Bill Elwood - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Bill Elwood

Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 2017

Routledge eBooks, Nov 1, 1998

Contents: Introduction. Part I: The Political: Introductory Perspectives. W.N. Elwood, Burden of ... more Contents: Introduction. Part I: The Political: Introductory Perspectives. W.N. Elwood, Burden of Sin: Transmitting Messages and Viruses in a Stigmatized Plague. K.A. Clark, Pink Water: The Archetype of Blood and the Pool of Infinite Contagion. M.J. Sobnosky, E. Hauser, Initiating or Avoiding Activism: Red Ribbons, Pink Triangles, and Public Argument About AIDS. C.B. McCoy, C. Miles, L.R. Metsch, The Medicalization of Discourse Within an AIDS Research Setting. Part II: The Civic: Campaigns and Policy. V.S. Nelson, The Reagan Administration's Response to AIDS: Conservative Argument and Conflict. K.M. German, J.L. Courtright, Politically Privileged Voices: Glaser and Fisher Address the 1992 Presidential Nominating Conventions. M.S. McKinney, B.G. Pepper, From Hope to Heartbreak: Bill Clinton and the Rhetoric of AIDS. R.A. Slagle, Scapegoating and Political Discourse: Representative Robert Dornan's Legislation of Morality Through HIV/AIDS. Part III: The Intrapersonal: Individuals and Behavior. S.J. Stevens, J.G. Bogart, Reducing HIV Risk Behaviors of Drug-Involved Women: Social, Economic, Medical, and Legal Constraints. W.N. Elwood, M.L. Williams, The Politics of Silence: Communicative Rules and HIV Prevention Issues in Gay Male Bathhouses. A. Estrada, G.A. Quintero, Redefining Categories of Risk and Identity: The Appropriation of AIDS Prevention Information and Constructions of Risk. K.A. Cameron, K. Witte, S. Nzyuko, Perceptions of Condoms and Barriers to Condom Use Along the Trans-Africa Highway in Kenya. Part IV: The Interpersonal: Relations Among Individuals. D.M. Harney, Lesbians on the Frontline: Battling AIDS, Gays, and the Myth of Community. M.R. Weeks, M. Grier, K. Radda, D. McKinley, AIDS and Social Relations of Power: Urban African-American Women's Discourse on the Contexts of Risk and Prevention. G.A. Yep, M. Pietri, In Their Own Words: Communication and the Politics of HIV Education for Transgenders and Transsexuals in Los Angeles. Y. Kellar-Guenther, The Power of Romance: Changing the Focus of AIDS Education Messages. L. Bennett, M. Travers, Stigma, Secrecy, and Isolation: The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Women in an Australian Study. P.J. Svenkerud, N. Rao, E.M. Rogers, Mass Media Effects Through Interpersonal Communication: The Role of "Twende na Wakati" on the Adoption of HIV/AIDS Prevention in Tanzania. Part V: The Public: Perspectives on Mass-Mediated Communication. T.N. Walters, L.M. Walters, S.H. Priest, Life on the Edge of the Precipice: Information Subsidy and the Rise of AIDS as a Public Issue, 1983-1989. B. Haller, AIDS as a Legally Defined Disability: Implications From News Media Coverage. K.B. Wright, AIDS, the Status Quo, and the Elite Media: An Analysis of the Guest Lists of "The MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour" and "Nightline." T.N. Walters, L.M. Walters, S.H. Priest, What We Say and How We Say It: The Influence of Psychosocial Characteristics and Message Content of HIV/AIDS Public Service Announcements. Part VI: The Programmatic: Relations Between People and Institutions. P.A. Gaist, AIDS Information and the National Institutes of Health. W.N. Elwood, Difference and Identification: Reconsidering the Indigenous Outreach Worker Model. L.K. Fuller, Media Manipulations and the AIDS/Breastfeeding Issue. M.C. Donovan, A Tough Sell: The Political Logic of Federal Needle-Exchange Policy. K. Greene, B. Cassidy, Ethical Choices Regarding Noncompliance: Prescribing Protease Inhibitors for HIV-Infected Female Adolescents. T.M. Steinfatt, J. Mielke, Communicating Danger: The Politics of AIDS in the Mekong Region. Part VII: The Synthesis: Conclusions and Projections. E.M. Rogers, C.L. Shefner-Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations and HIV/AIDS Prevention Research. W.N. Elwood, Victories to Win: Communicating HIV/AIDS Prevention and Tolerance.

Culture informs all human behavior; it allows us to exist as social animals. Yet no other variabl... more Culture informs all human behavior; it allows us to exist as social animals. Yet no other variable used in health research is as poorly defined or tested as is culture (Dressler, Oths, & Gravlee, 2005; Hruschka, 2009). There has been surprisingly little attention to identify how culture works or to develop standards to guide the integration or application of culture in health research. This report provides the first multidisciplinary, consensus effort to define culture and identify the necessary scientific elements and methods required to identify what culture is and how it functions to influence health differentially among diverse population groups along the entire disease continuum from prevention and incidence to morbidity and mortality from most diseases.

Poster presented at the Society of Behavioral Medicine's 35tth annual scientific meeting, 26 ... more Poster presented at the Society of Behavioral Medicine's 35tth annual scientific meeting, 26 April 2014, Philadelphia INTRODUCTION

The author analyzes rhetoric that addresses the public policy issue of drug control that identifi... more The author analyzes rhetoric that addresses the public policy issue of drug control that identifies groups of people who reportedly constitute "the drug problem." Because people rarely experience a body of discourse regarding a single issue at one time, the author assembles discursive fragments to represent a rhetorical text. These include presidential drug war declarations, drug war news stories, Partnership for a Drug-Free America (PDFA) announcements, and first-person recountals of drug addicts.^ This dissertation assumes a postmodern orientation and a critical rhetoric perspective. A postmodern orientation is appropriate for this work because it provides a realm for scholars to argue for a specific assemblage of discursive fragments, to question the political reality the assembled text seemingly creates, and to look to the discourse of the subjects the text creates to explore the text's influence as the subjects themselves define it. A critical rhetoric perspectiv...

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2002

ABSTRACT This essay comments on articles in this special issue on HIV and AIDS in the context of ... more ABSTRACT This essay comments on articles in this special issue on HIV and AIDS in the context of social and personal relationships. Specifically, it argues that active communication about sex and condom use and equally vigorous communication regarding HIV-treatment issues is required to reduce HIV transmissions and to facilitate its treatment. In particular, the articles demonstrate that undereducated, impoverished individuals may require more active and instructional case management than their more informed and affluent counterparts.

International Journal of STD & AIDS, 2000

The purpose of this report was to present findings from a pilot study conducted to explore the as... more The purpose of this report was to present findings from a pilot study conducted to explore the associations between sociodemographic, drug use, and health belief factors and perceived compliance with zidovudine (AZT) among African-American drug users. Data were collected in Washington, DC, USA from individuals who were African-American; were recent or current drug injectors or crack smokers; were HIV-seropositive, and were receiving treatment for HIV infection. Participants were recruited through local organizations that provide services to HIV-infected persons. Participants were interviewed using a questionnaire that solicited sociodemographic, lifetime and current drug use, current sexual behaviours, health status, HIV and drug treatment history, and health belief data. Analyses were limited to individuals currently using an illicit substance and who had received AZT during their medical treatment. Parametric (Pearson's r) and non-parametric (Spearman's rho) statistics wer...

AIDS Care, 1996

The research presented in this paper details the results of an assessment of the risk factors ass... more The research presented in this paper details the results of an assessment of the risk factors associated with having a positive syphilis or HIV serology. The study was conducted using a sample of not-in-treatment drug users volunteering to participate in an HIV risk reduction intervention. The sample was composed of individuals who had injected drugs within 30 days or smoked crack cocaine 48 hours prior to participation in the study. Study participants were approximately 75% male and 66% African-American. All participants provided a blood sample to be tested for HIV and syphilis. Analysis of risk was conducted using univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Multivariate analysis of blood results showed that women, African-Americans, and those having a positive blood test for HIV were at higher odds of having a positive syphilis test. Analysis also showed that being a gay or bisexual male, having a history of drug injection, having less than a high-school education, having a history of trading sex for money, being African-American, and having a positive blood test for syphilis significantly increased the odds of a positive HIV test. Implications for HIV and STD prevention are discussed.

The Journal of urology, Jan 30, 2017

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in men and impose significant economic, health and... more Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in men and impose significant economic, health and quality of life burdens. Despite an expanding view of LUTS etiology and challenges with medical and surgical treatments, LUTS research has continued to focus primarily on surgical or pharmaceutical treatment of urinary tract dysfunction, with little attention to behavioral, cognitive, or social factors. Further, self-management research is relatively underdeveloped in urology, despite its potential to support behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical treatments for LUTS. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases convened urologists, behavioral scientists, public health professionals, and other key stakeholders at the How to Help Men with LUTS Help Themselves meeting in September 2016. Meeting participants discussed the potential role of self-management in men with LUTS and identified key research needs to advance self-management science in their treatment. Meeti...

... Florida. William N. Elwood, PhD and Deb Barsell, MSW, CAP. ... papers. Key West and Monroe Co... more ... Florida. William N. Elwood, PhD and Deb Barsell, MSW, CAP. ... papers. Key West and Monroe County, Florida, compounds those barriers given it has the highest cost of living in the state and a "living wage" of $16.38 per hour. ...

PLOS ONE, Feb 13, 2018

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) K18 award mechanism provides funded opportunities for est... more The National Institutes of Health (NIH) K18 award mechanism provides funded opportunities for established investigators to gain knowledge in fields outside of their primary disciplines, but outcomes associated with these awards have not been evaluated to date. NIH's Basic Behavioral and Social Sciences Opportunity Network (OppNet) is one of the few initiatives that has used this award mechanism. We explored how the unique features of K18 awards affect the ability of recipients to obtain follow-on NIH research funding. We compared outcomes (ability to obtain follow-on funding and interval between receipt of the primary award and receipt of the first follow-on award) associated with OppNet K18 awards to findings from evaluations of other NIH career development (K) awards, which usually target early-career investigators. We hypothesized that K18 award recipients might be (1) more successful than are other K award recipients in obtaining follow-on NIH research funding due to their career experience or (2) less successful due to the competing demands of other projects. By analyzing follow-on NIH research awards and interview data, we found that OppNet K18 award recipients were at least as successful as were other K award recipients in obtaining follow-on funding and may have been more successful by certain measures. K18 awards produce their outcomes with a lower investment per investigator than do other K awards, suggesting continued or enhanced use of the mechanism.

Sexual Ethics [Working Title], 2020

This chapter explores whether Californians in same-sex legal marriages and partnerships reported ... more This chapter explores whether Californians in same-sex legal marriages and partnerships reported lower levels of psychological distress than other adult Californians after the 2008 California Supreme Court Decision that legalized samesex marriage. We pooled 10 years of California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) data and employ a T1-T2 design to approximate a time series design. Dependent variables include overall self-related health, psychological distress, and household income. Independent variables include sexual identity and same-sex spouse. Bi-variate analyses compared self-reported mental and physical health between the two periods. We found decreased reports of poorer health and increased reports of very good health among gay men and lesbian women with legal spouses. Psychological distress decreased for legally coupled gay men and lesbians while increased slightly among unpartnered lesbian women and gay men. Household income increased among coupled lesbian women and gay men and decreased among others. Our project demonstrated positive health influences for Californians with legal same-sex spouses. We recommend future research projects that explore whether and how same-and opposite-sex marriage benefits health, well-being, and prosperity, and for marital status survey questions that are inclusive of sexual and gender identities and elicit the sex/gender of a respondent's spouse.

Translational Behavioral Medicine, 2018

Chronic conditions constitute the leading cause of death and disability in the USA and constitute... more Chronic conditions constitute the leading cause of death and disability in the USA and constitute 86 per cent of the nation's annual healthcare expenses. Approximately half of all American adults have at least one chronic condition; 25 per cent of these Americans have two or more chronic conditions. The National Institutes of Health have funded many projects that explain epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention and treatment of chronic conditions, though research questions remain. This commentary discusses some past projects, current areas of interest, and funding opportunities from many NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices.

Journal of Community Health, 2019

The community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach across health contexts has matured gre... more The community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach across health contexts has matured greatly over the last 20 years. Though contributions to the literature on the development and effectiveness of CBPR interventions have grown, the number of publications on the function and evaluation of actual community-research partnerships has not kept pace. To help address that gap, we searched National Institutes of Health archival data and identified a set of 489 CBPR projects including collaboration-building, exploratory/pilot, research, and program project grants. We found community partner contact information commonly was absent from grant records and contacted principal investigators (PIs) for communitypartner contact information. Subsequently, we built upon established measures to ask principal investigators and community partners for their perceptions of participation in NIH-funded CBPR projects. Many principal investigators and community partners reported existing collaborations-between academicians and community organizations as well as among community organizations. Partners tended to agree on the appropriateness of funding levels to accomplish projects and on the community partners' ability to recruit and retain participants, collect data, and implement interventions. Partners differed in perceptions of participation in research design, data analyses, manuscript and presentation production, and dissemination of findings. Suggestions include collection of lead community partner information without undue burden and increased standard education and involvement of community organizations in research vocabulary and practices.

Physical therapy, 2017

One in five Americans experiences disability that affects their daily function because of impairm... more One in five Americans experiences disability that affects their daily function because of impairments in mobility, cognitive function, sensory impairment, or communication impairment. The need for rehabilitation strategies to optimize function and reduce disability is a clear priority for research to address this public health challenge. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently published a Research Plan on Rehabilitation that provides a set of priorities to guide the field over the next 5 years. The plan was developed with input from multiple Institutes and Centers within the NIH, the National Advisory Board for Medical Rehabilitation Research, and the public. This article provides an overview of the need for this research plan, an outline of its development, and a listing of six priority areas for research. The NIH is committed to working with all stakeholder communities engaged in rehabilitation research to track progress made on these priorities and to work to advance the...

LGBT health, Jan 16, 2017

This study explored the utility of the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) to compare healt... more This study explored the utility of the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) to compare health-related outcomes among gay men, lesbians, and heterosexuals who reported being in a legally recognized partnership. We regressed sexual identity and marriage/legally recognized partnership status on seven different outcomes related to health insurance coverage, medical services access and use, and general health and well-being using CHIS data collected between 2009 and 2013. There were 1432 respondents who identified as gay, lesbian, or homosexual, and 67,746 who identified as heterosexual. The percentage of participants who reported being married/legally partnered was 54.06% for heterosexual women, 52.93% for heterosexual men, 38.83% for lesbians, and 23.56% for gay men. Legally partnered/married gay and lesbian respondents were more likely to have health insurance and use healthcare than their counterparts not in such partnerships; few trends were statistically significant. Gay men i...

To enhance the understanding of NIH's portfolio in behavioral and social sciences research (B... more To enhance the understanding of NIH's portfolio in behavioral and social sciences research (BSSR), we engaged program directors (PDs) to categorize NIH BSSR at a level of granularity that is finer than is available through RCDC. The charge of RCDC is to report research funding transparently and comprehensively, not to report on every emerging scientific direction or trans-NIH initiative. There are currently two relevant broad and trans-NIH categories, namely behavioral and social sciences research (BSSR) and basic behavioral and social sciences research (b-BSSR). The focus of the current pilot investigation is on five BSSR-centric categories, namely decision sciences, social epidemiology, measurement development, and mobile health (mHealth). We have developed classifiers that were trained on the entire NIH extramural portfolio including grants selected by eleven Institutes as representative to each proposed category. The results of these classifiers were then sampled and validat...