for bacterial infection. Of the 328 bacteria isolated and identified, 66 have submitted multiresistant phenotypes to different families of antibiotics for a prevalence rate of 20.12%. Of the 66 multiresistant bacteria, 44 (66.67%) strains of bacteria presented the multidrug-resistant phenotype to several families of antibiotics and 22 strains (33.33%) were only resistant to beta-lactams by producing beta lactamase extended spectrum (ESBLs) (significant difference p ≥ 0.001). This study suggests a disturbing trend in the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria in Chad and therefore should prompt appropriate corrective reactions.

International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Nov 9, 2018

Consumption of street food is growing rapidly in developing countries. Consequently, health probl... more Consumption of street food is growing rapidly in developing countries. Consequently, health problems associated with consumption of street foods exist everywhere and Chad is not an exception, but up to this day, there is limited scientific data on the microbiological quality and safety of foods sold in the street in various regions of the country. The aim of this study is to determine the microbiological quality of some street foods in N'Djamena, Chad: case of sandwiches. A total of 42 samples of sandwiches were collected. These samples were analyzed according to the standard methods of food microbiology. The analysis identified the different germs with respective compliance rates of 14.29% for thermotolerant coliforms, 54.76% for Coagulasepositive staphylococci, 47.62% for Escherichia coli and 19.05% for total mesophilic aerobic flora. The Salmonella compliance rate is 100%. Also yeasts and molds were counted in some samples with an average of 0.80x10 6 CFU/g. There is a significant correlation between MAF and Coagulase-positive staphylococci (p<0.05). The presence of these germs in general and mainly pathogens in sandwiches consumed in N'Djamena, Chad, represent a real public health problem which competent authorities should not neglect.

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

Introduction: Surveillance of antibiotic resistant bacteria provides important information to opt... more Introduction: Surveillance of antibiotic resistant bacteria provides important information to optimize care for people living with HIV (PLHIV). The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of bacteremia in PLHIV and to describe the biochemical profile and resistance of bacteria to antibiotics commonly prescribed for the care of patients and followed in the cohort in the infectious disease departments (SMI) of the National Reference University Hospital (CHU-RN) of N'Djamena. Material and methods: This was a descriptive, analytical and etiological diagnostic study carried out on isolates responsible for bacteremia in PLHIV, from 01/01/2020 to 03/31/2023. The isolation, the identification of the bacteria and the antibiogram were carried out by standard methods of clinical microbiology. Results: The study included 111 PLHIV, 51 of who were positive on blood culture (54%). The average age of PLHIV was 45.5 years with the extremes ranging from 15 and 76 years. The age gr...

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Antimicrobial surveillance and identification of the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance pr... more Antimicrobial surveillance and identification of the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance provides important information to optimize patient care. The present study was an analytical cross-sectional study aimed at determining the prevalence of rifampicin and ofloxacin resistance genes among Mycobacterium leprae strains in three health districts in Chad. The determination of the folP1, rpoB and gyrA resistance genes was carried out by PCR-RLEP and confirmed by sequencing from 80 biopsy samples taken from patients with multibacillary leprosy, including 12 relapsed patients and 68 new cases. In the whole cohort, 1/80 (1.2%) showed resistance to rifampicin and 1/80 (1.2%) to ofloxacin. No mutations were detected for dapsone. The presence of M. leprae mutation associated with rifampicin resistance was observed in a relapsed patient and the mutation associated with ofloxacin resistance was observed in a patient with multibacillary leprosy who had not been sensitized by ofloxacin but ...

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research

Salmonellosis is one of the most frequently reported foodborne illnesses and the majority of salm... more Salmonellosis is one of the most frequently reported foodborne illnesses and the majority of salmonellosis in humans comes from fresh fruits and vegetables. The objective of this work is to assess the level of contamination and to determine the biochemical profile and susceptibility to antibiotics of the strains of Salmonella spp. isolated from leafy vegetables produced in market garden farms in N'Djamena in Chad. 144 samples from six (6) different types of leafy vegetables were collected and analyzed according to standard food microbiology methods. ISO 6579 (2002) was used for microbiological analysis. The classical identification gallery and the API 20E gallery allowed the biochemical identification of isolated strains. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to test the antibiotic susceptibility of strains of Salmonella spp. The results obtained show microbiological contamination of vegetables analyzed in particular rocket and lettuce with a proportion of Salmonella spp. of 12.50% an...

Open Journal of Gastroenterology

The characteristics of viral hepatitis B and D co-infection are poorly documented in Chad. The ai... more The characteristics of viral hepatitis B and D co-infection are poorly documented in Chad. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of HBV/HDV co-infection and the characteristics of this co-infection. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study including all patients with chronic HBsAg carriers referred in our department from January 2014 to December 2018. Non-inclusion criteria were: absence of anti-HDV testing, presence of anti-viral hepatitis C or Human Immunodeficiency Virus antibodies or excessive alcohol consumption. The variables studied were age, sex, blood transaminase level, HBV DNA level, HDV RNA level, and liver fibrosis and activity score (Actitest Fibrotest). The prevalence of HDV and the characteristics of HDV/HBV co-infection were determined. Results: During the study period, 403 patients were seen in these two hospitals for chronic HBsAg carriage. Of these, 378 (75%) had performed the anti HDV assay. Anti-HDV antibodies were positive in 53 patients (14%). In multivariate analysis, HBV/HDV co-infected patients were less frequently HBeAg positive (5.4% vs. 28.1%; p = 0.0001), older (35 years vs. 32 years; p = 0.001), and more frequently had significant necrotic-inflammatory activity (3.9% vs. 3.2%; p = 0.031) compared with mono infected patients. Neither gender (76.9% male vs. 77.4% male; p = ns), nor viral load (median 530 IU/ml vs. 195 IU/ml; p = ns), nor significant liver fibrosis (35.1% vs. 47.1%; p = ns), nor transaminases (median 26 vs. 32 IU/ml) were different with mono infected patients. Conclusion: VHD is common in Chad. It is associated with increased hepatic necrotic-inflammatory activity.

Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

Introduction: Oxidative stress and bacterial infections are a public health problem in Chad. To r... more Introduction: Oxidative stress and bacterial infections are a public health problem in Chad. To reduce these problems, plant-based medicines were used to improve the development of traditionally drugs for infection treatments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiradical and antibacterial activities from ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus. Material and Methods: In this study we used a stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus who used by different traditional practitioners in Chad for urinary infections treatment and diarrheal diseases caused by different types of bacteria (S. aureus, E. coli, S. typhi). Also the antiradical activity was evaluated by the method of DPPH colorimetric and the antibacterial activity by the method of disk diffusion. A phytochemical study was carried out to link the structure to the activity. Results: Our result showed a rate of 13.2% of ethanolic extract. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponosides, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and anthocyanins. Also the ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus revealed an antiradical activity by the decolorization of DPPH from an initial purple color to yellow. This extracts inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli at the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 1.25 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml respectively. Conclusion: Our result showed that the ethanolic extract bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus could be a potential provider of secondary metabolites with antiradical and antibacterial activities, allowing the development of a new molecules to fight against oxidative stress, cardiovascular diseases, and microbial infections.

Open Journal of Gastroenterology

Introduction: According to the WHO, Chad is located in an area of high endemicity for hepatitis B... more Introduction: According to the WHO, Chad is located in an area of high endemicity for hepatitis B virus (HBV). The aim of this study was to analyze the virological profiles of chronic HBV carriers. Materials and Method: This was a retrospective and analytical study including outpatients with chronic HBV of any age received in Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology of National General Reference Hospital of N'Djamena from 2013 to 2017. Results: During the study period, 401 chronic hepatitis B virus carriers (mean age was 35 years ± 11 years with sex ratio of 3.26) were seen in outpatient clinic with a frequency of 3.34% (401/11,988). HBeAg (+) patients were 12.8% and HBeAg negative 87.2%. HBeAg-negative patients were significantly older (p = 0.000) than those with HBeAg (+). The mean HBV-DNA level was higher in HBeAg (+) patients. The HBV-DNA level in HBeAg-positive patients was higher than in HBeAg-negative patients with a significant difference (p = 0.043). The mean ALT level was 45 IU/L in HBeAg (−) patients. It was 49 in HBeAg (+) patients. Conclusion: HBeAg (−) chronic hepatitis B is the most predominant form in our study. This observation is important because it can help to adapt the management strategies.

Scholars journal of applied medical sciences, Jan 11, 2024

Original Research Article Background: Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted to humans throug... more Original Research Article Background: Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted to humans through the bite of a female mosquito (Anopheles). however, blood transfusion, which is a life-saving medical procedure in many settings, represents a potential route of Plasmodium transmission. The objective of this study was to determine the plasmodial parasitemia in blood donors with a view to assessing the quality of the erythrocyte concentrates produced at the National Blood Transfusion Center (CNTS) of Chad. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study involving 271 subjects who came to donate blood at the CNTS in N'Djamena over a period from March 1 to June 1, 2023. After obtaining the tacit and/or informed consent of potential donors, a questionnaire was administered to them to collect sociodemographic data, knowledge and practical attitudes towards malaria. A blood sample was taken from each individual. The following biological analyzes were carried out: Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test, thick smear, blood smear. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software version 26.0, and the Chi square test was used to compare proportions and a logistic regression model to look for risk factors associated with malaria infection. Results: This study reveals that: the most represented age group was that of 18-28 years (68.6%), with a sex ratio of 4.1 in favor of the male sex, family type donors were more represented (73.4%). The prevalence of plasmodial infection was 12.2% with a parasitemia of between 100 and 600 parasites/µL of blood. The species in question was Plasmodium falciparum. A statistically significant association was established between sex, non-use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets, lack of knowledge about malaria and malaria infection. Conclusion: This work showed that the residual transfusion risk of malaria is real at the CNTS. It would therefore be necessary to ultimately adopt an innovative safety strategy including systematic screening of donations for Plasmodium falciparum.

Journal of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology

Acute bacterial pneumonias are non-tuberculous bacterial infections of the lung. They constitute ... more Acute bacterial pneumonias are non-tuberculous bacterial infections of the lung. They constitute a common pathology in children and adults. The objective of this study was to promote microbiological diagnosis for optimal treatment in terms of antibiotic therapy. This is a prospective observational and analytical study running from June 2022 to February 2023 based on cytobacteriological examinations of sputum from patients of all genders and ages admitted to the pulmonology and infectious diseases department of the National Reference University Hospital Center (CHURN) from N’Djamena. The isolation, identification and antibiogram of the bacteria responsible for acute pneumonia were carried out according to standard clinical microbiology techniques. Of the 207 patients receiving sputum cytobacteriological screening, 121 bacterial agents were isolated, representing a prevalence of bacterial pneumonia of 58.45%. The most isolated bacterial strains were Staphylococcus (45.25%) followed by...

Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 2007

Fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms was assessed in 272 in... more Fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms was assessed in 272 inpatients, 162 outpatients, and 426 asymptomatic healthy individuals. Of 860 stool samples cultured, 152 (17.7%) yielded ESBL-producing organisms. Isolates were recovered from 71 (26.1%) of the inpatients, 25 (15.4%) of the outpatients, and 56 (13.1%) of the healthy individuals. These findings suggest that the community could be a reservoir of ESBL-producing organisms.

International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences

Le lait et les produits laitiers présentent des qualités nutritionnelles importantes pour la pop... more Le lait et les produits laitiers présentent des qualités nutritionnelles importantes pour la population tchadienne en générale et celle de la ville de N’Djamena en particulier. L’objectif de cette étude était de suivre le procédé de fabrication des produits laitiers consommés dans la ville de N’Djamena au Tchad. Les produits laitiers tels que le lait caillé (rouaba), le lait entier fermenté (rayeb) et le lait frais sucré (halib) sont traditionnellement très appréciés du public Tchadien. Malheureusement les études antérieurs conduites sur les procédés de fabrication de ces produits laitiers ont montré des insuffisances sur le respect de bonne pratique de fabrication et d’hygiène. Certaines techniques de filtration, de pasteurisation et de conditionnement traditionnels ne respectent pas les bonnes pratiques d’hygiène et de fabrication et affectent la qualité hygiénique ainsi que les caractéristiques texturale et organoleptique du produit fini. L’utilisation abusive des produits vétér...

Journal of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, 2024

Monitoring drug resistance and identifying the genetic basis of resistance to first-and secondlin... more Monitoring drug resistance and identifying the genetic basis of resistance to first-and secondline anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drugs provides important information to optimize patient care. The present study was an observational, cross-sectional and analytical study aimed at determining the prevalence of resistance genes to rifampicin, isoniazid and resistant and multiresistant genes with mutations associated with second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (Levofloxacin Amikacin, Kanamycin and Capreomycin) among strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in nine hospitals in four provinces of Chad with three new molecular techniques. The TB-LAMP molecular technique made it possible to detect 264 (25.14%) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex among 1050 people referred for tuberculosis research, including 37 cases in relapse and 237 new cases under treatment or not without clinical improvement. The average age of the patients was 34.15 years with the extremes ranging from 12 to 77 years. The sex ratio was 3.33 in favor of men. The GeneXpert made it possible to confirm the 264 positive cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB+) of which 76% of men and 24% of women had the MTB+ profile sensitive to rifampicin, and 80% of men and 20% of women harbored the Mycobacterium complex. rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis. The determination of resistance genes including 13% (rpoB) to rifampicin, 4% (inhA) to isoniazid and 8% (rpoB/KatG and/or KatG/inhA) multi-resistant (MDR) genes was carried out using the Line Probe Assay technique. This technique also made it possible to determine resistance genes with associated mutations including 13.6% (gyrA and gyrB), 7.6% (eis), 6.1% (rrs and eis) and 10.6% being mutations affecting the different alleles on the chromosomes of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. This study highlighted the emergence of resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid as well as resistance with mutations associated with second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. It raises the need to implement an effective surveillance system to detect the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to anti-tuberculosis drugs in Chad and even in Central Africa.

African Journal of Microbiology Research, Mar 31, 2021

The present study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of yellow fever virus in patients... more The present study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of yellow fever virus in patients with clinical signs of febrile jaundice giving suspicion of yellow fever and to evaluate diagnostic techniques for surveillance of yellow fever in the Republic from Chad. From January 2015 to July 2020, an observational study of virological markers was conducted in jaundice patients in Chad. Of the 1730 patients included in this study, a seroprevalence of 0.28% of yellow fever virus was determined. The distribution of pathogens responsible for diseases associated with yellow fever was: 49.47% (Plasmodium falciparum), 2% (hepatitis E virus), 4.62% (hepatitis C virus), and 29.00% (hepatitis virus B), respectively. Discrepancies in the results between the regional reference laboratories and the national laboratory of the Republic of Chad were observed. All genders and age groups were affected. Of the 1730 samples taken, 55.49% were female and 44.51% male (p = 0.01, a significant difference in favor of the female sex). The male/female sex ratio was 1.25. This study, the first, made it possible to determine the rate of the yellow fever virus in the absence of an outbreak in forest areas and with heavy rainfall and to evaluate the MAC-ELISA-CDC techniques used between the national laboratory of the Republic of Chad and those regional references. It was recommended that real-time polymerization chain reaction techniques be made available to national laboratories and reagents from the same manufacturing company in order to carry out effective monitoring of yellow fever. Key words: Evaluation, surveillance, seroprevalence, techniques, yellow fever.

International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Jul 8, 2022

La transfusion sanguine est un acte Médical qui sauve des vies, à condition d'être effectuée dans... more La transfusion sanguine est un acte Médical qui sauve des vies, à condition d'être effectuée dans les règles de l'art. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les pratiques en la matière dans notre contexte d'exercice. Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive multicentrique menée dans deux Hôpitaux Nationaux de référence et au Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine (CNTS). De juillet à septembre 2016, 3002 formulaires de demande de sang parvenus au Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine (CNTS) ont été retenus et analysés. Une interview des malades et/ou parents des malades et la revue des dossiers médicaux ont permis de collecter des données complémentaires. Il ressort de cette analyse que la majorité des demandes des PSL (61,9%) provenaient de l'Hôpital de la Mère et de l'Enfant. Les prescripteurs étaient majoritairement des étudiants en médecine (59,1%) suivis des infirmiers (12,7%) et des sages-femmes (6,4%) contre (6,3%) uniquement des médecins. Cette étude a montré que les prescripteurs de PLS sont majoritairement des étudiants en médecine. Il faut accroître la sensibilisation et la formation pour une meilleure prescription des PSL.

Journal of Tropical Medicine and Health, 2019

Background: Collective catering is important in the diet and nutrition of the population. However... more Background: Collective catering is important in the diet and nutrition of the population. However, the handling and production of these foods under unhygienic conditions could lead to food poisoning for consumers. In order to improve the microbiological quality of meals served in restaurants, surveys have been conducted with restaurant owners. Methods: We collected and analyzed 90 samples of meat, fruit and fruit juice, drinking water and rinsing water. These samples were sampled aseptically and analyzed according to standard methods. Results: The study shows that 82.75% of the manipulators did not wash their hands with soap and 79.31% did not carry out medical examinations. Compared to microbiological analyzes, the compliance rate varies between 73.33% and 100% for all samples. Total Mesophilic Aerobic Flora, (FAMT) Total Coliforms (TC), Fecal Coliforms (FC) were found in the samples of minced meat sauce "sarkima", grilled meats and rinsing. Fruit and vegetable samples do not contain coliforms, but there is fungal flora with 30% and 20% non-compliance, respectively. As for the samples of drinking water, they were compliant for all the germs sought. Salmonellae are absent in all samples. Conclusion: The results of the analyzes are generally satisfactory, but there are still some failures in terms of hygiene to ensure a healthy production of meals. Good hygiene practices and good manufacturing practices are still needed to promote collective restoration advantage to protect the health of consumers.

Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine

The objective of this study was to contribute to the prevention of anti-erythrocyte alloimmunizat... more The objective of this study was to contribute to the prevention of anti-erythrocyte alloimmunization in patients with sickle cell disease (DS) in Chad. This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study from December 2021 to June 2022 in sickle cell patients regularly followed in two University Hospital Centers (CHU) in N'Djamena. The search for irregular antibodies was carried out by a combination of three techniques: indirect anti-globulin test (Coombs), enzymatic test (Papain) and the test in a low ionic strength medium, in a partner laboratory of the National Blood Transfusion Center in France. The study included 57 sickle cell patients, 45 of whom (78.9%) were actually transfused. Sickle cell patients accounted for 84.2% of cases. The sex ratio Male/Female (M/F) was 1.03. The average age of the transfused was 9.3 ± 5.4 years. Four of the transfused patients (8.8%) had produced 7 antibodies including 85.7% anti-rhesus and 14.3% anti-Kell. Age, sex and number of bloo...

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Apr 30, 2021

The aim is to assess the level of contamination of wound bacteria in operated patients in the sur... more The aim is to assess the level of contamination of wound bacteria in operated patients in the surgical departments of the

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jul 3, 2021

The aim is to determine the epidemiological and cytogenetic profile (Philadelphia chromosome: Ph1... more The aim is to determine the epidemiological and cytogenetic profile (Philadelphia chromosome: Ph1) and the bcr-abl gene in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and to assess the therapeutic response of patients to hydroxyurea and Imatinib treatment. From January 1, 2010 to December 30, 2020, an observational study for diagnostic and analytical purposes was carried out in 54 cases of CML at the National Reference University Hospital (CHU-RN) of N'Djamena. All selected patients presented with splenomegaly on physical examination. Significant differences were observed between the proportion of housewives (31.48%) and civil servants (3.70%), emaciated patients (27.84%) and those with fever (3.70%) with the probabilities of 0.001 and 0.001 respectively. Hyperleukocytosis ranged from 100,000-149,000 GB / mm 3 (42.30%) and the platelet count ranged from 20,000 / mm 3 to 611,000 / mm 3. Polymorphic and massive myeloma was 30-80% of cases, a medullary karyotype with 33.33% Ph1 + chromosome and 66.66% Ph1-, 33.33% bcr-abl transcript and 33.33% transcribed b3 a2 respectively. The treatment regimens were: Hydroxy-Urea (HU) + prednisolone (60%), and Imatinib + prednisolone (40%). Partial hematological remission was obtained in 40% of cases. CML is a condition that occurs at all ages and especially in men in our region. The continuation of this study at the national level will allow the public authorities to achieve national prevalence and to organize effective prevention and early management.

Chemotherapy, 2016

Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon as old as the advent of antibiotics. Today, often of synthe... more Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon as old as the advent of antibiotics. Today, often of synthetic origin and produced by humans, antibiotics are from natural substances produced by fungi but also bacteria to defend against other bacteria. The first who learned to synthesize antibiotics developed at the same time the means to protect themselves. In assessing the prospects for the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria (BMR) in hospitals in Chad, samples of biological products for patients from different departments of the General Referral Hospital (HGRN) were examined for Search multi-resistant bacteria. 1,285 patients whose average age was 35.5 ± 14 years were included in this study. Isolation of bacteria was made after seeding of organic products on the following agar media: Hektoen, Mac Conkey, CLED, Chapman, Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar and polyvitex. The biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria were performed using the compact PLC VITEK ® 2TM 15 to HGRN laboratory. Of the 1285 cultures analyzed, 328 (25.25%) were positive for bacterial infection. Of the 328 bacteria isolated and identified, 66 have submitted multiresistant phenotypes to different families of antibiotics for a prevalence rate of 20.12%. Of the 66 multiresistant bacteria, 44 (66.67%) strains of bacteria presented the multidrug-resistant phenotype to several families of antibiotics and 22 strains (33.33%) were only resistant to beta-lactams by producing beta lactamase extended spectrum (ESBLs) (significant difference p ≥ 0.001). This study suggests a disturbing trend in the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria in Chad and therefore should prompt appropriate corrective reactions.

International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Nov 9, 2018

Consumption of street food is growing rapidly in developing countries. Consequently, health probl... more Consumption of street food is growing rapidly in developing countries. Consequently, health problems associated with consumption of street foods exist everywhere and Chad is not an exception, but up to this day, there is limited scientific data on the microbiological quality and safety of foods sold in the street in various regions of the country. The aim of this study is to determine the microbiological quality of some street foods in N'Djamena, Chad: case of sandwiches. A total of 42 samples of sandwiches were collected. These samples were analyzed according to the standard methods of food microbiology. The analysis identified the different germs with respective compliance rates of 14.29% for thermotolerant coliforms, 54.76% for Coagulasepositive staphylococci, 47.62% for Escherichia coli and 19.05% for total mesophilic aerobic flora. The Salmonella compliance rate is 100%. Also yeasts and molds were counted in some samples with an average of 0.80x10 6 CFU/g. There is a significant correlation between MAF and Coagulase-positive staphylococci (p<0.05). The presence of these germs in general and mainly pathogens in sandwiches consumed in N'Djamena, Chad, represent a real public health problem which competent authorities should not neglect.

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

Introduction: Surveillance of antibiotic resistant bacteria provides important information to opt... more Introduction: Surveillance of antibiotic resistant bacteria provides important information to optimize care for people living with HIV (PLHIV). The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of bacteremia in PLHIV and to describe the biochemical profile and resistance of bacteria to antibiotics commonly prescribed for the care of patients and followed in the cohort in the infectious disease departments (SMI) of the National Reference University Hospital (CHU-RN) of N'Djamena. Material and methods: This was a descriptive, analytical and etiological diagnostic study carried out on isolates responsible for bacteremia in PLHIV, from 01/01/2020 to 03/31/2023. The isolation, the identification of the bacteria and the antibiogram were carried out by standard methods of clinical microbiology. Results: The study included 111 PLHIV, 51 of who were positive on blood culture (54%). The average age of PLHIV was 45.5 years with the extremes ranging from 15 and 76 years. The age gr...

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Antimicrobial surveillance and identification of the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance pr... more Antimicrobial surveillance and identification of the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance provides important information to optimize patient care. The present study was an analytical cross-sectional study aimed at determining the prevalence of rifampicin and ofloxacin resistance genes among Mycobacterium leprae strains in three health districts in Chad. The determination of the folP1, rpoB and gyrA resistance genes was carried out by PCR-RLEP and confirmed by sequencing from 80 biopsy samples taken from patients with multibacillary leprosy, including 12 relapsed patients and 68 new cases. In the whole cohort, 1/80 (1.2%) showed resistance to rifampicin and 1/80 (1.2%) to ofloxacin. No mutations were detected for dapsone. The presence of M. leprae mutation associated with rifampicin resistance was observed in a relapsed patient and the mutation associated with ofloxacin resistance was observed in a patient with multibacillary leprosy who had not been sensitized by ofloxacin but ...

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research

Salmonellosis is one of the most frequently reported foodborne illnesses and the majority of salm... more Salmonellosis is one of the most frequently reported foodborne illnesses and the majority of salmonellosis in humans comes from fresh fruits and vegetables. The objective of this work is to assess the level of contamination and to determine the biochemical profile and susceptibility to antibiotics of the strains of Salmonella spp. isolated from leafy vegetables produced in market garden farms in N'Djamena in Chad. 144 samples from six (6) different types of leafy vegetables were collected and analyzed according to standard food microbiology methods. ISO 6579 (2002) was used for microbiological analysis. The classical identification gallery and the API 20E gallery allowed the biochemical identification of isolated strains. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to test the antibiotic susceptibility of strains of Salmonella spp. The results obtained show microbiological contamination of vegetables analyzed in particular rocket and lettuce with a proportion of Salmonella spp. of 12.50% an...

Open Journal of Gastroenterology

The characteristics of viral hepatitis B and D co-infection are poorly documented in Chad. The ai... more The characteristics of viral hepatitis B and D co-infection are poorly documented in Chad. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of HBV/HDV co-infection and the characteristics of this co-infection. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study including all patients with chronic HBsAg carriers referred in our department from January 2014 to December 2018. Non-inclusion criteria were: absence of anti-HDV testing, presence of anti-viral hepatitis C or Human Immunodeficiency Virus antibodies or excessive alcohol consumption. The variables studied were age, sex, blood transaminase level, HBV DNA level, HDV RNA level, and liver fibrosis and activity score (Actitest Fibrotest). The prevalence of HDV and the characteristics of HDV/HBV co-infection were determined. Results: During the study period, 403 patients were seen in these two hospitals for chronic HBsAg carriage. Of these, 378 (75%) had performed the anti HDV assay. Anti-HDV antibodies were positive in 53 patients (14%). In multivariate analysis, HBV/HDV co-infected patients were less frequently HBeAg positive (5.4% vs. 28.1%; p = 0.0001), older (35 years vs. 32 years; p = 0.001), and more frequently had significant necrotic-inflammatory activity (3.9% vs. 3.2%; p = 0.031) compared with mono infected patients. Neither gender (76.9% male vs. 77.4% male; p = ns), nor viral load (median 530 IU/ml vs. 195 IU/ml; p = ns), nor significant liver fibrosis (35.1% vs. 47.1%; p = ns), nor transaminases (median 26 vs. 32 IU/ml) were different with mono infected patients. Conclusion: VHD is common in Chad. It is associated with increased hepatic necrotic-inflammatory activity.

Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

Introduction: Oxidative stress and bacterial infections are a public health problem in Chad. To r... more Introduction: Oxidative stress and bacterial infections are a public health problem in Chad. To reduce these problems, plant-based medicines were used to improve the development of traditionally drugs for infection treatments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiradical and antibacterial activities from ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus. Material and Methods: In this study we used a stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus who used by different traditional practitioners in Chad for urinary infections treatment and diarrheal diseases caused by different types of bacteria (S. aureus, E. coli, S. typhi). Also the antiradical activity was evaluated by the method of DPPH colorimetric and the antibacterial activity by the method of disk diffusion. A phytochemical study was carried out to link the structure to the activity. Results: Our result showed a rate of 13.2% of ethanolic extract. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponosides, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and anthocyanins. Also the ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus revealed an antiradical activity by the decolorization of DPPH from an initial purple color to yellow. This extracts inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli at the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 1.25 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml respectively. Conclusion: Our result showed that the ethanolic extract bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus could be a potential provider of secondary metabolites with antiradical and antibacterial activities, allowing the development of a new molecules to fight against oxidative stress, cardiovascular diseases, and microbial infections.

Open Journal of Gastroenterology

Introduction: According to the WHO, Chad is located in an area of high endemicity for hepatitis B... more Introduction: According to the WHO, Chad is located in an area of high endemicity for hepatitis B virus (HBV). The aim of this study was to analyze the virological profiles of chronic HBV carriers. Materials and Method: This was a retrospective and analytical study including outpatients with chronic HBV of any age received in Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology of National General Reference Hospital of N'Djamena from 2013 to 2017. Results: During the study period, 401 chronic hepatitis B virus carriers (mean age was 35 years ± 11 years with sex ratio of 3.26) were seen in outpatient clinic with a frequency of 3.34% (401/11,988). HBeAg (+) patients were 12.8% and HBeAg negative 87.2%. HBeAg-negative patients were significantly older (p = 0.000) than those with HBeAg (+). The mean HBV-DNA level was higher in HBeAg (+) patients. The HBV-DNA level in HBeAg-positive patients was higher than in HBeAg-negative patients with a significant difference (p = 0.043). The mean ALT level was 45 IU/L in HBeAg (−) patients. It was 49 in HBeAg (+) patients. Conclusion: HBeAg (−) chronic hepatitis B is the most predominant form in our study. This observation is important because it can help to adapt the management strategies.