Bhushan Shrestha - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Bhushan Shrestha

A Cordyceps species was found with a Beauveria anamorph state on larval insect cadavers on Obong ... more A Cordyceps species was found with a Beauveria anamorph state on larval insect cadavers on Obong mountains in Gangwon Provinces, Republic of Korea. Cultures from discharged ascospores formed an anamorph identifiable as Beauveria bassiana. This teleomorph-anamorph connection was also confirmed by the in vitro production of fertile ascomata from conidial cul-tures with morphology like that of field-collected specimen. This is the first report of in vitro production of a teleomorph for any Beauveria species. The Cordyceps species has been conspecified as Cordyceps bassiana, a species described from China with B. bassiana anamorph.

Mycobiology, Sep 3, 2019

Invasive fungal infections caused by Cyberlindnera fabianii have recently increased. However, bio... more Invasive fungal infections caused by Cyberlindnera fabianii have recently increased. However, biochemical kits such as API 20 C AUX and Vitek-2C have misidentified this species as other Candida spp. such as C. pelliculosa or C. utilis due to no information of Cy. fabianii in yeast database. During our 2016-2017 surveys, eleven isolates of Cy. fabianii were obtained in International St. Mary's Hospital in Korea. Here, we describe its morphological and molecular characteristics and tested its antifungal susceptibility against nine antifungal agents. The sequences of the ITS region and the D1/D2 region of LSU revealed 100% identity with the sequences of Cy. fabianii. In comparison with the results from MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, we found that Cy. fabianii can be distinguished from other species. In antifungal susceptibility test, voriconazole and echinocandins exhibited good antifungal activities against the majority of Cy. fabianii isolates despite the absence of standard criteria.

Phytotaxa, May 11, 2016

Thirty-four Lycoperdon specimens from Korea were examined with the internal transcribed spacer (I... more Thirty-four Lycoperdon specimens from Korea were examined with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA sequence data. The result of the ITS sequences phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Korean specimens represented nine different species. To confirm the taxonomic position of these species, we conducted an intensive morphological investigation, and additional phylogenetic investigation of the protein coding regions RNA polymerase subunit II (RPB2) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1). We discovered two new species (L. albiperidium and L. subperlatum) and one (L. ericaeum) newly discovered in Korea. Lycoperdon albiperidium is closely related to L. ericaeum based on ITS, RPB2 and TEF1 sequence data, but these species were distinguishable by morphological characteristics, especially the shape of the basidiocarps, the diameter of the eucapillitial threads and the size of the basidospores. Lycoperdon subperlatum is quite similar to the European and American L. perlatum based on morphological characteristics. However, L. subperlatum is clearly distinct from European and American L. perlatum based on ITS, RPB2 and TEF1 sequence data, and somewhat differs from them in macro-and microscopic characteristics. Based on morphological characteristics, L. ericaeum is related to L. subumbrinum and L. lividum but it is distinguishable by the presence of fragile, eucapillitial threads, the diameters of the threads and ITS sequences. Here, we describe four Lycoperdon species collected in Korea.

Ophiocordycipitaceae is a diverse family comprising ecologically, economically, medicinally, and ... more Ophiocordycipitaceae is a diverse family comprising ecologically, economically, medicinally, and culturally important fungi. The family was recognized due to the polyphyly of the genus Cordyceps and the broad diversity of the mostly arthropod-pathogenic lineages of Hypocreales. The other two cordyceps-like families, Cordycipitaceae and Clavicipitaceae, will be revised taxonomically elsewhere. Historically, many species were placed in Cordyceps, but other genera have been described in this family as well, including several based on anamorphic features. Currently there are 24 generic names in use across both asexual and sexual life stages for species of Ophiocordycipitaceae. To reflect changes in Art. 59 in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), we propose to protect and to suppress names within Ophiocordycipitaceae, and to present taxonomic revisions in the genus Tolypocladium, based on rigorous and extensively sampled molecular phylogenetic analyses. When approaching this task, we considered the principles of priority, monophyly, minimizing taxonomic revisions, and the practical utility of these fungi within the wider biological research community.

A fungus causing false smut in the flowers of <i>Murdannia keisak</i> (Commelinaceae,... more A fungus causing false smut in the flowers of <i>Murdannia keisak</i> (Commelinaceae, Commelinales, Monocots) in Japan was morphologically identical to <i>Ustilago aneilematis</i>. The fungus infected ovaries of most flowers of host plants. Infected flowers were filled with yellow to orange thick-walled conidia that became olivaceous green at maturity. However, multilocus phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences (18S, 28S, translation elongation factor 1α [<i>TEF</i>], the largest [<i>RPB1</i>] and the second largest [<i>RPB2</i>] subunit of RNA polymerase II) showed that the fungus belonged to the tribe Ustilaginoideae (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota). Microscopic examination showed that the fungus developed conidia at the apex of conidiogenous cells, in contrast to other species in the Ustilaginoideae that develop conidia pleurogenously. A new genus, <i>Commelinaceomyces</i>, is formally proposed in th...

This study investigated the cultural characteristics of Shimizuomyces paradoxus in different nutr... more This study investigated the cultural characteristics of Shimizuomyces paradoxus in different nutritional and environmental conditions. The highest mycelial growth was observed in Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics complete medium plus yeast extract agar medium, and the optimal temperature and pH were 25 o C and pH 8.0, respectively. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were 1 % dextrose and 1 % peptone in agar. However, in liquid culture the highest dry mycelium weight was found for the potato dextrose agar and potato sucrose agar broths. The optimum inoculum size was five mycelial discs (5 mm) per 100 mL of broth, and the optimum liquid culture period was 25 days. This is the first ever report of S. paradoxus cultural characteristics.

Journal of Naturopathy, 2019

Purpose: The aim was to collect and classify the Cordyceps parasitized in cicadas from July to Oc... more Purpose: The aim was to collect and classify the Cordyceps parasitized in cicadas from July to October every year from 1990 to 2016 in Korea. And they were frequently collected in Nepal, Vietnam, Japan, China, and Thai-land. Methods: Cordyceps parasitizing cicadas collected in mountains and fields. Results: A total of 1,104 specimens were collected that belonged to 10 different species under nine genera. The highest number of samples belonged to Ophiocordyceps (563 specimens), followed by Isaria (361 specimens), Polycephalomyces (73 specimens), Cordyceps (70 specimens), Beauveria (25 specimens), Perennicordyceps (8 specimens), Metarhizium (2 specimens) and Purpureocillium (2 ones). Among Ophiocordyceps spp. O. longissima was most frequently collected with a total of 426 samples out of 563, followed by O. heteropoda with 120 ones and O. sobolifera with 17 specimens. The species mainly collected in Korea, but C. ishikariensis was collected in Nepal only. The new characteristic was that Isaria cicada-like synnemata were found growing together with C. ishikariensis stromata on the same host. In Korea, the collected 691 specimens in total out of 1,104 were found in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island. Other mountains in Korea where the samples were collected were Mountains Daeryong, Jiri, Yongmoon, Samag, Seolag, Gujeol, Duryun, Baegam, Chilgap, Chundeung, Naejang, Welchul, and Daeryong. The three samples were not identified. Conclusions: A total of 1,104 specimens belonged to 10 different species under nine genera, and the collected 691 samples were found in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island.

Journal of Microbiology, 2018

Mycobiology, 2004

Three species of Laboulbeniales are described from Korea on species of the order Coleoptera. They... more Three species of Laboulbeniales are described from Korea on species of the order Coleoptera. They are; Laboulbenia borealis Spegazzini on Gyrinus japonicus Sharp (Gyrinidae), Laboulbenia humilis Thaxter on Chlaenius naeviger Morawitz (Carabidae) and Laboulbenia benjaminii Balazuc on Stenolophus difficilis Hope (Carabidae).

We investigated the effect of nutritional and environmental factors on Ophiocordyceps longissima ... more We investigated the effect of nutritional and environmental factors on Ophiocordyceps longissima mycelial growth. The longest colony diameter was observed on Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics complete medium plus yeast extract, Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics minimal medium, and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA); however, malt-extract yeast-extract agar, SDA plus yeast extract, yeast-extract malt-extract peptone dextrose agar, SDA, oatmeal agar, and potato dextrose agar showed higher mycelia density. A temperature of 25 o C was optimum and 7.0 was the optimum pH for mycelial growth. Colony diameter was similar under light and dark conditions. Maltose and yeast extract showed the highest mycelial growth among carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. The effect of mineral salts was less obvious; however, K 3 PO 4 showed slightly better growth than that of the other mineral salts tested. Among all nutrition sources tested, complex organic nitrogen sources such as yeast extract, peptone,...

Journal of Naturopathy, 2019

The aim was to collect and classify the Cordyceps parasitized in cicadas from July to October eve... more The aim was to collect and classify the Cordyceps parasitized in cicadas from July to October every year from 1990 to 2016 in Korea. And they were frequently collected in Nepal, Vietnam, Japan, China, and Thailand. Methods: Cordyceps parasitizing cicadas collected in mountains and fields. Results: A total of 1,104 specimens were collected that belonged to 10 different species under nine genera. The highest number of samples belonged to Ophiocordyceps (563 specimens), followed by Isaria (361 specimens), Polycephalomyces (73 specimens), Cordyceps (70 specimens), Beauveria (25 specimens), Perennicordyceps (8 specimens), Metarhizium (2 specimens) and Purpureocillium (2 ones). Among Ophiocordyceps spp. O. longissima was most frequently collected with a total of 426 samples out of 563, followed by O. heteropoda with 120 ones and O. sobolifera with 17 specimens. The species mainly collected in Korea, but C. ishikariensis was collected in Nepal only. The new characteristic was that Isaria cicada-like synnemata were found growing together with C. ishikariensis stromata on the same host. In Korea, the collected 691 specimens in total out of 1,104 were found in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island. Other mountains in Korea where the samples were collected were Mountains Daeryong, Jiri, Yongmoon, Samag, Seolag, Gujeol, Duryun, Baegam, Chilgap, Chundeung, Naejang, Welchul, and Daeryong. The three samples were not identified. Conclusions: A total of 1,104 specimens belonged to 10 different species under nine genera, and the collected 691 samples were found in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island.

Phytotaxa, 2018

Ophiocordyceps nutans is an entomogenous fungus growing on true bugs (Hemiptera), which has a pre... more Ophiocordyceps nutans is an entomogenous fungus growing on true bugs (Hemiptera), which has a presumed worldwide distribution. During forays of entomogenous fungi in Brazil, specimens morphologically similar to O. nutans were collected from the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado domains of Neotropical region. Morphological comparisons, as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses using ITS, led us to conclude that the neotropical specimens represent a new species Ophiocordyceps neonutans. The Neotropical occurrence of this taxon and its taxonomic implications are re-evaluated here. We discuss O. nutans as a species complex with distinct geographic lineages and host specificity. In addition, Barcoding gap analysis suggests that the different lineages have a great genetic distance between them.

Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 2020

In the present work we report the first occurrence of the entomogenous fungus Hirsutella saussure... more In the present work we report the first occurrence of the entomogenous fungus Hirsutella saussurei, in the Galápagos Islands, and also the first evidence of this fungus parasitizing a new host: the invasive paper wasp Polistes versicolor. Some wasps parasitized by the fungus were found in Santa Cruz island in 2018 and 2019, while two new specimens were found in Floreana in 2019. Our data enlarge both the geographical distribution of the fungus and the host range. Even though P. versicolor is considered an important threat for the Galapagos endemic fauna, it is necessary a deep research to know if H. saussurei could be included under control programs of this invasive wasp.

A Cordyceps species was found with a Beauveria anamorph state on larval insect cadavers on Obong ... more A Cordyceps species was found with a Beauveria anamorph state on larval insect cadavers on Obong mountains in Gangwon Provinces, Republic of Korea. Cultures from discharged ascospores formed an anamorph identifiable as Beauveria bassiana. This teleomorph-anamorph connection was also confirmed by the in vitro production of fertile ascomata from conidial cul-tures with morphology like that of field-collected specimen. This is the first report of in vitro production of a teleomorph for any Beauveria species. The Cordyceps species has been conspecified as Cordyceps bassiana, a species described from China with B. bassiana anamorph.

Mycobiology, Sep 3, 2019

Invasive fungal infections caused by Cyberlindnera fabianii have recently increased. However, bio... more Invasive fungal infections caused by Cyberlindnera fabianii have recently increased. However, biochemical kits such as API 20 C AUX and Vitek-2C have misidentified this species as other Candida spp. such as C. pelliculosa or C. utilis due to no information of Cy. fabianii in yeast database. During our 2016-2017 surveys, eleven isolates of Cy. fabianii were obtained in International St. Mary's Hospital in Korea. Here, we describe its morphological and molecular characteristics and tested its antifungal susceptibility against nine antifungal agents. The sequences of the ITS region and the D1/D2 region of LSU revealed 100% identity with the sequences of Cy. fabianii. In comparison with the results from MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, we found that Cy. fabianii can be distinguished from other species. In antifungal susceptibility test, voriconazole and echinocandins exhibited good antifungal activities against the majority of Cy. fabianii isolates despite the absence of standard criteria.

Phytotaxa, May 11, 2016

Thirty-four Lycoperdon specimens from Korea were examined with the internal transcribed spacer (I... more Thirty-four Lycoperdon specimens from Korea were examined with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA sequence data. The result of the ITS sequences phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Korean specimens represented nine different species. To confirm the taxonomic position of these species, we conducted an intensive morphological investigation, and additional phylogenetic investigation of the protein coding regions RNA polymerase subunit II (RPB2) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1). We discovered two new species (L. albiperidium and L. subperlatum) and one (L. ericaeum) newly discovered in Korea. Lycoperdon albiperidium is closely related to L. ericaeum based on ITS, RPB2 and TEF1 sequence data, but these species were distinguishable by morphological characteristics, especially the shape of the basidiocarps, the diameter of the eucapillitial threads and the size of the basidospores. Lycoperdon subperlatum is quite similar to the European and American L. perlatum based on morphological characteristics. However, L. subperlatum is clearly distinct from European and American L. perlatum based on ITS, RPB2 and TEF1 sequence data, and somewhat differs from them in macro-and microscopic characteristics. Based on morphological characteristics, L. ericaeum is related to L. subumbrinum and L. lividum but it is distinguishable by the presence of fragile, eucapillitial threads, the diameters of the threads and ITS sequences. Here, we describe four Lycoperdon species collected in Korea.

Ophiocordycipitaceae is a diverse family comprising ecologically, economically, medicinally, and ... more Ophiocordycipitaceae is a diverse family comprising ecologically, economically, medicinally, and culturally important fungi. The family was recognized due to the polyphyly of the genus Cordyceps and the broad diversity of the mostly arthropod-pathogenic lineages of Hypocreales. The other two cordyceps-like families, Cordycipitaceae and Clavicipitaceae, will be revised taxonomically elsewhere. Historically, many species were placed in Cordyceps, but other genera have been described in this family as well, including several based on anamorphic features. Currently there are 24 generic names in use across both asexual and sexual life stages for species of Ophiocordycipitaceae. To reflect changes in Art. 59 in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), we propose to protect and to suppress names within Ophiocordycipitaceae, and to present taxonomic revisions in the genus Tolypocladium, based on rigorous and extensively sampled molecular phylogenetic analyses. When approaching this task, we considered the principles of priority, monophyly, minimizing taxonomic revisions, and the practical utility of these fungi within the wider biological research community.

A fungus causing false smut in the flowers of <i>Murdannia keisak</i> (Commelinaceae,... more A fungus causing false smut in the flowers of <i>Murdannia keisak</i> (Commelinaceae, Commelinales, Monocots) in Japan was morphologically identical to <i>Ustilago aneilematis</i>. The fungus infected ovaries of most flowers of host plants. Infected flowers were filled with yellow to orange thick-walled conidia that became olivaceous green at maturity. However, multilocus phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences (18S, 28S, translation elongation factor 1α [<i>TEF</i>], the largest [<i>RPB1</i>] and the second largest [<i>RPB2</i>] subunit of RNA polymerase II) showed that the fungus belonged to the tribe Ustilaginoideae (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota). Microscopic examination showed that the fungus developed conidia at the apex of conidiogenous cells, in contrast to other species in the Ustilaginoideae that develop conidia pleurogenously. A new genus, <i>Commelinaceomyces</i>, is formally proposed in th...

This study investigated the cultural characteristics of Shimizuomyces paradoxus in different nutr... more This study investigated the cultural characteristics of Shimizuomyces paradoxus in different nutritional and environmental conditions. The highest mycelial growth was observed in Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics complete medium plus yeast extract agar medium, and the optimal temperature and pH were 25 o C and pH 8.0, respectively. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were 1 % dextrose and 1 % peptone in agar. However, in liquid culture the highest dry mycelium weight was found for the potato dextrose agar and potato sucrose agar broths. The optimum inoculum size was five mycelial discs (5 mm) per 100 mL of broth, and the optimum liquid culture period was 25 days. This is the first ever report of S. paradoxus cultural characteristics.

Journal of Naturopathy, 2019

Purpose: The aim was to collect and classify the Cordyceps parasitized in cicadas from July to Oc... more Purpose: The aim was to collect and classify the Cordyceps parasitized in cicadas from July to October every year from 1990 to 2016 in Korea. And they were frequently collected in Nepal, Vietnam, Japan, China, and Thai-land. Methods: Cordyceps parasitizing cicadas collected in mountains and fields. Results: A total of 1,104 specimens were collected that belonged to 10 different species under nine genera. The highest number of samples belonged to Ophiocordyceps (563 specimens), followed by Isaria (361 specimens), Polycephalomyces (73 specimens), Cordyceps (70 specimens), Beauveria (25 specimens), Perennicordyceps (8 specimens), Metarhizium (2 specimens) and Purpureocillium (2 ones). Among Ophiocordyceps spp. O. longissima was most frequently collected with a total of 426 samples out of 563, followed by O. heteropoda with 120 ones and O. sobolifera with 17 specimens. The species mainly collected in Korea, but C. ishikariensis was collected in Nepal only. The new characteristic was that Isaria cicada-like synnemata were found growing together with C. ishikariensis stromata on the same host. In Korea, the collected 691 specimens in total out of 1,104 were found in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island. Other mountains in Korea where the samples were collected were Mountains Daeryong, Jiri, Yongmoon, Samag, Seolag, Gujeol, Duryun, Baegam, Chilgap, Chundeung, Naejang, Welchul, and Daeryong. The three samples were not identified. Conclusions: A total of 1,104 specimens belonged to 10 different species under nine genera, and the collected 691 samples were found in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island.

Journal of Microbiology, 2018

Mycobiology, 2004

Three species of Laboulbeniales are described from Korea on species of the order Coleoptera. They... more Three species of Laboulbeniales are described from Korea on species of the order Coleoptera. They are; Laboulbenia borealis Spegazzini on Gyrinus japonicus Sharp (Gyrinidae), Laboulbenia humilis Thaxter on Chlaenius naeviger Morawitz (Carabidae) and Laboulbenia benjaminii Balazuc on Stenolophus difficilis Hope (Carabidae).

We investigated the effect of nutritional and environmental factors on Ophiocordyceps longissima ... more We investigated the effect of nutritional and environmental factors on Ophiocordyceps longissima mycelial growth. The longest colony diameter was observed on Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics complete medium plus yeast extract, Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics minimal medium, and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA); however, malt-extract yeast-extract agar, SDA plus yeast extract, yeast-extract malt-extract peptone dextrose agar, SDA, oatmeal agar, and potato dextrose agar showed higher mycelia density. A temperature of 25 o C was optimum and 7.0 was the optimum pH for mycelial growth. Colony diameter was similar under light and dark conditions. Maltose and yeast extract showed the highest mycelial growth among carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. The effect of mineral salts was less obvious; however, K 3 PO 4 showed slightly better growth than that of the other mineral salts tested. Among all nutrition sources tested, complex organic nitrogen sources such as yeast extract, peptone,...

Journal of Naturopathy, 2019

The aim was to collect and classify the Cordyceps parasitized in cicadas from July to October eve... more The aim was to collect and classify the Cordyceps parasitized in cicadas from July to October every year from 1990 to 2016 in Korea. And they were frequently collected in Nepal, Vietnam, Japan, China, and Thailand. Methods: Cordyceps parasitizing cicadas collected in mountains and fields. Results: A total of 1,104 specimens were collected that belonged to 10 different species under nine genera. The highest number of samples belonged to Ophiocordyceps (563 specimens), followed by Isaria (361 specimens), Polycephalomyces (73 specimens), Cordyceps (70 specimens), Beauveria (25 specimens), Perennicordyceps (8 specimens), Metarhizium (2 specimens) and Purpureocillium (2 ones). Among Ophiocordyceps spp. O. longissima was most frequently collected with a total of 426 samples out of 563, followed by O. heteropoda with 120 ones and O. sobolifera with 17 specimens. The species mainly collected in Korea, but C. ishikariensis was collected in Nepal only. The new characteristic was that Isaria cicada-like synnemata were found growing together with C. ishikariensis stromata on the same host. In Korea, the collected 691 specimens in total out of 1,104 were found in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island. Other mountains in Korea where the samples were collected were Mountains Daeryong, Jiri, Yongmoon, Samag, Seolag, Gujeol, Duryun, Baegam, Chilgap, Chundeung, Naejang, Welchul, and Daeryong. The three samples were not identified. Conclusions: A total of 1,104 specimens belonged to 10 different species under nine genera, and the collected 691 samples were found in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island.

Phytotaxa, 2018

Ophiocordyceps nutans is an entomogenous fungus growing on true bugs (Hemiptera), which has a pre... more Ophiocordyceps nutans is an entomogenous fungus growing on true bugs (Hemiptera), which has a presumed worldwide distribution. During forays of entomogenous fungi in Brazil, specimens morphologically similar to O. nutans were collected from the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado domains of Neotropical region. Morphological comparisons, as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses using ITS, led us to conclude that the neotropical specimens represent a new species Ophiocordyceps neonutans. The Neotropical occurrence of this taxon and its taxonomic implications are re-evaluated here. We discuss O. nutans as a species complex with distinct geographic lineages and host specificity. In addition, Barcoding gap analysis suggests that the different lineages have a great genetic distance between them.

Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 2020

In the present work we report the first occurrence of the entomogenous fungus Hirsutella saussure... more In the present work we report the first occurrence of the entomogenous fungus Hirsutella saussurei, in the Galápagos Islands, and also the first evidence of this fungus parasitizing a new host: the invasive paper wasp Polistes versicolor. Some wasps parasitized by the fungus were found in Santa Cruz island in 2018 and 2019, while two new specimens were found in Floreana in 2019. Our data enlarge both the geographical distribution of the fungus and the host range. Even though P. versicolor is considered an important threat for the Galapagos endemic fauna, it is necessary a deep research to know if H. saussurei could be included under control programs of this invasive wasp.

Concesión de Conservación Inotawa, Concesión de Conservación Gallocunca, Tambopata, 2019

Beauveria acridophila CORDYCIPITACEAE 5 Beauveria acridophila CORDYCIPITACEAE 6 Beauveria acridop... more Beauveria acridophila CORDYCIPITACEAE 5 Beauveria acridophila CORDYCIPITACEAE 6 Beauveria acridophila CORDYCIPITACEAE