Betty Arndt - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Betty Arndt

Research paper thumbnail of Die Göttinger Stadtburg Bolruz

Research paper thumbnail of Grossflächige Ausgrabungsarbeiten einer band- keramischen Siedlung mit Bestattungen in Göttingen: Ein Beispiel für die Umsetzung des Verursacherprinzips

Research paper thumbnail of Chemistry and Technology of Prehistoric Glass from Lower Saxony and Hesse

Journal of Archaeological Science, 1997

The investigated collection of glass beads and bracelets represents a cross-section of the most i... more The investigated collection of glass beads and bracelets represents a cross-section of the most important glass types found for the Bronze Age and Iron Age in Central Germany. Among the artefacts are examples of different chemical compositions, colours and varying degrees of opacity. The artefacts were dated from the 14th to the 1st century , directly by their archaeological context, or indirectly through findings of contemporary representatives of similar fragments. The glass fragments were found in burial, settlement and oppida-like contexts. In order to highlight some of the principle characteristics of ancient glass manufacture, raw materials and recipes used, the major, minor and trace elements of the glass were determined by electron microprobe analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and ICP-mass spectrometry. According to our investigations, the silica content in ancient glasses ranges from 67 to about 72%. The predominant alkali is Na, with a concentration between 14 and 17 wt.% Na 2 O. CaO ranges from 6 to 8%. The chemical analysis of Bronze Age glasses from Central Germany has indicated a chemical change of this soda-lime composition. Until c. 800  plant-ash glass with high Mg soda-lime composition was in use, which was manufactured from plant ash, like Salicornia herbacera and calcereous quartz sand. On account of the plant ash used, relatively high and correlating values of MgO (3•8 wt.%), K 2 O (1•5 wt.%) and P 2 O 5 (0•3 wt.%) were determined in this glass with soda-lime composition. In contrast, the natron glass with low-Mg soda-lime composition of Late Bronze Age and Iron Age from about 800  onwards was assumingly manufactured with the mineral raw material natron/trona and quartz sand. Due to this raw material used, relatively low MgO (c0•5 wt.%), K 2 O (0•9 wt.%) and P 2 O 5 (0•06 wt.%) concentrations were determined. The fact that these Bronze and Iron Age glasses found in Central Germany were manufactured in the circum-Mediterranean area (Near East, Egypt, Syria or Mesopotamia) or even, but less probably, with the use of raw materials which were imported from there, is suggested by their relatively high Cl concentrations, which range from 0•9 to 1•3%. The Cl was probably introduced into the melting process by the Cl-containing natron/trona mixture or the Na-dominated plant ashes. In addition to this circum-Mediterranean plant-ash and natron glass, fragments of Bronze Age glass were found with a totally different chemical composition, an indication for an independent glass manufacture in Europe from the 12th century  onwards. The artefacts of this glass type contain only traces of Cl. The low P 2 O 5 , MgO and relatively high K and Na contents demonstrate that these glasses were produced using processed plant ashes (like potash) and albite-rich quartz sands.

Research paper thumbnail of 2017_Theune Leitlinien Archäologie Moderne BLICKPUNKT-ARCHAEOLOGIE-2017-4-01.pdf

Research paper thumbnail of 2007 Edwards et alii Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows a Near Eastern Neolithic origin for domestic cattle and no indication of domestication of European aurochs

Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2007

The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over alm... more The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over almost the whole Eurasian continent. The aurochs is the wild progenitor of modern cattle, but it is unclear whether European aurochs contributed to this process. To provide new insights into the demographic history of aurochs and domestic cattle, we have generated high-confidence mitochondrial DNA sequences from 59 archaeological skeletal finds, which were attributed to wild European cattle populations based on their chronological date and/or morphology. All pre-Neolithic aurochs belonged to the previously designated P haplogroup, indicating that this represents the Late Glacial Central European signature. We also report one new and highly divergent haplotype in a Neolithic aurochs sample from Germany, which points to greater variability during the Pleistocene. Furthermore, the Neolithic and Bronze Age samples that were classified with confidence as European aurochs using morphological criteria all carry P haplotype mitochondrial DNA, suggesting continuity of Late Glacial and Early Holocene aurochs populations in Europe. Bayesian analysis indicates that recent population growth gives a significantly better fit to our data than a constant-sized population, an observation consistent with a postglacial expansion scenario, possibly from a single European refugial population. Previous work has shown that most ancient and modern European domestic cattle carry haplotypes previously designated T. This, in combination with our new finding of a T haplotype in a very Early Neolithic site in Syria, lends persuasive support to a scenario whereby gracile Near Eastern domestic populations, carrying predominantly T haplotypes, replaced P haplotype-carrying robust autochthonous aurochs populations in Europe, from the Early Neolithic onward. During the period of coexistence, it appears that domestic cattle were kept separate from wild aurochs and introgression was extremely rare.

Research paper thumbnail of Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows a Near Eastern Neolithic origin for domestic cattle and no indication of domestication of European aurochs

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2007

The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over alm... more The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over almost the whole Eurasian continent. The aurochs is the wild progenitor of modern cattle, but it is unclear whether European aurochs contributed to this process. To provide new insights into the demographic history of aurochs and domestic cattle, we have generated high-confidence mitochondrial DNA sequences from 59 archaeological skeletal finds, which were attributed to wild European cattle populations based on their chronological date and/or morphology. All pre-Neolithic aurochs belonged to the previously designated P haplogroup, indicating that this represents the Late Glacial Central European signature. We also report one new and highly divergent haplotype in a Neolithic aurochs sample from Germany, which points to greater variability during the Pleistocene. Furthermore, the Neolithic and Bronze Age samples that were classified with confidence as European aurochs using morphological criteria all carry P haplotype mitochondrial DNA, suggesting continuity of Late Glacial and Early Holocene aurochs populations in Europe. Bayesian analysis indicates that recent population growth gives a significantly better fit to our data than a constant-sized population, an observation consistent with a postglacial expansion scenario, possibly from a single European refugial population. Previous work has shown that most ancient and modern European domestic cattle carry haplotypes previously designated T. This, in combination with our new finding of a T haplotype in a very Early Neolithic site in Syria, lends persuasive support to a scenario whereby gracile Near Eastern domestic populations, carrying predominantly T haplotypes, replaced P haplotype-carrying robust autochthonous aurochs populations in Europe, from the Early Neolithic onward. During the period of coexistence, it appears that domestic cattle were kept separate from wild aurochs and introgression was extremely rare.

Research paper thumbnail of Pflaume, Pfeffer, Paradieskorn

Research paper thumbnail of Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows a Near Eastern Neolithic origin for domestic cattle and no indication of domestication of European aurochs

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2007

The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over alm... more The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over almost the whole Eurasian continent. The aurochs is the wild progenitor of modern cattle, but it is unclear whether European aurochs contributed to this process. To provide new insights into the demographic history of aurochs and domestic cattle, we have generated high-confidence mitochondrial DNA sequences from 59 archaeological skeletal finds, which were attributed to wild European cattle populations based on their chronological date and/or morphology. All pre-Neolithic aurochs belonged to the previously designated P haplogroup, indicating that this represents the Late Glacial Central European signature. We also report one new and highly divergent haplotype in a Neolithic aurochs sample from Germany, which points to greater variability during the Pleistocene. Furthermore, the Neolithic and Bronze Age samples that were classified with confidence as European aurochs using morphological criteria all carry P haplotype mitochondrial DNA, suggesting continuity of Late Glacial and Early Holocene aurochs populations in Europe. Bayesian analysis indicates that recent population growth gives a significantly better fit to our data than a constant-sized population, an observation consistent with a postglacial expansion scenario, possibly from a single European refugial population. Previous work has shown that most ancient and modern European domestic cattle carry haplotypes previously designated T. This, in combination with our new finding of a T haplotype in a very Early Neolithic site in Syria, lends persuasive support to a scenario whereby gracile Near Eastern domestic populations, carrying predominantly T haplotypes, replaced P haplotype-carrying robust autochthonous aurochs populations in Europe, from the Early Neolithic onward. During the period of coexistence, it appears that domestic cattle were kept separate from wild aurochs and introgression was extremely rare.

Research paper thumbnail of Chemistry and Technology of Prehistoric Glass from Lower Saxony and Hesse

Journal of Archaeological Science, 1997

The investigated collection of glass beads and bracelets represents a cross-section of the most i... more The investigated collection of glass beads and bracelets represents a cross-section of the most important glass types found for the Bronze Age and Iron Age in Central Germany. Among the artefacts are examples of different chemical compositions, colours and varying degrees of opacity. The artefacts were dated from the 14th to the 1st century , directly by their archaeological context, or indirectly through findings of contemporary representatives of similar fragments. The glass fragments were found in burial, settlement and oppida-like contexts. In order to highlight some of the principle characteristics of ancient glass manufacture, raw materials and recipes used, the major, minor and trace elements of the glass were determined by electron microprobe analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and ICP-mass spectrometry.

Books by Betty Arndt

Research paper thumbnail of Arndt, B., Fries, J.F., Kegler, J.F. (Hrsg.) 2018: Berichte zur Archäologie Niedersachsen 20: M. Schäfer, Die mittelalterliche Siedlung Hollen, Ldkr. Leer. Ein archäologischer Beitrag zur Geschichte des Hausbaus auf der ostfriesischen Geest. Rhaden/Westfalen 2018.

Berichte zur Archäologie Niedersachsens, 2018

In dieser Studie wird nicht nur die mittelalterliche Siedlung Hollen in einzelnen Facetten beleuc... more In dieser Studie wird nicht nur die mittelalterliche Siedlung
Hollen in einzelnen Facetten beleuchtet, sondern es wird auch
erstmals ein Überblick zu der Geschichte des Hausbaus auf der
ostfriesischen Geest vorgelegt. Die Analyse von insgesamt 200
Bauten aus 23 Siedlungsplätzen diente dafür als Grundlage.
Sie zeichnen ein umfassendes Bild von unterschiedlichen Gebäudetypen
und Siedlungsstrukturen, die sich die Vorteile der Geest
zu Nutze machten. Die Herausarbeitung verschiedener Grundrisstypen
von Wohn- und Funktionsbauten innerhalb dieses
Siedlungsgefüges stellte darüber hinaus eine Möglichkeit dar,
die Entwicklung der Gebäudetypen innerhalb Ostfrieslands und
angrenzender Regionen zu verfolgen.

Research paper thumbnail of Die Göttinger Stadtburg Bolruz

Research paper thumbnail of Grossflächige Ausgrabungsarbeiten einer band- keramischen Siedlung mit Bestattungen in Göttingen: Ein Beispiel für die Umsetzung des Verursacherprinzips

Research paper thumbnail of Chemistry and Technology of Prehistoric Glass from Lower Saxony and Hesse

Journal of Archaeological Science, 1997

The investigated collection of glass beads and bracelets represents a cross-section of the most i... more The investigated collection of glass beads and bracelets represents a cross-section of the most important glass types found for the Bronze Age and Iron Age in Central Germany. Among the artefacts are examples of different chemical compositions, colours and varying degrees of opacity. The artefacts were dated from the 14th to the 1st century , directly by their archaeological context, or indirectly through findings of contemporary representatives of similar fragments. The glass fragments were found in burial, settlement and oppida-like contexts. In order to highlight some of the principle characteristics of ancient glass manufacture, raw materials and recipes used, the major, minor and trace elements of the glass were determined by electron microprobe analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and ICP-mass spectrometry. According to our investigations, the silica content in ancient glasses ranges from 67 to about 72%. The predominant alkali is Na, with a concentration between 14 and 17 wt.% Na 2 O. CaO ranges from 6 to 8%. The chemical analysis of Bronze Age glasses from Central Germany has indicated a chemical change of this soda-lime composition. Until c. 800  plant-ash glass with high Mg soda-lime composition was in use, which was manufactured from plant ash, like Salicornia herbacera and calcereous quartz sand. On account of the plant ash used, relatively high and correlating values of MgO (3•8 wt.%), K 2 O (1•5 wt.%) and P 2 O 5 (0•3 wt.%) were determined in this glass with soda-lime composition. In contrast, the natron glass with low-Mg soda-lime composition of Late Bronze Age and Iron Age from about 800  onwards was assumingly manufactured with the mineral raw material natron/trona and quartz sand. Due to this raw material used, relatively low MgO (c0•5 wt.%), K 2 O (0•9 wt.%) and P 2 O 5 (0•06 wt.%) concentrations were determined. The fact that these Bronze and Iron Age glasses found in Central Germany were manufactured in the circum-Mediterranean area (Near East, Egypt, Syria or Mesopotamia) or even, but less probably, with the use of raw materials which were imported from there, is suggested by their relatively high Cl concentrations, which range from 0•9 to 1•3%. The Cl was probably introduced into the melting process by the Cl-containing natron/trona mixture or the Na-dominated plant ashes. In addition to this circum-Mediterranean plant-ash and natron glass, fragments of Bronze Age glass were found with a totally different chemical composition, an indication for an independent glass manufacture in Europe from the 12th century  onwards. The artefacts of this glass type contain only traces of Cl. The low P 2 O 5 , MgO and relatively high K and Na contents demonstrate that these glasses were produced using processed plant ashes (like potash) and albite-rich quartz sands.

Research paper thumbnail of 2017_Theune Leitlinien Archäologie Moderne BLICKPUNKT-ARCHAEOLOGIE-2017-4-01.pdf

Research paper thumbnail of 2007 Edwards et alii Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows a Near Eastern Neolithic origin for domestic cattle and no indication of domestication of European aurochs

Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2007

The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over alm... more The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over almost the whole Eurasian continent. The aurochs is the wild progenitor of modern cattle, but it is unclear whether European aurochs contributed to this process. To provide new insights into the demographic history of aurochs and domestic cattle, we have generated high-confidence mitochondrial DNA sequences from 59 archaeological skeletal finds, which were attributed to wild European cattle populations based on their chronological date and/or morphology. All pre-Neolithic aurochs belonged to the previously designated P haplogroup, indicating that this represents the Late Glacial Central European signature. We also report one new and highly divergent haplotype in a Neolithic aurochs sample from Germany, which points to greater variability during the Pleistocene. Furthermore, the Neolithic and Bronze Age samples that were classified with confidence as European aurochs using morphological criteria all carry P haplotype mitochondrial DNA, suggesting continuity of Late Glacial and Early Holocene aurochs populations in Europe. Bayesian analysis indicates that recent population growth gives a significantly better fit to our data than a constant-sized population, an observation consistent with a postglacial expansion scenario, possibly from a single European refugial population. Previous work has shown that most ancient and modern European domestic cattle carry haplotypes previously designated T. This, in combination with our new finding of a T haplotype in a very Early Neolithic site in Syria, lends persuasive support to a scenario whereby gracile Near Eastern domestic populations, carrying predominantly T haplotypes, replaced P haplotype-carrying robust autochthonous aurochs populations in Europe, from the Early Neolithic onward. During the period of coexistence, it appears that domestic cattle were kept separate from wild aurochs and introgression was extremely rare.

Research paper thumbnail of Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows a Near Eastern Neolithic origin for domestic cattle and no indication of domestication of European aurochs

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2007

The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over alm... more The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over almost the whole Eurasian continent. The aurochs is the wild progenitor of modern cattle, but it is unclear whether European aurochs contributed to this process. To provide new insights into the demographic history of aurochs and domestic cattle, we have generated high-confidence mitochondrial DNA sequences from 59 archaeological skeletal finds, which were attributed to wild European cattle populations based on their chronological date and/or morphology. All pre-Neolithic aurochs belonged to the previously designated P haplogroup, indicating that this represents the Late Glacial Central European signature. We also report one new and highly divergent haplotype in a Neolithic aurochs sample from Germany, which points to greater variability during the Pleistocene. Furthermore, the Neolithic and Bronze Age samples that were classified with confidence as European aurochs using morphological criteria all carry P haplotype mitochondrial DNA, suggesting continuity of Late Glacial and Early Holocene aurochs populations in Europe. Bayesian analysis indicates that recent population growth gives a significantly better fit to our data than a constant-sized population, an observation consistent with a postglacial expansion scenario, possibly from a single European refugial population. Previous work has shown that most ancient and modern European domestic cattle carry haplotypes previously designated T. This, in combination with our new finding of a T haplotype in a very Early Neolithic site in Syria, lends persuasive support to a scenario whereby gracile Near Eastern domestic populations, carrying predominantly T haplotypes, replaced P haplotype-carrying robust autochthonous aurochs populations in Europe, from the Early Neolithic onward. During the period of coexistence, it appears that domestic cattle were kept separate from wild aurochs and introgression was extremely rare.

Research paper thumbnail of Pflaume, Pfeffer, Paradieskorn

Research paper thumbnail of Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows a Near Eastern Neolithic origin for domestic cattle and no indication of domestication of European aurochs

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2007

The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over alm... more The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over almost the whole Eurasian continent. The aurochs is the wild progenitor of modern cattle, but it is unclear whether European aurochs contributed to this process. To provide new insights into the demographic history of aurochs and domestic cattle, we have generated high-confidence mitochondrial DNA sequences from 59 archaeological skeletal finds, which were attributed to wild European cattle populations based on their chronological date and/or morphology. All pre-Neolithic aurochs belonged to the previously designated P haplogroup, indicating that this represents the Late Glacial Central European signature. We also report one new and highly divergent haplotype in a Neolithic aurochs sample from Germany, which points to greater variability during the Pleistocene. Furthermore, the Neolithic and Bronze Age samples that were classified with confidence as European aurochs using morphological criteria all carry P haplotype mitochondrial DNA, suggesting continuity of Late Glacial and Early Holocene aurochs populations in Europe. Bayesian analysis indicates that recent population growth gives a significantly better fit to our data than a constant-sized population, an observation consistent with a postglacial expansion scenario, possibly from a single European refugial population. Previous work has shown that most ancient and modern European domestic cattle carry haplotypes previously designated T. This, in combination with our new finding of a T haplotype in a very Early Neolithic site in Syria, lends persuasive support to a scenario whereby gracile Near Eastern domestic populations, carrying predominantly T haplotypes, replaced P haplotype-carrying robust autochthonous aurochs populations in Europe, from the Early Neolithic onward. During the period of coexistence, it appears that domestic cattle were kept separate from wild aurochs and introgression was extremely rare.

Research paper thumbnail of Chemistry and Technology of Prehistoric Glass from Lower Saxony and Hesse

Journal of Archaeological Science, 1997

The investigated collection of glass beads and bracelets represents a cross-section of the most i... more The investigated collection of glass beads and bracelets represents a cross-section of the most important glass types found for the Bronze Age and Iron Age in Central Germany. Among the artefacts are examples of different chemical compositions, colours and varying degrees of opacity. The artefacts were dated from the 14th to the 1st century , directly by their archaeological context, or indirectly through findings of contemporary representatives of similar fragments. The glass fragments were found in burial, settlement and oppida-like contexts. In order to highlight some of the principle characteristics of ancient glass manufacture, raw materials and recipes used, the major, minor and trace elements of the glass were determined by electron microprobe analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and ICP-mass spectrometry.

Research paper thumbnail of Arndt, B., Fries, J.F., Kegler, J.F. (Hrsg.) 2018: Berichte zur Archäologie Niedersachsen 20: M. Schäfer, Die mittelalterliche Siedlung Hollen, Ldkr. Leer. Ein archäologischer Beitrag zur Geschichte des Hausbaus auf der ostfriesischen Geest. Rhaden/Westfalen 2018.

Berichte zur Archäologie Niedersachsens, 2018

In dieser Studie wird nicht nur die mittelalterliche Siedlung Hollen in einzelnen Facetten beleuc... more In dieser Studie wird nicht nur die mittelalterliche Siedlung
Hollen in einzelnen Facetten beleuchtet, sondern es wird auch
erstmals ein Überblick zu der Geschichte des Hausbaus auf der
ostfriesischen Geest vorgelegt. Die Analyse von insgesamt 200
Bauten aus 23 Siedlungsplätzen diente dafür als Grundlage.
Sie zeichnen ein umfassendes Bild von unterschiedlichen Gebäudetypen
und Siedlungsstrukturen, die sich die Vorteile der Geest
zu Nutze machten. Die Herausarbeitung verschiedener Grundrisstypen
von Wohn- und Funktionsbauten innerhalb dieses
Siedlungsgefüges stellte darüber hinaus eine Möglichkeit dar,
die Entwicklung der Gebäudetypen innerhalb Ostfrieslands und
angrenzender Regionen zu verfolgen.