Prof. Bijay Aryal - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Prof. Bijay Aryal

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological Archive, Oct 19, 2013

The present study was undertaken to assess the consciousness of medical students about content an... more The present study was undertaken to assess the consciousness of medical students about content and importance of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) curriculum of Tribhuvan University (TU) Nepal. A cross-sectional study was conducted on first and second year MBBS students of Chitwan Medical College P.Ltd using Likert and Rensis scale. Result showed that maximum number of students agreed with awareness of the curriculum of TU (5.96 ± 0.78). They also agreed on providing syllabus to students at the beginning of academic session (5.96 ± 2.77).Disagreement was found regarding exposing first year students to patients (1.85 ± 2.78) and present day curriculum stimulates research among students (3.62±3.12).Also students disagreed with marks obtained in MBBS examinations should be considered in PG selection process (1.21 ± 6.78).Furthermore, most of students agreed with the fact that taking attendance in class is relevant and necessary in a professional course (5.75 ±8.96) and that one year of internship is sufficient for training of undergraduate (UG) students (3.74 ±10.24). In conclusion, awareness of medical students regarding medical education technology shows that maximum number of students agreed with the necessity of upgrading students about recent trends in medical education technology and also recommended that it is necessity to upgrade the curriculum of Tribhuvan University's MBBS program.

Proceedings for Annual Meeting of The Japanese Pharmacological Society

We investigated the effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on calcium binding proteins, reactiv... more We investigated the effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on calcium binding proteins, reactive gliosis, and tumor genesis in mouse brain. Mice were exposed to radiofrequency radiation in the cage chamber with average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.6 W/kg and 4.0 W/Kg for one hour per day for five days. For histochemical studies, RF exposed brains were compared with sham control using calbindin D-28k antibody. The immunoreactivity of calbindin D-28k, a marker for calcium homeostasis was found to increase in dose-response manner in hippocampus and cerebellar cortex. This suggests that the short-term exposure to 835 MHz RF could induce disruption of calcium homeostasis and resulting neurobehavioral changes or brain tumor.

Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea has been reported as the most common cause of regular absentee... more Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea has been reported as the most common cause of regular absenteeism among young women. Pain affects daily activities and quality of life. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy between mefenamic acid (Meftal) and ginger capsules (Remezy) among Basic Sciences Students of Nepalgunj Medical College (NGMC), Chisapani. Adverse effects, if any, were also observed in both Meftal and ginger groups. Methodology: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted from July 2018 to February 2019. Out of 104 students, 87 were suffering menstrual pain. These 87 individuals received Mefenamic acid (Meftal) 500mg twice a day for three days and the same 87 individuals, in their next month of period, took ginger capsules (Remezy) 500mg twice daily for three days. Medication was started on the first day of their menstruation. The severity of pain before and after the medication was recorded with the help of a multi-dimensional scoring system (MSS). All t...

BMC Public Health

Background Self-medication (SM) is the practice of consuming medication without the consultation ... more Background Self-medication (SM) is the practice of consuming medication without the consultation of physician. The drugs most commonly self-medicated are paracetamol, analgesics, ranitidine, oral rehydration solution and antibiotics. The objective of the study was to assess the SM status and its causes in Pokhara valley of Nepal. Method The study was conducted among the people residing in Pokhara metropolitan city. The study duration was of 4 months from April to July, 2018. The study population were patients attending health general and oral health screening programs at Baidam, Birauta, Hemja and Pame areas of Pokhara. Structured questionnaire was used to collect demographics of the patients and the details of the usage of self-medication. Result Out of 201 patients, 38.2% patients were found to be self-medicating. The most common illness sought for SM was ache (headache, body ache) in 50% subjects followed by cough and cold in 31% and gastritis in 23%. Paracetamol was the drug con...

International Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine

Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences

Introduction: Infertility is being a common global problem affecting one couple in six. Approxim... more Introduction: Infertility is being a common global problem affecting one couple in six. Approximately 167 million ever married women aged 15-49 years in developing countries were infertile. The problem of infertility has not given attention considering the fact that it is not the life threatening, but, it has substantial community health problems such as depression, anxiety domestic violence and social isolation. The purpose of the study was to explore the causes of infertility among couples who visited the infertility centre. Methodology: Hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study had been carried out in infertility centre Kathmandu Nepal. One hundred and sixty five married couple with infertility problem availing the infertility treatment was selected on first come first serve basic sampling method from infertility treatment centre. Result: The infertility problem varied with the age. The problem was highest among the females of age group 26-30 years (51%), similarly in mal...

Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal

Background & Objectives:Radiofrequency radiation affects the calcium permeability and accordingly... more Background & Objectives:Radiofrequency radiation affects the calcium permeability and accordingly this induces pathophysiological changes in the brain and its subsequent output in the brain as tumor genesis, neural degeneration, and cognition or behavior changes. Hence, we investigated the effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on calcium binding proteins, reactive gliosis, and tumor genesis in mouse brain. Materials & Methods:Mice were exposed to radiofrequency radiation in the cage chamber with average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.6 W/kg and 4.0 W/Kg for one hour per day for five days. For histochemical studies, radiofrequency exposed brains were compared with sham control using calbindin D-28k antibody.Results:The immunoreactivity of calbindin D-28k, a marker for calcium homeostasis was found to increase in dose-response manner in hippocampus and cerebellar cortex.Conclusion:The short-term exposure to 835 MHz RF could induce disruption of calcium homeostasis and resultin...

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological Archive, Jan 2, 2014

Brain Research, Jul 30, 2010

Exponential interindividual handling in wireless communication system has raised possible doubts ... more Exponential interindividual handling in wireless communication system has raised possible doubts in the biological aspects of radiofrequency (RF) exposure on human brain owing to its close proximity to the mobile phone. In the nervous system, calcium (Ca 2+) plays a critical role in releasing neurotransmitters, generating action potential and membrane integrity. Alterations in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration trigger aberrant synaptic action or cause neuronal apoptosis, which may exert an influence on the cellular pathology for learning and memory in the hippocampus. Calcium binding proteins like calbindin D28-K (CB) is responsible for the maintaining and controlling Ca 2+ homeostasis. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of RF exposure on rat hippocampus at 835 MHz with low energy (specific absorption rate: SAR = 1.6 W/kg) for 3 months by using both CB and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) specific antibodies by immunohistochemical method. Decrease in CB immunoreactivity (IR) was noted in exposed (E1.6) group with loss of interneurons and pyramidal cells in CA1 area and loss of granule cells. Also, an overall increase in GFAP IR was observed in the hippocampus of E1.6. By TUNEL assay, apoptotic cells were detected in the CA1, CA3 areas and dentate gyrus of hippocampus, which reflects that chronic RF exposure may affect the cell viability. In addition, the increase of GFAP IR due to RF exposure could be well suited with the feature of reactive astrocytosis, which is an abnormal increase in the number of astrocytes due to the loss of nearby neurons. Chronic RF exposure to the rat brain suggested that the decrease of CB IR accompanying apoptosis and increase of GFAP IR might be morphological parameters in the hippocampus damages.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological Archive, 2012

Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist that inhibits the movement of calcium ions int... more Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist that inhibits the movement of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells. The aim of this work to developed simple analytical method to determine amlodipine in rat plasma using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detector (HPLC-UV). HPLC columns Phenomenex ® C18 (Phenomenex, CA, USA), 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size and guard column (C18, 4.0 X 2.0mm, Shimadazu, Japan) were used for analyzing blood samples. The compounds were separated isocratically with a mobile phase consisting of acetonetrile-phosphate buffer (0.05 M) with pH 2.8 ± 0.2 in the proportion of (40/60, v/v) at a flow rate 1.0 mL/min with injection volume 20 μL. The interday/Intraday precisions were expressed as CV% and were below 15% and the accuracy was between 80 % and 120 %, which complies with the FDA regulations [12]. The extraction procedure showed good sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and linearity, and hence the method was successfully implemented for the analysis of blood samples. In conclusion, the proposed extraction procedure showed good sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and linearity, and hence the method can be implemented for the analysis of blood samples for Pharmacokinetics or Bioequivalence study.

Anemia is the commonest problem in the growing age group in developing countries .When iron defic... more Anemia is the commonest problem in the growing age group in developing countries .When iron deficiency is sufficiently severe, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the blood decreases, leading to iron deficiency anemia (IDA) which has negative health consequences, especially in children and adolescents. Hemoglobin levels were used to estimate the incidence of anemia in children of 2-12 years old in the population of Biratnagar, Morang. District, Nepal who attended Biratnagar Hospital & Research Centre, Biratnagar. Out of 5063 subjects, 634 children were selectively diagnosed as anemic. Among 2406 children (aged 2-6 years), 5.4% were diagnosed with mild anemia, 2.7% moderate anemia and 1.7% severe anemia (as per WHO definition). Another 2657 children of 7-12 years age group, 10.2% were diagnosed with mild anaemia, 3.1% moderate anemia and 1.3% severe anemia.

In the present study, we did the non-compartmental pharmacokinetics study of amlodipine using hig... more In the present study, we did the non-compartmental pharmacokinetics study of amlodipine using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) in wistar rats. Rats were allocated to two groups; intravenous group (IV study n=6) and oral group (PO study n=6).In both groups, surgical procedures were carried out under Ketamine HCL (40 mg/kg) and Diazepam (1.5mg/kg) general anesthesia (intramuscular injection).The blood samples were collected at different time interval and were analyzed using HPLC-UV system. Results showed that Amlodipine had a short terminal half-life with relatively high distribution volumes during the steady and terminal phases, and with low plasma clearance. Furthermore, the availability ratio of amlodipine through the intravenous route was higher than that through the oral route, indicating that first pass metabolism and hepatic blood flow are important factor of drug elimination of amlodipine. Bioavailability was estimated to be 78.60 ± 21.33% based on the AUCinf ratios of oral and intravenous administration.

This cross sectional study was carried out to find out the prevalence of psychological abuse and ... more This cross sectional study was carried out to find out the prevalence of psychological abuse and associated factors among the elderly people of Saudhiyar Village Development Committee (VDC), Dang, Nepal. The sample comprised 264 elderly people, who can respond to our inquiry, and partially dependent on a caregiver using validated Elder Psychological Abuse Scale (EPAS), Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire (SPMSQ), and the Katz's Index. Simple random sampling was used for the selection of sample. The findings demonstrated that the EPAS score range was 0-18 (mean 6.928 ±4.572). Eighty seven respondents (33%) had scores of ten or greater. The most frequently reported indicators in the EPAS were economic "dependence on others", "poor sleep for unknown reasons", "emotionally confused, dispirited and anxious" and "unable to make own decisions". The analytical results also showed that the SPMSQ and Katz scores were strongly related to the EPAS score (p < 0.05); indicating psychological abuse appeared higher among elderly people with lower cognitive and physical functioning. Psychological abuse was seen more in female than in male (p<0.05) similar in increasing age (p<0.05). The findings of this study are crucial in developing programs accordingly which help to increase awareness to the people about these issues and on the basis of recommendation it helps for further investigation in large scale. After then reduction in the psychological abuse among elderly could be possible which will ultimately reduce mental and behavioral health problem.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with development of cardiovascular complications such as atherosc... more Diabetes mellitus is associated with development of cardiovascular complications such as atherosclerosis. In diabetes mellitus, impaired nitric oxide (NO) activity may be present. Hence, the present study was undertaken to compare NO activity between surgically induced Type I and streptozocin induced Type II diabetes in goat. The NO activity was determined in terms of nitrate (NO 3 -).The NO 3 -and peroxynitrite levels in abdominal aortas of goats were determined using validated HPLC method. The levels of NO 3 -were found to be 25.96 ± 8.25 ng/gm and 78.32±10.23 ng/gm in Type I and Type II diabetes model goats which is significantly difference with control group (96.53±11.23ng/gm,p=0.0012). Similarly, peroxynitrite levels were found to be 475.23±13.45 ng/gm and 325.42±9.62 ng/gm in Type I and Type II diabetes model goats respectively, which is significantly difference with control group (52.13±9.36ng/gm,p=0.0001) The result showed that NO 3 -levels were decreased with increased in p...

Journal of ginseng research, 2011

Exponential rise in the use of mobile communication devices has generated health concerns due to ... more Exponential rise in the use of mobile communication devices has generated health concerns due to radiofrequency (RF) exposure due to its close proximity to the head. Calcium binding proteins like calretinin regulate the levels of calcium (Ca(2+)) which plays an important role in biological systems. Ginseng is known for maintaining equilibrium in the human body and may play a beneficial radioprotectant role against electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. In the present study, we evaluated the radioprotective effects of red ginseng (RG) extract in a mouse model. Calretinin (CR) expression was measured using a free-floating immunohistochemical method in the hippocampus of mice after 835 MHz EMF exposure for 5 h/d for 5 d at specific absorption rate=1.6 W/kg for the different experimental groups. The control animals were treated with NaCl while the experimental animals received 10 mg/kg ginseng, or 30 mg/kg; EMF exposed mice were also treated with NaCl, 10 mg/kg ginseng (E10), or 30 mg/kg...

Journal of Chitwan Medical College, 2013

Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is used as a well established biological marker for diagnosis of tuberc... more Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is used as a well established biological marker for diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of ADA in patients with pleural effusion admitted in the medical ward.This was an cross sectional study. The information was gathered only from those patients whose pleural fluid sample was sent for ADA in clinical biochemistry laboratory of KIST Medical College and Teaching hospital. The data was acquired from the medical records of patients attending medical ward. The patients were considered as TB positive if they were clinically diagnosed so and taken as negative otherwise. Fifty six pleuritis patients were evaluated. Using the cut off value of 30 U/L, the overall sensitivity and specificity was 93.3% and 57.1% respectively. The association between ADA findings and the clinical findings were statistically significant (p <0.001). The positive predictive value (PVP) and the negative predictive value (PVN) were 82.3% and 80% respectively.ADA is an inexpensive, rapid and simple test for analysis of tuberculous pleuritis. Though, it is a sensitive test for tuberculosis, due to its low specificity, sometimes negative cases can be considered as positive.

Journal of Chitwan Medical College, 2013

Cirrhosis of liver is a pathologically defined entity that is associated with a spectrum of chara... more Cirrhosis of liver is a pathologically defined entity that is associated with a spectrum of characteristic clinical manifesta­tions. Portal hypertension is one of the complication of cirrhosis of liver. We report the case of a 55-year-old man with liver cirrhosis and subsequently portal hypertension and ascites who was admitted to the hospital with headache and indigestion. The patient was treated with furosemide 40 mg OD, lactulose 10 ml HS, Tone, vit K 10 gm IV, Usoliv 300 mg BD and pantoprazole 40 mg OD. The relevant and evidence based clinical practice guidelines and clinical status of furosemide on particular condition were discussed with treating physician. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 65-66 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8470

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological Archive, Oct 19, 2013

The present study was undertaken to assess the consciousness of medical students about content an... more The present study was undertaken to assess the consciousness of medical students about content and importance of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) curriculum of Tribhuvan University (TU) Nepal. A cross-sectional study was conducted on first and second year MBBS students of Chitwan Medical College P.Ltd using Likert and Rensis scale. Result showed that maximum number of students agreed with awareness of the curriculum of TU (5.96 ± 0.78). They also agreed on providing syllabus to students at the beginning of academic session (5.96 ± 2.77).Disagreement was found regarding exposing first year students to patients (1.85 ± 2.78) and present day curriculum stimulates research among students (3.62±3.12).Also students disagreed with marks obtained in MBBS examinations should be considered in PG selection process (1.21 ± 6.78).Furthermore, most of students agreed with the fact that taking attendance in class is relevant and necessary in a professional course (5.75 ±8.96) and that one year of internship is sufficient for training of undergraduate (UG) students (3.74 ±10.24). In conclusion, awareness of medical students regarding medical education technology shows that maximum number of students agreed with the necessity of upgrading students about recent trends in medical education technology and also recommended that it is necessity to upgrade the curriculum of Tribhuvan University's MBBS program.

Proceedings for Annual Meeting of The Japanese Pharmacological Society

We investigated the effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on calcium binding proteins, reactiv... more We investigated the effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on calcium binding proteins, reactive gliosis, and tumor genesis in mouse brain. Mice were exposed to radiofrequency radiation in the cage chamber with average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.6 W/kg and 4.0 W/Kg for one hour per day for five days. For histochemical studies, RF exposed brains were compared with sham control using calbindin D-28k antibody. The immunoreactivity of calbindin D-28k, a marker for calcium homeostasis was found to increase in dose-response manner in hippocampus and cerebellar cortex. This suggests that the short-term exposure to 835 MHz RF could induce disruption of calcium homeostasis and resulting neurobehavioral changes or brain tumor.

Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea has been reported as the most common cause of regular absentee... more Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea has been reported as the most common cause of regular absenteeism among young women. Pain affects daily activities and quality of life. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy between mefenamic acid (Meftal) and ginger capsules (Remezy) among Basic Sciences Students of Nepalgunj Medical College (NGMC), Chisapani. Adverse effects, if any, were also observed in both Meftal and ginger groups. Methodology: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted from July 2018 to February 2019. Out of 104 students, 87 were suffering menstrual pain. These 87 individuals received Mefenamic acid (Meftal) 500mg twice a day for three days and the same 87 individuals, in their next month of period, took ginger capsules (Remezy) 500mg twice daily for three days. Medication was started on the first day of their menstruation. The severity of pain before and after the medication was recorded with the help of a multi-dimensional scoring system (MSS). All t...

BMC Public Health

Background Self-medication (SM) is the practice of consuming medication without the consultation ... more Background Self-medication (SM) is the practice of consuming medication without the consultation of physician. The drugs most commonly self-medicated are paracetamol, analgesics, ranitidine, oral rehydration solution and antibiotics. The objective of the study was to assess the SM status and its causes in Pokhara valley of Nepal. Method The study was conducted among the people residing in Pokhara metropolitan city. The study duration was of 4 months from April to July, 2018. The study population were patients attending health general and oral health screening programs at Baidam, Birauta, Hemja and Pame areas of Pokhara. Structured questionnaire was used to collect demographics of the patients and the details of the usage of self-medication. Result Out of 201 patients, 38.2% patients were found to be self-medicating. The most common illness sought for SM was ache (headache, body ache) in 50% subjects followed by cough and cold in 31% and gastritis in 23%. Paracetamol was the drug con...

International Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine

Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences

Introduction: Infertility is being a common global problem affecting one couple in six. Approxim... more Introduction: Infertility is being a common global problem affecting one couple in six. Approximately 167 million ever married women aged 15-49 years in developing countries were infertile. The problem of infertility has not given attention considering the fact that it is not the life threatening, but, it has substantial community health problems such as depression, anxiety domestic violence and social isolation. The purpose of the study was to explore the causes of infertility among couples who visited the infertility centre. Methodology: Hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study had been carried out in infertility centre Kathmandu Nepal. One hundred and sixty five married couple with infertility problem availing the infertility treatment was selected on first come first serve basic sampling method from infertility treatment centre. Result: The infertility problem varied with the age. The problem was highest among the females of age group 26-30 years (51%), similarly in mal...

Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal

Background & Objectives:Radiofrequency radiation affects the calcium permeability and accordingly... more Background & Objectives:Radiofrequency radiation affects the calcium permeability and accordingly this induces pathophysiological changes in the brain and its subsequent output in the brain as tumor genesis, neural degeneration, and cognition or behavior changes. Hence, we investigated the effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on calcium binding proteins, reactive gliosis, and tumor genesis in mouse brain. Materials & Methods:Mice were exposed to radiofrequency radiation in the cage chamber with average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.6 W/kg and 4.0 W/Kg for one hour per day for five days. For histochemical studies, radiofrequency exposed brains were compared with sham control using calbindin D-28k antibody.Results:The immunoreactivity of calbindin D-28k, a marker for calcium homeostasis was found to increase in dose-response manner in hippocampus and cerebellar cortex.Conclusion:The short-term exposure to 835 MHz RF could induce disruption of calcium homeostasis and resultin...

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological Archive, Jan 2, 2014

Brain Research, Jul 30, 2010

Exponential interindividual handling in wireless communication system has raised possible doubts ... more Exponential interindividual handling in wireless communication system has raised possible doubts in the biological aspects of radiofrequency (RF) exposure on human brain owing to its close proximity to the mobile phone. In the nervous system, calcium (Ca 2+) plays a critical role in releasing neurotransmitters, generating action potential and membrane integrity. Alterations in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration trigger aberrant synaptic action or cause neuronal apoptosis, which may exert an influence on the cellular pathology for learning and memory in the hippocampus. Calcium binding proteins like calbindin D28-K (CB) is responsible for the maintaining and controlling Ca 2+ homeostasis. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of RF exposure on rat hippocampus at 835 MHz with low energy (specific absorption rate: SAR = 1.6 W/kg) for 3 months by using both CB and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) specific antibodies by immunohistochemical method. Decrease in CB immunoreactivity (IR) was noted in exposed (E1.6) group with loss of interneurons and pyramidal cells in CA1 area and loss of granule cells. Also, an overall increase in GFAP IR was observed in the hippocampus of E1.6. By TUNEL assay, apoptotic cells were detected in the CA1, CA3 areas and dentate gyrus of hippocampus, which reflects that chronic RF exposure may affect the cell viability. In addition, the increase of GFAP IR due to RF exposure could be well suited with the feature of reactive astrocytosis, which is an abnormal increase in the number of astrocytes due to the loss of nearby neurons. Chronic RF exposure to the rat brain suggested that the decrease of CB IR accompanying apoptosis and increase of GFAP IR might be morphological parameters in the hippocampus damages.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological Archive, 2012

Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist that inhibits the movement of calcium ions int... more Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist that inhibits the movement of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells. The aim of this work to developed simple analytical method to determine amlodipine in rat plasma using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detector (HPLC-UV). HPLC columns Phenomenex ® C18 (Phenomenex, CA, USA), 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size and guard column (C18, 4.0 X 2.0mm, Shimadazu, Japan) were used for analyzing blood samples. The compounds were separated isocratically with a mobile phase consisting of acetonetrile-phosphate buffer (0.05 M) with pH 2.8 ± 0.2 in the proportion of (40/60, v/v) at a flow rate 1.0 mL/min with injection volume 20 μL. The interday/Intraday precisions were expressed as CV% and were below 15% and the accuracy was between 80 % and 120 %, which complies with the FDA regulations [12]. The extraction procedure showed good sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and linearity, and hence the method was successfully implemented for the analysis of blood samples. In conclusion, the proposed extraction procedure showed good sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and linearity, and hence the method can be implemented for the analysis of blood samples for Pharmacokinetics or Bioequivalence study.

Anemia is the commonest problem in the growing age group in developing countries .When iron defic... more Anemia is the commonest problem in the growing age group in developing countries .When iron deficiency is sufficiently severe, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the blood decreases, leading to iron deficiency anemia (IDA) which has negative health consequences, especially in children and adolescents. Hemoglobin levels were used to estimate the incidence of anemia in children of 2-12 years old in the population of Biratnagar, Morang. District, Nepal who attended Biratnagar Hospital & Research Centre, Biratnagar. Out of 5063 subjects, 634 children were selectively diagnosed as anemic. Among 2406 children (aged 2-6 years), 5.4% were diagnosed with mild anemia, 2.7% moderate anemia and 1.7% severe anemia (as per WHO definition). Another 2657 children of 7-12 years age group, 10.2% were diagnosed with mild anaemia, 3.1% moderate anemia and 1.3% severe anemia.

In the present study, we did the non-compartmental pharmacokinetics study of amlodipine using hig... more In the present study, we did the non-compartmental pharmacokinetics study of amlodipine using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) in wistar rats. Rats were allocated to two groups; intravenous group (IV study n=6) and oral group (PO study n=6).In both groups, surgical procedures were carried out under Ketamine HCL (40 mg/kg) and Diazepam (1.5mg/kg) general anesthesia (intramuscular injection).The blood samples were collected at different time interval and were analyzed using HPLC-UV system. Results showed that Amlodipine had a short terminal half-life with relatively high distribution volumes during the steady and terminal phases, and with low plasma clearance. Furthermore, the availability ratio of amlodipine through the intravenous route was higher than that through the oral route, indicating that first pass metabolism and hepatic blood flow are important factor of drug elimination of amlodipine. Bioavailability was estimated to be 78.60 ± 21.33% based on the AUCinf ratios of oral and intravenous administration.

This cross sectional study was carried out to find out the prevalence of psychological abuse and ... more This cross sectional study was carried out to find out the prevalence of psychological abuse and associated factors among the elderly people of Saudhiyar Village Development Committee (VDC), Dang, Nepal. The sample comprised 264 elderly people, who can respond to our inquiry, and partially dependent on a caregiver using validated Elder Psychological Abuse Scale (EPAS), Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire (SPMSQ), and the Katz's Index. Simple random sampling was used for the selection of sample. The findings demonstrated that the EPAS score range was 0-18 (mean 6.928 ±4.572). Eighty seven respondents (33%) had scores of ten or greater. The most frequently reported indicators in the EPAS were economic "dependence on others", "poor sleep for unknown reasons", "emotionally confused, dispirited and anxious" and "unable to make own decisions". The analytical results also showed that the SPMSQ and Katz scores were strongly related to the EPAS score (p < 0.05); indicating psychological abuse appeared higher among elderly people with lower cognitive and physical functioning. Psychological abuse was seen more in female than in male (p<0.05) similar in increasing age (p<0.05). The findings of this study are crucial in developing programs accordingly which help to increase awareness to the people about these issues and on the basis of recommendation it helps for further investigation in large scale. After then reduction in the psychological abuse among elderly could be possible which will ultimately reduce mental and behavioral health problem.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with development of cardiovascular complications such as atherosc... more Diabetes mellitus is associated with development of cardiovascular complications such as atherosclerosis. In diabetes mellitus, impaired nitric oxide (NO) activity may be present. Hence, the present study was undertaken to compare NO activity between surgically induced Type I and streptozocin induced Type II diabetes in goat. The NO activity was determined in terms of nitrate (NO 3 -).The NO 3 -and peroxynitrite levels in abdominal aortas of goats were determined using validated HPLC method. The levels of NO 3 -were found to be 25.96 ± 8.25 ng/gm and 78.32±10.23 ng/gm in Type I and Type II diabetes model goats which is significantly difference with control group (96.53±11.23ng/gm,p=0.0012). Similarly, peroxynitrite levels were found to be 475.23±13.45 ng/gm and 325.42±9.62 ng/gm in Type I and Type II diabetes model goats respectively, which is significantly difference with control group (52.13±9.36ng/gm,p=0.0001) The result showed that NO 3 -levels were decreased with increased in p...

Journal of ginseng research, 2011

Exponential rise in the use of mobile communication devices has generated health concerns due to ... more Exponential rise in the use of mobile communication devices has generated health concerns due to radiofrequency (RF) exposure due to its close proximity to the head. Calcium binding proteins like calretinin regulate the levels of calcium (Ca(2+)) which plays an important role in biological systems. Ginseng is known for maintaining equilibrium in the human body and may play a beneficial radioprotectant role against electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. In the present study, we evaluated the radioprotective effects of red ginseng (RG) extract in a mouse model. Calretinin (CR) expression was measured using a free-floating immunohistochemical method in the hippocampus of mice after 835 MHz EMF exposure for 5 h/d for 5 d at specific absorption rate=1.6 W/kg for the different experimental groups. The control animals were treated with NaCl while the experimental animals received 10 mg/kg ginseng, or 30 mg/kg; EMF exposed mice were also treated with NaCl, 10 mg/kg ginseng (E10), or 30 mg/kg...

Journal of Chitwan Medical College, 2013

Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is used as a well established biological marker for diagnosis of tuberc... more Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is used as a well established biological marker for diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of ADA in patients with pleural effusion admitted in the medical ward.This was an cross sectional study. The information was gathered only from those patients whose pleural fluid sample was sent for ADA in clinical biochemistry laboratory of KIST Medical College and Teaching hospital. The data was acquired from the medical records of patients attending medical ward. The patients were considered as TB positive if they were clinically diagnosed so and taken as negative otherwise. Fifty six pleuritis patients were evaluated. Using the cut off value of 30 U/L, the overall sensitivity and specificity was 93.3% and 57.1% respectively. The association between ADA findings and the clinical findings were statistically significant (p <0.001). The positive predictive value (PVP) and the negative predictive value (PVN) were 82.3% and 80% respectively.ADA is an inexpensive, rapid and simple test for analysis of tuberculous pleuritis. Though, it is a sensitive test for tuberculosis, due to its low specificity, sometimes negative cases can be considered as positive.

Journal of Chitwan Medical College, 2013

Cirrhosis of liver is a pathologically defined entity that is associated with a spectrum of chara... more Cirrhosis of liver is a pathologically defined entity that is associated with a spectrum of characteristic clinical manifesta­tions. Portal hypertension is one of the complication of cirrhosis of liver. We report the case of a 55-year-old man with liver cirrhosis and subsequently portal hypertension and ascites who was admitted to the hospital with headache and indigestion. The patient was treated with furosemide 40 mg OD, lactulose 10 ml HS, Tone, vit K 10 gm IV, Usoliv 300 mg BD and pantoprazole 40 mg OD. The relevant and evidence based clinical practice guidelines and clinical status of furosemide on particular condition were discussed with treating physician. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 65-66 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8470